声发射技术测量变压器局部放电的现状与进展

介绍了近年来声发射（acoustic emission．AE)技术在变压器局部放电测量方面的发展及应用情况．详细说明了用声发射技术检测变压器局部放电的原理．对检测系统结构、定位测量方法及局部放电声发射信号的模式识别进行了概述．探讨了该方法的优缺点和今后的发展方向。     

通过电气方法对电力变压器中的局部放电进行分析和定位

考虑到高电压电力变压器中套管和绕组绝缘问题所引起的故障较多 ,研究诊断起始故障的方法 ,用以避免长时期停用及其后果是重要的。为了评定设备危害程度 ,本工作的目的是要研究有关判断变压器内部局部放电位置的检定和测量方法。这套方法是基于从变压器套管进行的局部放电的非侵害性测量。考虑了变压器绕组模型以及对局部放电脉冲响应的测量和适当评定 ,判断出局部放电源的位置。通过适当的模拟、测量和判断 ,可以做到该问题的定位。测量时使用了 IEC2 70标准建议的传统检测技术。 (译者按 :作者对支持者的感谢一句 ,此处略去不译 )。     

Static electrification and partial discharges induced by oil flowin power transformers

This paper presents the study of the major parameters on static electrification, using full-scale shell type transformers (570 MVA, 405 kV and 100 MVA, 500 kV). The consequences of static electrification on the dielectric strength and the conditions of partial discharge occurrence also are studied with oil flow rate up to 5 times the nominal value. It shows that the leakage currents are strongly influenced by temperature, applied voltage and oil flow rate Q. The latter is the most influential parameter. The winding leakage current I varies as Qⁿ , where 1⩽n⩽3. The maximum value of I is observed at room temperature (20°C) when the transformer is energized     

Development of a fibre-optic sensor for partial discharges in oil-filled power transformers

Determination of partial discharge locations in large oil-filled power transformers is unreliable and difficult using external acoustic sensors, and internal sensors would need to be non-metallic. Thus the use of a fibre-optic coil as an acoustic sensor would allow the detection and location of partial discharges with potentially a much greater sensitivity. This paper describes the design of such a sensor and its signal processing requirements, its construction and its initial testing. The sensor was found to be able to detect 1-Pa acoustic pressure waves under optimum conditions; and to detect partial discharges in small artificial voids in an oil-bath.     

变压器局部放电电气定位的分析

在对变压器局部放电的检测中，把从放电点到外部测量端的路径作为一个系统，放电发生的位置不同会使系统的传递函数存在差异，本文采用建立仿真模型并结合试验的方法，研究了不同的局部放电脉冲传播路径的传递函数，在分析传递函数频谱特性的基础上，提出了根据响应信号高频分量和能量的局部放电电气定位方法。     

Partial discharge location in power transformers using wideband RF detection

This paper presents a method for partial discharge (PD) source location in power transformers based on detecting electromagnetic (EM) radiation emitted from PD. The key problem of PD location by EM waves is the difficulty in getting the accurate time arrivals of the signals from the source to multiple sensors. Several measures are taken to improve the time arrival resolution. Firstly, a measuring frequency band (1 GHz-5 GHz) within RF band is proposed to accurately pick up the fast rise time of the signals. Secondly, an antenna array with diamond-shaped configuration is designed to improve the correlation coefficient of the waveforms from multiple sensors. Thirdly, two antenna arrays are proposed to eliminate the influences of the EM wave scattering caused by the iron core. Fourthly, an algorithm is proposed to increase the signal to noise ratio and to measure the time arrivals automatically through cross-correlation and averaging operation. Lastly, a hyperboloid-genetic algorithm is developed to search the PD source. Experiments on a single-phase transformer model were conducted in the laboratory. The tested results proved the validity of the proposed method and showed that the location error in 16 cm, mostly is about several cm     

Optimisation of a sensor for onsite detection of partial discharges in power transformers by the UHF method

Among the different solutions which allow onsite Partial Discharge measurement in energized power transformers, the UHF technique is gaining general interest. In order to apply this method in existing transformers, it is considered advantageous to design a UHF sensor to be fitted inside the transformer tank. This paper describes the constraints affecting the development of such sensor and the process followed to optimize its design. During this process, different solutions for broadband UHF antennas were analysed. The selection was based on computer simulation and experimental results. Computer simulation was used to evaluate differences in radiation pattern, antenna impedance, gain and effective area. Measurements of the antenna response to different partial discharge sources in oil were performed using an oil dielectric breakdown test set in an electromagnetic shielded laboratory. A group of selected antennas were then tested in a power transformer simulating the broadband signals generated by partial discharges by injecting controlled voltage pulses in the transformer. Finally, a sensor based on a conical monopole antenna structure was built and attached to a specially designed housing to be fitted inside the transformer tank through the drain valve. This final prototype was benchmarked during a high voltage factory test of a power transformer which showed a significant partial discharge activity.     

