点接触式两足步行机器人直立姿态稳定控制

针对点接触式两足步行机器人提出了一种直立姿态稳定控制策略。建立了机器人动力学模型,对机器人直立姿态的稳定性和可控性进行分析;并基于T-S模型建模,构造机器人全局模糊模型,基于LQR最优控制理论,设计全局渐近稳定的模糊控制器对机器人直立姿态进行稳定控制。仿真结果表明,该算法具有较宽的稳定范围,可以使机器人在上电以后和从行走切换到站立状态时迅速恢复直立姿态,保持稳定。     

群机器人区域覆盖方法研究

研究了一种可以对任意形状的目标区域形成覆盖的群机器人自主部署方法.机器人部署过程分为2个阶段:模型生成阶段和机器人部署阶段.在模型生成阶段,首先利用智能优化算法,得到表征机器人最优部署位置的点云.然后将点云映射为图模型.在此基础上,群机器人部署问题被转化为群机器人模式形成问题.设计了一套行为规则,使机器人根据图模型运动,最终形成期望模式.通过仿真实验验证了所研究模式形成方法可以实现涉及约30台机器人的复杂模式,并用实际机器人对本文方法进行了验证.     

洁净机器人反应转矩观测与碰撞保护研究

提出一种基于反应转矩观测器的机器人碰撞保护方法;机器人的反应转矩由基于模型的干扰观测器估值得到,模型的建立包括电机系统转矩模型与机器人系统动力学模型两部分;由于洁净机器人特殊的构型及关节耦合关系,机器人的动力学建模被大大简化,同时对简化后的模型采用最小二乘法对惯性参数和摩擦参数进行辨识,提高了模型的精度;根据永磁同步电机的转矩模型与机器人动力学模型,可以得到基于电机电流的机器人关节转矩;机器人与外界环境接触时,关节转矩的增加量即为反应转矩;通过设计反应转矩观测器并采用力/位混合控制结构,实现基于电流的机器人主动柔顺控制功能,并在洁净机器人进行碰撞保护实验,实际运行结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于惯性测量单元的轮式机器人轨迹跟踪仿真

针对轮式机器人轨迹跟踪质量下降问题,提出基于惯性测量单元(IMU)的轮式移动机器人轨迹跟踪控制方法.通过两个惯性测量单元(IMU)来建立轮式机器人的速度、角速度计算模型,针对轮式移动机器人执行中的差动命令对轮式机器人实施闭环控制;设计轮式机器人工作轨迹参考量,结合动力学模型提出轮式机器人轨迹跟踪控制器,使轮式机器人可以在指定的轨迹上进行跟踪.实验结果表明,提出的方法能够使轮式移动机器人的轨迹跟踪误差更小,跟踪结果更精准.     

小型智能涂胶机器人建模与控制系统设计

为使涂胶机器人可涂任意鞋底轨迹,提出带摄像头的智能涂胶机器人.设计机构模型,利用齐次变换矩阵建立运动学模型,并进行Simulink运动仿真.控制器采用2层递阶的DSP加PC机结构,USB摄像头捕获鞋底图像,VC++实现边缘提取,并通过坐标变换得到机器人关节轨迹.DSP直流无刷电机控制器采用增量PID闭环控制算法.在自主...     

基于Adams和Matlab联合仿真的双足机器人越障研究

与轮行机器人相比,双足机器人具有更灵活的机械结构,具有跨越静态或动态障碍物的能力,使其可以在更复杂的环境中工作;以往的双足机器人路径规划控制策略只能解决静止或以可预测速度运动的障碍物的越障问题,提出了一种基于模糊Q学习算法的路径规划策略,在Adams软件中建立机器人的三维虚拟样机模型,在Matlab软件中设计控制器,进行联合仿真;仿真结果表明所设计的控制策略可以有效地克服机器人在线学习时间长的问题,并且可以成功跨越速度不可预测的运动障碍物,有很好的鲁棒性。     

