空间光学窗口的热光学灵敏度分析

在试验测点温度值的基础上，利用Zernike多项式拟合出玻璃表面的温度分布，对特定的周向、径向、轴向温差和温度水平，进行窗口外玻璃热弹性分析，把节点的热变形拟合为Zernike多项式并代入ZEMAX软件求得系统波前误差的RMS。分析结果表明，在温度变化相同时，窗口外玻璃的周向温差对系统波差影响最大。     

单层隔声窗传声损失的分析

利用有限元和边界元方法建立了单层隔声窗传声损失(TransmissionLoss)的分析模型,在此基础上分析了不同厚度玻璃的隔声性能。研究表明隔声窗在低频附近传声损失曲线显示振荡的特性,在中频附近则显示平稳的增长趋势,玻璃厚度的增加同样会增加隔声窗的隔声性能。     

The interpolated fast Fourier transform: a comparative study

The properties of five interpolating fast Fourier transform (IFFT) methods (IFFT) are studied with respect to their systematic errors and their noise sensitivity, for a monofrequency signal. It is shown that windows with small spectral side lobes do not always result in a better overall performance of the IFFT method and that time-domain estimators can be more efficient than the analyzed IFFT methods     

波导真空侧射频击穿导致陶瓷窗破裂

出示真空侧波导内部打火导致陶瓷窗破裂的一些证据 ,支持关于陶瓷窗破裂是由于真空波导内靠近陶瓷窗附近(或在其上 )强射频击穿引起的观点 ,最后简要分析之。     

On the shaping of the main lobe in wide-band arrays

This paper describes a method to obtain a wide-band beam pattern whose main lobe has the desired shape and, at the same time, the level of the side lobes is acceptable. The aim is to reproduce a main lobe profile as close as possible to the desired one through the synthesis of the array-weighting window. A typical goal is to obtain, in wide-band conditions, a flat-top shaped beam similar to the ones produced by specific narrow-band windows. To achieve this result, an optimization process based on simulated annealing is developed and applied under different operating conditions, including two wide-band beam pattern definitions and different values of the fractional bandwidth. Although the shape of the resulting main lobe is not as good as the one obtained in narrow-band conditions (the reasons for this drawback are given), it is shown that the adoption of windows synthesized by the proposed method is more suitable than the direct application of narrow-band windows in wide-band conditions. In addition to providing better performances, it is shown that the windows synthesized by the proposed method also result in greater robustness to random perturbations of weight values, which are unavoidable in real systems.     

Assessment of influence of systematic errors on the precision with which the normalized frequency of a sinusoidal signal is determined by means of a discrete fourier transformation with interpolation

The influence of systematic errors caused by the infleunce of the imaginary part in the spectrum of a sinusoidal signal on the estimator of its normalized frequency is analyzed by means of a discrete Fourier transformation with interpolation and a window with maximal rate of descent of the side lobes. An expression for the absolute error of the normalized frequency is presented and a condition for the minimal integral number of cycles of the sine curve is found; note that computation of the actual integral number of cycles enables us to assure that this error will be less than some specific value. The reliability of the expressions that are obtained is confirmed by a computer simulation. Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 2, pp. 26–30, February, 2009.     

Block Replacement Policies with General Cost Structures

In this paper we investigate block replacement policies when the cosl structure associated with the operation of the system involves a cost c ₁ of replacement at failure, a cost c ₂ of preventive replacement, together with some discrete or continuous costs which are increasing with the age of the system.     

Coded pulse excitation for ultrasonic strain imaging

Decorrelation strain noise can be significantly reduced in low echo-signal-to-noise (eSNR) conditions using coded excitation. Large time-bandwidth-product (>30) pulses are transmitted into tissue mimicking phantoms with 2.5-mm diameter inclusions that mimic the elastic properties of breast lesions. We observed a 5-10 dB improvement in eSNR that led to a doubling of the depth of focus for strain images with no reduction of spatial resolution. In high eSNR conditions, coded excitation permits the use of higher carrier frequencies and shorter correlation windows to improve the attainable spatial resolution for strain relative to that obtained with conventional short pulses. This paper summarizes comparative studies of strain imaging in noise-limited conditions obtained by short pulses and four common aperiodic codes (chirp, Barker, suboptimal, and Golay) as a function of attenuation, eSNR and applied strain. Imaging performance is quantified using SNR for displacement (SNRd), local modulation transfer function (LMTF), and contrast-to-noise ratio for strain (CNRepsilon). We found that chirp and Golay codes are the most robust for imaging soft tissue deformation using matched filter decoding. Their superior performance is obtained by balancing the need for low-range lobes, large eSNR improvement, and short-code duration.     