The excitation of UHF signals by partial discharges in GIS

The fundamental theory of the UHF method for detecting partial discharge (PD) in gas insulated substations (GIS) is presented. The effects of position, size, current amplitude and pulse shape of the PD source on the UHF signal can be predicted using this theory. Excitation of propagating electromagnetic waves by a PD current pulse within the coaxial waveguides formed by GIS components is explained by making use of dyadic Green's functions for the electric fields of propagating modes. Experiments with a coaxial test chamber are used to verify the theoretical predictions, and comparisons are made between measured and simulated UHF signals. Some implications for the UHF measurement of PD are discussed, together with positioning and sensitivity requirements for UHF couplers. A scheme is proposed for standardizing PD measurements made using the UHF technique     

On-line partial discharge calibration and monitoring for power transformers

Partial discharge (PD) is one of the major factors causing insulation damage of power transformers. This paper describes the development of on-line partial discharge monitoring system for transformers. The developed set can monitor up to four power transformers continuously. It uses various methods to reject interference and enhances monitoring sensitivity of PD effectively. The optical cable is applied to communicate between measurement system near transformers and the upper computer in the main control building. On-line calibration of partial discharge quantity is requisite for on-line detection or monitoring. This paper describes an on-line calibration method using pulse injection through tap of high voltage transformer bushings. It also discusses the influence of limit inductance and bushing capacitance, from tap of bushing to ground, in on-line calibration circuits. Influences of multi-grounding of the transformer tank for monitoring and calibration are also discussed. Simulation in laboratory and site test shows that the method is practically valid for on-line PD calibration of power transformers within permissible engineering error range under certain defined conditions. This system has been in operation steadily in 500 kV substations for more than 2 years.     

电力变压器局部放电检测技术的现状和发展

本文概述了电力变压器局部放电检测技术的研究现状,着重论述了近几年发展起来的数学化测量和超高频（UHF）检测,并对电力变压器局部放电检测技术的发展前景作了探讨。     

电力变压器绕组轴向短路力的研究

针对一台带独立调压绕组的电力变压器,用ANSYS软件建立了该变压器漏磁场的磁路耦合模型,得出了绕组漏磁场和电动力分布,应用有限元法对其漏磁场和轴向短路电动力进行了计算分析,计算结果符合电力变压器的基本特性.     

JFY-3型变压器局部放电在线监测系统

ＪＦＹ－３型变压器局部放电在线监测系统能连续监测多台大型变压器的局部放电,并具有事故追忆、故障报警和定位等功能。它采用芝带多通道、大容量、高采样率数据采样;运用多种数字信号处理方法抑制干扰;采取电－声联合监测方式,以实现放电点定位。主控室的上位机与现场的数据采集装置之间的通信由网络舆系统实现,提高了信号传输的速率和可靠性,从而提高了系统的抗干扰能力。本文主要介绍了下位机相关的硬件部分。     

A measurements-based discharge location algorithm for plain disc winding power transformers

A measurements-based electrical method for locating partial discharges (PD) in transformers is described in the paper. This location method relies on the series resonance frequencies of the signals produced at the transformer terminals by a discharge on the winding. Based on the equivalent circuit of plain disc type winding which consists of series inductance (L), series capacitance (K) and shunt capacitance to earth (C) of the winding, an analytical location algorithm is derived which gives the relationship between the location of a discharge and its terminal response's series resonance frequencies. LKC parameters of the equivalent circuit can be estimated using the series resonance frequencies of a calibration signal measured at the bushing tap during PD calibration. The PD location algorithm was tested on 11 kV transformer winding using signals produced by a discharge simulator and real discharges, and the results confirm its validity with a location accuracy of better than 10% of the winding length. However, blind area where this location algorithm is not applicable does exist near the neutral of the winding and far away from the measuring terminal. Since this location algorithm uses the series resonance frequencies below 500 kHz, it can be implemented with conventional PD measuring circuitry and instruments to detect and locate discharges in power transformers.     

