旋流板内两相流场的CFD模拟与分析

The flow field of gas and liquid in a φ150mm rotating-stream-tray (RST) scrubber is simulated by using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method. The simulation is based on the two-equation RNG κ-ε turbulence model, Eulerian multiphase model, mad a real-shape 3D model with a huge number of meshes. The simulation results include detailed information about velocity, pressure, volume fraction and so on. Some features of the flow field are obtained: liquid is atomized in a thin annular zone; a high velocity air zone prevents water drops at the bottom from flying towards the wall;the pressure varies sharply at the end of blades and so on. The results will be helpful for structure optimization and engineering design.     

用各向异性代数应力模型数值模拟搅拌槽中的三维全流场

In accordance to the anisotropic feature of turbulent flow, an anisotropic algebraic stress model is adopted to predict the turbulent flow field and turbulent characteristics generated by a Rushton disc turbine with the improved inner-outer iterative procedure. The predicted turbulent flow is compared with experimental data and the simulation by the standard κ-ε turbulence model. The anisotropic algebraic stress model is found to give better prediction than the standard κ-ε turbulence model. The predicted turbulent flow field is in accordance to experimental data and the trend of the turbulence intensity can be effectively reflected in the simulation. The distribution of turbulent shear rate in the stirred tanks was simulated with the established numerical procedure.     

涡流桨搅拌槽内流动非稳定性的大涡模拟

The aim of this work is to investigate the flow instabilities in a baffled, stirred tank generated by a single Rushton turbine by means of large eddy simulation （LES）. The sliding mesh method was used for the coupling between the rotating and the stationary frame of references. The calculations were carried out on the ＂Shengcao-21C＂ supercomputer using a computational fluid dynamics （CFD） code CFX5. The flow fields predicted by the LES simulation and the simulation using standard κ-ε model were compared to the results from particle image velocimetry （PIV） measurements. It is shown that the CFD simulations using the LES approach and the standard κ-ε model agree well with the PIV measurements. Fluctuations of the radial and axial velocity are predicted at different frequencies by the LES simulation. Velocity fluctuations of high frequencies are seen in the impeller region, while low frequencies velocity fluctuations are observed in the bulk flow. A low frequency velocity fluctuation with a nondimensional frequency of 0.027Hz is predicted by the LES simulation, which agrees with experimental investigations in the literature. Flow circulation patterns predicted by the LES simulation are asymmetric, stochastic and complex, spanning a large portion of the tanks and varying with time, while circulation patterns calculated by the simulation using the standard κ-ε model are symmetric. The results of the present work give better understanding to the flow instabilities in the mechanically agitated tank. However, further analysis of the LES calculated velocity series by means of fast Fourier transform （FFT） and/or spectra analysis are recommended in future work in order to gain more knowledge of the complicated flow phenomena.     

Three Dimensional Simulation of Liquid Flow on Distillation Tray

The liquid flow on a single-pass sieve distillation tray is simulated with a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program with the K-ε turbulence model. In the model, a source term SMi is formulated in the Navier-Stokes equations to represent the interfacial momentum transfer and another term SC is added to the mass transfer equation as the source of interfacial mass transfer. The simulation provides the detailed information of the three-dimensional distribution of liquid velocity on the tray, the circulation area and the concentration profile along the height of liquid layer.     

计算传质法预测精馏塔效率(英文)

A computational mass transfer model is proposed for predicting the concentration profile and Murphree efficiency of sieve tray distillation column. The proposed model is based on using modified two equations formulation for closing the differential turbulent mass transfer equation with improvement by considering the vapor injected from the sieve hole to be three dimensional. The predicted concentration distributions by using proposed model were checked by experimental work conducted on a sieve tray simulator of 1.2 meters in diameter for de-sorbing the dissolved oxygen in the feed water by blowing air. The model predictions were confirmed by the ex-perimental measurement. The validation of the proposed model was further tested by comparing the simulated re-sult with the performance of an industrial scale sieve tray distillation column reported by Kunesh et al. for the strip-ping of toluene from its water solution. The predicted outlet concentration of each tray and the Murphree tray effi-ciencies under different operating conditions were in agreement with the published data. The simulated turbulent mass transfer diffusivity on each tray was within the range of the experimental result in the same sieve column re-ported by Cai et al. In addition, the prediction of the influence of sieve tray structure on the tray efficiency by using the proposed model was demonstrated.     