基于滑动平均的等间隔线阵逆波束形成

逆波束形成算法与常规波束形成相比具有较高的方位分辨力和阵增益,抑制噪声能力强,但其旁瓣却较高,因此采用峰值统计信息作为输出。这样解决了高旁瓣下信号检测的问题,但却丢失了功率谱密度信息。本文在分析逆波束形成算法高旁瓣起因的基础上,提出了用滑动平均抑制旁瓣的方法。仿真分析结果表明,滑动平均方法在保留逆波束形成算法高分辨力的基础上,有效的抑制了旁瓣(第一旁瓣下降了2dB～3dB)。因此,可以采用传统的方法进行输出,以保留功率谱密度信息。海上试验数据的处理结果进一步验证了滑动平均方法的优点。     

Viewing Strategy and Window Effects on Dynamic Visual-Inspection Accuracy

Equally-spaced product units, moving on a belt at a uniform velocity, were exposed for visual inspection over a fixed viewing window. Viewing windows were equal to the product unit interspacing and twice this distance to give respectively 1 and 2 product units within the window. Three different belt speeds were used. Subjects performed short runs of visual inspection using their self-directed strategies of viewing the sequence of product units and then these subjects repeated all conditions of this task using a “directed viewing strategy.” Improved viewing discipline was expected from this “directed” strategy and eye motion monitoring was employed to verify that the subjects used the “directed” strategy. Inspection errors of each type were observed under twelve experimental conditions. Both types of errors were found to be greater with: 1) the smaller viewing window, 2) self-directed viewing strategies in contrast to the “directed” strategy, and 3) higher belt velocities. Contrasts were also made between error types and between high- and low-performing subject groups. Inferences on the apparent cost of each error type were made from these data and compared with rational objectives. Economic implications are shown for these viewing-strategy and viewing window effects.     

激光起爆器光学窗口的研究

文章设计了平面透镜、单凸透镜、双凸透镜组及格林透镜等几种光学窗口,并通过发火试验详细讨论了几种窗口的优劣。研究结果表明,自聚焦透镜发火阈值要远低于其它光学透镜结构发火能量,是目前最为理想的窗口透镜。     

Improving phase estimation with leakage minimization

This paper presents possibilities of an error reduction of the phase estimation with an interpolated discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The properties of interpolations are studied for the rectangular and Hanning windows with respect to their ability for correction systematic effects. The correction is improved by considering the leakage effect of the component spectrum. Uncertainties of the phase estimations have been studied. The simulation and experimental results are presented, showing the effectiveness in estimating the phase of the signal component.     

Ultrasound array transmitter architecture with high timing resolution using embedded phase-locked loops

Coarse time quantization of delay profiles within ultrasound array systems can produce undesirable side lobes in the radiated beam profile. The severity of these side lobes is dependent upon the magnitude of phase quantization error--the deviation from ideal delay profiles to the achievable quantized case. This paper describes a method to improve interchannel delay accuracy without increasing system clock frequency by utilizing embedded phase-locked loop (PLL) components within commercial field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Precise delays are achieved by shifting the relative phases of embedded PLL output clocks in 208-ps steps. The described architecture can achieve the necessary interelement timing resolution required for driving ultrasound arrays up to 50 MHz. The applicability of the proposed method at higher frequencies is demonstrated by extrapolating experimental results obtained using a 5-MHz array transducer. Results indicate an increase in transmit dynamic range (TDR) when using accurate delay profiles generated by the embedded-PLL method described, as opposed to using delay profiles quantized to the system clock.     