Flow electrification in high power transformers: BTA effect on pressboard degraded by electrical discharges

The flow electrification process occurring at the oil-pressboard interface in high power transformers seems to cause electrical discharge incidents and may cause failures. The goal of this experimental study is to measure and to compare the streaming current obtained from unused pressboard, pressboard artificially degraded by electrical discharges, and pressboard obtained from a damaged power transformer. The influence of additive 1,2,3 Benzotriazole (BTA) in oil is also analyzed. The results show that flow electrification is greatly increased by the degraded pressboards compared with the new one. On the other hand, adding of BTA significantly reduces flow electrification.     

Detection of x-ray radiation of partial discharges in polymeric cable insulation

The experimental results related to the detection of X-ray radiation in partial discharges in polymeric cable insulation are presented (X-ray electric gas barrier discharges (EGBD) technique).     

Transfer function-based partial discharge localization in power transformers: a feasibility study

Statistical studies have shown that failures of bushings, winding insulation, and online tap changers are the main causes for long-duration outages of transformers. This article investigates the development of an instrument for supervising the conditions of transformer units. The use of sectional winding transfer functions (SWTFs) for online PD evaluation in power transformers has several advantages: localization of PD sources, discrimination between PDs inside or outside of the transformer, and evaluation of actual PD amplitudes along the winding. Direct measurement of SWTFs-when different points along the coil are accessible-and use of these SWTFs for PD evaluation and localization has shown excellent results. In order to use this method at transformers on site, an appropriate modeling method is needed for the computation of the SWTFs using only measurements at the transformer terminals. A detailed modeling approach based on discrete RLC circuit elements has been studied and different algorithms used for parameter estimation and optimization. This model is applicable in practical cases for a limited frequency range if genetic algorithms (GAs) are used for parameter optimization. A new method based on traveling wave theory has been investigated using genetic algorithms to search for the optimum parameters of a partial differential equation that describes the transient behavior of the coil. This method has shown potential in solving SWTF calculation problems for different transformers.     

Resonance characteristics and identification of modes of electromagnetic waves excited by partial discharges in GIS

Electromagnetic waves are used for detection of partial discharges (PD) in GIS (gas‐insulated substations). A very wide frequency band up to 1.5 GHz is utilized for detection. There are three categories of electromagnetic wave which can be excited and propagate in coaxial cylindrical structures like GIS, namely, TEM, TE, and TM modes. The characterization and identification of each mode is indispensable to understanding the partial discharge phenomena in GIS. In this paper, peaks in the frequency spectrum excited by PD are identified in each mode and the resonant characteristics of each mode are studied. The following are the major results: (1) The resonance peaks appear at the frequencies defined by the spacer distance. (2) The intensity of each mode depends on the position of discharge source along the radial direction. The lower‐order modes including TEM are excited when a discharge source is located near the center conductor. On the other hand, higher‐order modes are excited when the discharge source is at the enclosure surface. (3) The experimental profile of each mode excited by PD along the radial direction approximately agrees with the general theory of electromagnetic wave propagation in coaxial cylindrical cavity. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 131(2): 1–11, 2000     

Detection of wide-band E-M signals emitted from partial dischargeoccurring in GIS using wavelet transform

Recently, diagnostic techniques have been investigated to detect a partial discharge (PD) associated with a dielectric material defect in a high-voltage electrical apparatus. Gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is an important equipment in a substation, it is highly desirable to measure a partial discharge (PD) occurring in GIS which is a symptom of an insulation breakdown. As it is important to develop a noncontact method for detecting the insulation fault, this paper proposes a new method to detect the wide-band electromagnetic (E-M) wave emitted from PD using the Wavelet transform. The Wavelet transform provides a direct quantitative measure of spectral content, “dynamic spectrum”, in the time-frequency domain. This paper experimentally shows the “dynamic spectrum” of the wide-band E-M wave emitted from PD in the time-frequency domain. This method is shown to be useful for detecting the symptom of the insulation breakdown occurring in GIS     

Impulse testing of power transformers using the transfer functionmethod

The transfer function of a transformer winding is deconvoluted in the frequency domain from the digitally recorded neutral current and high voltage applied during impulse tests. The integrity of the winding insulation is determined by comparing the transfer function obtained at full and reduced test voltage. Differences between the transfer function plots reveal local breakdowns in the winding that can be dissociated from partial discharges. Thus the method permits unambiguous acceptance or rejection if the transformer and, since the transfer function is theoretically immune to changes in the applied impulse, also allows evaluation of the chopped-impulse test. Some 100 windings of large HV power transformers have been tested using the transfer function method, which on several occasions has revealed transformer faults as well a test setup problems that would have been missed or misinterpreted by conventional techniques