SIMULATION AND EFFICIENCY OF LARGE TRAY Part Ⅰ EDDY DIFFUSION MODEL WITH NONUNIFORM LIQUID VELOCITY FIELD

Experimental study of flow pattern and liquid velocity distribution by the tracer technique in a twometers diameter single pass sieve half-tray using air-water system reveals that there exists a highlynonideal flowing behavior.Typical residence time distribution curves covering the whole tray are presented,from which four flow regions can be observed: a main channelling region of nonuniform flow,a slowly forward flow region in the segmental area,a small region of backward flow and a complete-mixing region next to the inlet weir.The tray models available in literature seem incapable to simulateall these complicated hydrodynamic phenomena in a large tray.An eddy diffusion model with consideration of nonuniform liquid velocity field has been developedfrom the basic partial differential equation of mass transfer by introducing a velocity distributionfunction j.The nonlinear partial differential equation is solved by the method of finite element.Acomputer program is compiled according to this method to compute numerically the concentration pro-files in the whole tray as well as the Murphree tray efficiency enhancement under various operatingconditions.Typical computed results are presented and discussed.     

搅拌萃取塔内单相流动不同雷诺平均湍流模型结果的比较

The flow field of liquid phase (water) of agitated extraction columns is simulated with the help of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Four kinds of Reynolds-averaged turbulence models, i.e. the standard k-ε model, the RNG (renormaiization group) k-ε model, the realizable k-ε model and the Reynolds stress model, are compared in detail in order to judge which is the best model in terms of the accuracy, less CPU time and memory required. The performance of the realizable k-ε model is obviously improved by reducing the model constant from c2 = 1.90 to c2 = 1.61. It is concluded that the improved realizable k-ε model is the optimal model.     

基于颗粒动理学的气固喷射器流动特性三维数值模拟

A computational study on the flow behavior of a gas-solid injector by Eulerian approach was carried out. The gas phase was modeled with k-ε turbulent model and the particle phase was modeled with kinetic theory of granular flow. The simulations by Eulerian two-fluid model （TFM） were compared with the corresponding results by discrete element method （DEM） and experiments. It was showed that TFM simulated results were in reasonable agreement with the experimental and DEM simulated results. Based on TFM simulations, gas-solid flow pattern, gas velocity, particle velocity and the static pressure under different driving jet velocity, backpressure and convergent section angle were obtained. The results showed that the time average axial gas velocity sharply decreased and then slightly increased to a constant value in the horizontal conveying pipe. The time average axial particle velocity increased initially and then decreased, but in the outlet region of the convergent section the particle velocity remarkably increased once more to the maximal value. As a whole, the static pressure distribution change trends were found to be independent on driving gas velocity, backpressure and convergent section angle. However, the static pressure increased with increase of convergent section angle and gas jet velocities. The difference of static pressure to backpressure increased with increasing backpressure.     

多层翼形桨搅拌槽内混合过程的CFD模拟

The mixing process in a stirred tank of 0.476m diameter with single, dual and triple 3-narrow blade hydrofoil CBY impellers was numerically simulated by using computational fluid dynamics （CFD） package FLU-ENT6.1. The multi-reference frame （MRF） and standard k-ε turbulent model were used in the simulation. The shaft power and the mixing time predicted by CFD were in good agreement with the experiment. The effects of tracer feeding and detecting positions on mixing time were investigated. The results are of importance to the optimum design of industrial stirred tank/reactors.     

Rushton桨搅拌槽中气液两相流动的全流场数值模拟

The gas-liquid flow field in a stirred tank with a Rushton disk turbine,including the impeller region,was numerically simulated using the improved inner-outer iterative procedure.The characteristic features of the strirred tank,such as gas cavity and accumulation of gas at the two sides of wall baffles,can be captured by the simulation.The simulated results agree well with available experimental data.Since the improved inner-outer iterative algorithm demands no empirical formula and experimental data for the impeller region,and the approach seems generally applicable for simulating gas-liquid stirred tanks.     

Characterization of multiphase gas–solid flow and accuracy of turbulence models for lower stage cyclones used in suspension preheaters

This study involved the analysis and characterization of the multiphase flow phenomenon inside the lower stage cyclone separator used in the clinker burning process. The analysis was performed using both CFD and experimental research methods. Very few studies are devoted to such types of cyclone separators, which in addition to their basic functions are also responsible for the technological process. Due to the atypical working conditions of these cyclone separators, they are characterized with a complex geometry, which significantly differs from that of the traditional separators.Furthermore, the evaluation of the accuracy and level of reliability of the two models of turbulence closure—k-e RNG and RSM(RANS), and the LES. The results obtained led to the conclusion that for the lower stage cyclone separators, the LES model proved to be the most accurate(both in the case of forecasting the separation efficiency and pressure drop). The performance parameter(in particular the separation efficiency) values obtained for the RSM model were also characterized by high accuracy. The k-e RNG model was characterized by significantly larger deviations.     