基于改进蛇形曲线的蛇形机器人在流场中避障的轨迹跟踪控制律

针对蛇形机器人在流场中各关节之间的轨迹跟踪问题,研究一种基于改进蛇形曲线的蛇形机器人在流场中避障的轨迹跟踪控制律.首先,考虑流体环境可能施加在蛇形机器人系统上的外部干扰,采用浸入边界-格子Boltzmann方法(IB-LBM)在流场中建立障碍通道和蛇形机器人的流固耦合模型.然后,对蛇形机器人加入势函数,使其可以避开障碍;并采用改进的蛇形曲线方程使机器人尾部各关节跟踪头部的运动轨迹.最后,通过Matlab仿真和实验,研究不同流场密度、机器人尾部摆动频率以及流场雷诺数等参数对蛇形机器人轨迹跟踪的影响.理论分析和数值仿真表明,所设计的轨迹跟踪控制律不仅可以使蛇形机器人在遇到障碍时各关节跟踪前一关节的运动轨迹,而且还能使横向距离、纵向距离及方向角趋于稳定,达到有效避障的目的.此外,蛇形机器人在离开障碍通道后,各关节可以恢复蛇形曲线的运动形式,为蛇形机器人提供源源不断的前进动力.仿真和实验结果验证了轨迹跟踪控制律的有效性.     

SCARA机器人内模控制方法

为了使SCARA机器人在外界干扰和模型不精确的情况下具有优良的轨迹跟踪性能,提出一种基于内模控制原理设计SCARA机器人控制器的方法。采用拉格朗日方法获得SCARA机器人动力学模型,将其作为内模控制的估计模型;选择内模滤波器[f(S)]设计内模控制器[Q(S),]使其满足稳态误差为零的条件,通过推导得出不同输入信号下的SCARA机器人控制律。通过仿真,将其与自适应模糊滑模控制方法进行对比分析,结果表明所提出的方法轨迹跟踪精度高,抗干扰能力强,控制器参数调节简单。     

基于虚拟黏弹性肌肉模型的仿人机器人不平整地面稳定行走

复杂未知环境下,仿人机器人在行走过程中难以获取精确的地面信息,导致规划的落脚点与实际落脚位置之间存在误差,这会对机器人的平衡造成严重的干扰.针对该问题,提出了模拟人体肌肉黏弹性的虚拟肌肉模型,并基于该模型设计了仿人机器人在不平整地面上的稳定行走控制方法.首先,从仿生角度出发,扩展传统肌肉模型,构建了具有伸缩功能的虚拟肌肉模型,并对其黏弹性进行了分析.然后,基于该模型,采用LQR(线性二次型调节器)方法设计了虚拟肌肉伸缩长度与伸缩力的控制方法.最后,基于足部力传感器信息反馈,将该模型应用于仿人机器人行走过程中抬脚高度的调节,使仿人机器人能够适应未知复杂环境中地面高度的突变,或在机器人传感器系统获取的地面信息与实际情况相差很大的情况下实现稳定行走.结果表明,该算法可以使仿人机器人在高度差为6 cm以内的不平整地面上实现1.8 km/h的稳定行走.基于BHR-6P平台的行走仿真验证了该算法的有效性.     

基于分层控制策略的六轮滑移机器人横向稳定性控制

六轮野外机器人通常体积庞大,难以建立其动力学模型.采用传统的速度控制方法很难保证机器人的横向稳定性.为解决这一问题,开展基于分层控制策略的六轮滑移机器人横向稳定性控制研究.首先分析整车受力情况,建立六轮滑移机器人的动力学模型.其次,设计基于分层控制策略的动力学控制器,其中上层为基于改进趋近律的滑模控制器,实现对期望横摆角速度的跟踪;下层为基于附着率最优的转矩分配控制器,该控制器可以保证机器人行驶的横向稳定性.最后,在不同工况下进行仿真实验,并搭建实验平台进行实物测试.结果表明设计的控制器可以有效提高机器人的横向稳定性.     