用双窗法减小FFT谱分析估算误差

本文简述了频谱分析中能量泄漏和栅栏效应误差产生的原因,指出了能量泄漏在克服栅栏效应误差中的作用,并从减小栅栏效应带来的幅值估计误差的角度,设计了一个具有平顶窗的窗函数,分析对比了它和矩形窗函数的性能差异,在此基础上,提出了用矩形窗和本文设计的平顶窗谱窗函数联合进行普分析的双窗函数频谱估计算法,可在不同降低频谱频率分辨率的条件下,提高其幅值估计精度。     

A Numerical Study of the Thermal Characteristics of an Air Cavity Formed by Window Sashes in a Double Window

Given that the Korean government is implementing what has been termed the energy standards and labelling program for windows, window companies will be required to assign window ratings based on the experimental results of their product. Because this has added to the cost and time required for laboratory tests by window companies, the simulation system for the thermal performance of windows has been prepared to compensate for time and cost burdens. In Korea, a simulator is usually used to calculate the thermal performance of a window through WINDOW/THERM, complying with ISO 15099. For a single window, the simulation results are similar to experimental results. A double window is also calculated using the same method, but the calculation results for this type of window are unreliable. ISO 15099 should not recommend the calculation of the thermal properties of an air cavity between window sashes in a double window. This causes a difference between simulation and experimental results pertaining to the thermal performance of a double window. In this paper, the thermal properties of air cavities between window sashes in a double window are analyzed through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with the results compared to calculation results certified by ISO 15099. The surface temperature of the air cavity analyzed by CFD is compared to the experimental temperatures. These results show that an appropriate calculation method for an air cavity between window sashes in a double window should be established for reliable thermal performance results for a double window.     

数字自适应波门跟踪系统

在综合评价几类跟踪波门性能的基础上,介绍了新近研制的数字自适应跟踪波门,具有工作稳定可靠,跟踪性能良好,功能齐全等突出优点。本文阐述了数字自适应跟踪波门的形成原理,设计思想和实验方案。最后给出了该波门系统的性能指标。     

Vibration-induced phase errors in high-speed phase-shifting speckle-pattern interferometry

We present results from numerical simulations of a dynamic phase-shifting speckle interferometer used in the presence of mechanical vibrations. The simulation is based on a detailed mathematical model of the system, which is used to predict the expected frequency response of the rms measurement error, in the time-varying phase difference maps, as a result of vibration. The performance of different phase-shifting algorithms is studied over a range of vibrational frequencies. Phase-difference evaluation is performed by means of temporal phase shifting and temporal phase unwrapping. It is demonstrated that longer sampling windows and higher framing rates are preferred in order to reduce the phase-change error that is due to vibration. A numerical criterion for an upper limit on the length of time window for the phase-shifting algorithm is also proposed. The numerical results are finally compared with experimental data, acquired with a phase-shifting speckle interferometer of 1000 frames/s.     

Impacts of cross-phase modulation on modulation instability of Airy pulses

The modulation instability (MI) of Airy pulses with the influence of cross-phase modulation is studied based on the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations in nonlinear media. The main lobe of Airy pulses can be manifested as breakup of MI under interaction with higher power pumped solitons, although the power of Airy pulses is small. By comparing the main lobe’s gain spectrum of MI, the gain spectrum has gradually improved with the increase of power of pumped solitons. The gain spectrum of MI of the main lobe is inversely proportional to the truncation coefficient, and then it gradually approaches to that of Gauss pulses with the truncation coefficient increasing to 1. For the side lobes of Airy pulses, there are similar MI but smaller gain spectrum than the main lobe when the pumped solitons is overlapping with corresponding ones of Airy pulses.     

刚架振动的高精度单元

用常规有限元法求刚架自振频率时,如果每个杆件取作一个单元,则对于无侧移刚架,其误差可达30％以上。本文应用文献[1]的作法,导出刚架振动的一个低自由度、高精度单元,误差可限制在0.2％以下。     

离散频谱的能量重心校正法

针对离散频谱三点卷积幅值校正方法只能校正幅值,不能校正频率和相位的问题,从理论上推导了常用离散窗谱函数的能量重心就是坐标原点,由此得到了能量重心法校正频率和相位的公式。误差分析和仿真计算表明：与其它校正方法相比,此方法能对多段平均功率谱直接进行校正,算法简单,计算速度快,负频率成分和间隔较近的多频率成分产生的干涉现象所带来的误差对精度的影响小,校正方法适用于各种对称窗函数,解决了三点卷积幅值校正法不能校正信号频率和相位的缺点。在工程应用中,对噪声小的信号,推荐加Hanning窗n=1（三点卷积法）的方法进行校正,频率间隔大于等于4个频率分辨率的信号校正后的幅值误差小于1％,频率误差小于0.01个频率分辨率,相位误差小于5度,这种方法不适用于频率过于密集的分析场合或连续谱。