新型湿法除尘系统内气液两相流动的数值模拟

结合湿法除尘及挡板绕流技术,本文设计开发了一种带有挡板结构的新型湿法除尘系统。为探究该系统内挡板结构诱导产生的涡旋流动特性及其内部离散相运动规律,基于计算流体力学（CFD）方法,文章选用重整规划群（RNG）k-ε湍流模型数值对比了不同挡板参数下的涡旋结构、速度分布及压降情况等气相流场特性。同时利用离散相模型（DPM）分析了不同工况下喷淋液滴的运动轨迹、逃逸率及驻留时间表现。结果表明,集尘区内弓形挡板的设置可诱导产生涡旋流动,不仅能够抑制低速“流动死区”,同时还可不同程度改善喷淋液滴逃逸情况、有效延长其在装置内的驻留时间。综合考虑气相入口速度v、挡板安放角θ及喷淋液滴粒径D_p的影响,文章推导获得了液滴逃逸率的计算公式,可较为准确地预测喷淋液滴的运动情况。     

HD低温蒸发系统中填料蒸发器传质传热的分析

通过研究系统中填料蒸发器的蒸发传质传热过程以及两相流动特性，采用计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics，CFD）中离散相与连续相耦合的方法来模拟规整填料内部通道的蒸发传质传热过程，实现了填料蒸发器中两相传质传热的过程以及液滴流动的可视化，为研究气液两相在规整填料内的流动提供了一种模拟方法。通过与实验结果的比较，最终选用RNG k-ε湍流模型来分析规整填料内部气液两相传质传热以及流动情况。数值模拟研究了规整填料板间距对填料内部气液两相传质传热以及液滴运动影响，发现随着板间距的增大，填料内部压力降逐渐降低，出口空气中水蒸气的含量不断减小，液滴蒸发速率降低，液滴进出口质量差减小，气相出口温度逐渐降低，蒸发传质传热效率降低。随着气速的增大，出口空气中水蒸气的含量不断减小，液滴蒸发速率增加，气相出口温度降低，气液两相传质传热效率降低。     

CFD simulation of impeller shape effect on quality of mixing in two-phase gas–liquid agitated vessel

Mixing efficiency in two-phase gas-liquid agitated vessel is one of the important challenges in the industrial processes. Computational fluid dynamics technique (CFD) was used to investigate the effect of four different pitched blade impellers, including 15°, 30°, 45° and 60°, on the mixing quality of gas-liquid agitated vessel. The multiphase flow behavior was modeled by Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase approach, and RNG k-ε was used to model the turbulence. The CFD results showed that a strong global vortex plays the main role on the mixing quality of the gas phase in the vessel. Based on the standard deviation criterion, it was observed that the axial distribution of the gas phase in the 30° impeller is about 55% better than the others. In addition, the results showed that the 30° impeller has a uniform radial distribution over the other impellers and the maximum gas phase holdup in the vessel. Investigation of the power consumption of the impellers showed that the 30° impeller has the highest power consumption among the other pitched blade impellers. Also, examine the effect of same power condition for pitched blade impellers showed that the 30° impeller has the best mixing quality in this condition.     

乙烯裂解炉耦合模拟中湍流模型的影响分析

配备底部烧嘴和侧壁烧嘴的乙烯裂解炉应用越来越广泛，不同燃烧模式影响着炉膛内湍流流动状态，考虑到裂解炉中湍流流动与燃气喷料、燃烧和传热有较强的非线性耦合作用，为此探究不同湍流模型在裂解炉/反应器耦合模拟中的影响对于裂解炉的精确设计和优化至关重要。针对不同湍流模型对某十万吨工业乙烯裂解炉进行了耦合模拟，利用CFD数值模拟对采用标准k-ε模型、RNG k-ε和Realizable k-ε模型所建立的湍流流动模型进行评估。将三种湍流模型的模拟结果与工业数据进行比较，重点分析了裂解炉内的速度、温度、湍流能力等参数的分布情况，表明Realizable k-ε模型在火焰稳定性、反应效率等方面优于其他两种模型，且基于Realizable k-ε湍流方程的反应管模型在热通量、炉管外壁温度分布计算结果更接近实际工况。     