Control circuits simplification and computer programs design on bipedal robot

This study is expected to provide the best design of bipedal robot, which will help widen the application in the future. A new design system is presented through simplification of the control circuit, and the design of computer programs not only lowers the research barriers of the robots but also decreases the development costs. This design system can be used for various operations of manufacturing processes to make up the shortages of the flexibility for the robots. In recent years, the progress in electronics and the control technology has made the robots useful not only for dangerous and automatic tasks, but also for advanced and friendly people service. Thus, the robots have been used in the factories for automation and towards the general use in regular life. Of all robots, the bipedal robot attracts the most attention for its humanoid outlook, user-friendly design, and artificial intelligence for the human society. Many bipedal robots are developed to satisfy consumers’ needs. The control circuits and the program design are the key issues to make the bipedal robots. In this study, a synchronous robot controller for 31°-axis freedom is developed. The authors also equip a memory in the hardware architecture to store all moving commands of the bipedal robot. In terms of internal programs, the authors develop a human interface that synchronizes the movement of the robot and collects the pace data of the robot. The authors use the statistical method to analyze the data and establish a database of the robot's movement. With the database, one can finally drive the robot to walk and generate the pace design of the bipedal robots.     

工业机器人的总体设计方法

本文介绍了工业机器人的总体设计思想及其研制,开发的顺序,并通过多关节全电动连续 路径控制机器人的设计实例,分别讨论了机器人动作机能、机械结构、控制方式、操作方法及计 算机控制系统方案的决定方法,最后提出了在研制工业机器人中应该强调"技术平衡"的问题.     

深度学习在智能机器人中的应用研究综述

机器人发展的趋势是人工智能化,深度学习是智能机器人的前沿技术,也是机器学习领域的新课题。深度学习技术被广泛运用于农业、工业、军事、航空等领域,与机器人的有机结合能设计出具有高工作效率、高实时性、高精确度的智能机器人。为了增强智能机器人在各方面的能力,使其更智能化,介绍了深度学习与机器人有关的研究项目与深度学习在机器人中的各种应用,包括室内和室外的场景识别、机器人的工业服务和家庭服务以及多机器人协作等。最后,对深度学习在智能机器人中应用的未来发展、可能面临的机遇和挑战等进行了讨论。     

Present and future robot control development—An industrial perspective

Robot control is a key competence for robot manufacturers and a lot of development is made to increase robot performance, reduce robot cost and introduce new functionalities. Examples of development areas that get big attention today are multi robot control, safe control, force control, 3D vision, remote robot supervision and wireless communication. The application benefits from these developments are discussed as well as the technical challenges that the robot manufacturers meet. Model-based control is now a key technology for the control of industrial robots and models and control schemes are continuously refined to meet the requirements on higher performance even when the cost pressure leads to the design of robot mechanics that is more difficult to control. Driving forces for the future development of robots can be found in, for example, new robot applications in the automotive industry, especially for the final assembly, in small and medium size enterprises, in foundries, in food industry and in the processing and assembly of large structures. Some scenarios on future robot control development are proposed. One scenario is that light-weight robot concepts could have an impact on future car manufacturing and on future automation of small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). Such a development could result in modular robots and in control schemes using sensors in the robot arm structure, sensors that could also be used for the implementation of redundant safe control. Introducing highly modular robots will increase the need of robot installation support, making Plug and Play functionality even more important. One possibility to obtain a highly modular robot program could be to use a recently developed new type of parallel kinematic robot structure with large work space in relation to the robot foot print. For further efficient use of robots, the scenario of adaptive robot performance is introduced. This means that the robot control is optimised with respect to the thermal and fatigue load on the robot for the specific program that the robot performs. The main conclusion of the presentation is that industrial robot development is far away from its limits and that a lot of research and development is needed to obtain a more widely use of robot automation in industry.     

Climbing Robots’ Mobility for Inspection and Maintenance of 3D Complex Environments