新型超音速旋流分离器流场分析与性能评估

为了解决实际开采过程中高压天然气的含水问题,结合气体动力学和流体热力学原理,设计了一套前置式超音速旋流脱水装置,围绕新装置进行了流场模拟和性能分析两方面研究。首先根据几何尺寸建立了三维数值计算模型,并结合RNG k-ε湍流模型对超音速分离器内部流场进行了模拟,得出了装置轴心线上天然气压力、温度、马赫数等特性参数的分布规律,同时对不同截面上参数的径向变化进行了分析;最后根据露点降和分离效率评估了超音速旋流分离器的工作性能,结果表明：在喷管出口处马赫数为1.51,膨胀最低温度可达140K,切向旋流速度为160m/s,可以实现水蒸气的充分凝结和分离;当压损比达到70%时,可以得到32℃的露点降,而且装置对于变压力、变温度工况具有很好的适应性,完全可以满足生产实际要求。     

旋流板塔内气相流场的速度及压降的数值模拟

通过FLUENT计算流体力学软件对旋流板塔内的气相流场进行数值模拟分析。采用k-ε湍流模型和SIMPLER算法,对旋流板塔内气相流场进行三阶运算,得到气相流场的三维描述。模拟结果表明：将模拟所得的压降与试验值进行对比,发现在小进气量工况下数值模拟结果和试验结果吻合较好;在旋流板塔流场内部,存在一轴向速度为负的区域;切向速度随着高度的增加而强度减弱;径向速度随着高度的增加,减小的趋势比较明显。     

Numerical optimization for blades of Intermig impeller in solid–liquid stirred tank

The multiphase flow in the solid-liquid tank stirred with a new structure of Intermig impeller was analyzed by computational fluid dynamics(CFD).The Eulerian multiphase model and standard k-ε turbulence model were adopted to simulate the fluid flow,turbulent kinetic energy distribution,mixing performance and power consumption in a stirred tank.The simulation results were also verified by the water model experiments,and good agreement was achieved.The solid-liquid mixing performances of Intermig impeller with different blade structures were compared in detail.The results show that the improved Intermig impeller not only enhances the solid mixing and suspension,but also saves more than 20% power compared with the standard one.The inner blades have relatively little influence on power and the best angle of inner blades is 45°,while the outer blades affect greatly the power consumption and the optimized value is 45°.     

卧螺离心机内盐析流场的CFD-PBM耦合计算

目前对卧螺离心机内部流场的数值模拟大多采用传统欧拉模型,考虑其内部伴有盐析等固相粒子微观行为过程的研究少有报道。本文应用计算流体力学软件Fluent,基于群体平衡模型与多相流Eulerian模型、RNG k-ε模型耦合方法,对卧螺离心机内部盐析两相流场进行三维数值模拟,通过仿真与实验相结合的方式,得到卧螺离心机内盐析流场的晶体颗粒粒径分布、组分数分布和浓度分布及其变化规律,初步揭示了卧螺离心机内伴有盐析的流场晶体颗粒分布特性。研究结果表明：卧螺离心机内盐析晶体粒径的分布随液环半径的增大而增大,螺旋叶片正壁面粒径明显较背面大,从排液端至排渣端的晶体粒径分布有整体逐渐变大的轴向粒径梯度;流道内晶体粒径随转鼓转速的增大而减小,随进口固相体积分数的增大而增大;大粒径晶体的组分数在液环外侧及螺旋叶片正面附近相对较大,而中、小粒径晶体组分数的分布规律则与之相反;盐析颗粒浓度在液环外侧较高且分布均匀,且随转鼓转速的提高而提高,PBM模型与Euler模型计算结果有一定的相似与差异。     

CFD gas-liquid simulation of oriented valve tray

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has recentlyemerged as an effective tool for the investigation of the hydraulic parameters and efficiency of tray towers. The computation domain was established for two types of oriented valves within a tray and meshed into two parts with different grid types and sizes. The volume fraction correlation concerning inter-phase momentum transfer source was fitted based on experimental data, and built in UDF for simulation. The flow pattern of oriented valve tray under different operating conditionswas simulated under Eulerian-Eulerian framework with realizable k-ε model. The predicted liquid height from CFD simulation was in good agreement with the results of pressure drop and volume fraction correlations. Meanwhile, the velocity distribution and volume fraction of the two phases were demonstrated and analyzed, which are useful in design and analysis of the column trays.