For complex climbing robots, which work in difficult 3D outdoor environments, the gravity force has an important influence with respect the robots changes during its motion. This type of climbing robots is self-supported in the complex 3D structures (bridges, skeleton of the buildings, etc.) which require periodic, manually performed inspections and maintenance. The use of non-conventional climbing robots for this type of operation is highly appropriate. Their locomotion system commonly comprises arms/legs that permit the robots 3D mobility (gait). These mechanisms also enable the robot to support itself and guarantee its stability. This paper presents the main features of non-conventional climbing robots mobility on complex 3D environments: power supply, number of DOFs, lightweight structure, gait, speed, secure grasp, etc. It also covers the general theory underlying the design of climbing robots, their kinematics, with its specific, unconventional mobility. The paper not only describes the climbing robot mobility theory but also provides several examples taken from the ROMA and MATS robots families. The developed robots have high degree of autonomy with totally on-board control system. These autonomous robots demonstrate in the course of real experimentation that the criteria for design, control strategy and path planning are accurate. Finally, the paper examines trends in climbing robot technology.Carlos Balaguer received his Ph.D. in Automation from the Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM), Spain in 1983. From 1983–1994 he was with the Department of Systems Engineering and Automation of the UPM as Associated Professor. Since 1994, he has been a Full Professor of the Robotics Lab at the University Carlos III of Madrid. Prof. Balaguers research has included robot design and development, robot control, path & task planning, force-torque control, assistive and service robots, climbing robots, legged and humanoid robots, and human-robot interaction. He has published more than 120 papers in journals and conference proceedings, and several books in the field of robotics. He is a member of IEEE and IFAC, and former President of IAARC.Antonio Gimenez studied Electrical Engineering at the Polytechnic University of Madrid and received his PhD from the University Carlos III of Madrid in 2000. Currently he is Associated Professor at the Robotics Lab atthe University Carlos III of Madrid. He participated in numerous national and international R&D projects in robotics and automation. His research interest includes design and robot development, rehabilitation robots, climbing robots, and automation in construction. Recently he is very active in the field of computer-aided mechatronics design. He has published numerous refereed publications in international journals, and conference proceedings.Alberto Jardón Huete is currently finishing his Ph.D. degree in Automation Engineering. He received his B.Sc. in electronics engineering (1998) and is graduated in Electrical Engineering (2002) at University Carlos III of Madrid. He is an active member of the Robotics Lab since 1997, and has collaborated in the development of the climbing robots ROMA I, ROMA II, and other research projects of relevance. Currently he is focused in the design and development of light weight service robots. His interests include assistive robotic design, mechatronics, robotic research, the development of tools to perform this research and the transfer of robotics technology to industry.     

Design of a modular assembly of four-footed robots with multiple functions

Modern industries use many types of robots. In addition to general robotic arms, bipedal, tripedal, and quadrupedal robots, which were originally developed as toys, are gradually being used for multiple applications in manufacturing processes. This research begins with establishing the platform for four-footed robots with multiple functions, high sensitivity, and modular assembly and this is how a fundamental model of the industrial robots is constructed. Under additional loads, the four feet of the quadrupedal robot reinforce its carrying ability and reliability compared to bipedal or tripedal robots, which helps it to carry more objects and enhances functionality. Based on different requirements and demands from the manufacturing processes, the highly sensitive four-footed robot provides an expandable interface to add different sensing components. In addition, when combined with a wireless communication module or independent 1.2 GHz radio frequency CCD wireless image transmission system, the user can control the robot remotely and instantly. The design helps the four-footed robot to expand its applications. By assembling and disassembling modules and changing the sensing components, the highly sensitive four-footed robot can be used for different tasks. Moreover, the remote control function of the robot will increase interaction with human beings, so it can become highly become involved in people's lives. The platform of the four-footed robot will become a design reference for the commercialization of different industrial robots, and it will provide the design of industrial robots with more options and useful applications.     

基于Fuzzy-PID的移动机器人运动控制

移动机器人涉及到许多研究方向,运动控制是其中的基础。通过对移动机器人运动学模型进行分析,以足球机器人系统为实验平台,论证了Fuzzy-PID技术应用于移动机器人运动控制的可行性。将传统的PID控制与模糊控制相结合,通过PID控制实现控制的准确性,利用模糊控制提高控制的快速性。针对移动机器人运动控制中的实际问题,着重提出了基于误差分区的PID控制器和模糊控制器的设计方法。实验证明该方法不仅增强了控制器的调节能力,还在一定程度上简化了控制器的设计。     

基于ARM的嵌入式系统在机器人控制系统中应用

依据现代机器人技术的发展特点,提出了一种基于ARM(AdvancedRISCMicroprocessor)、DSP和arm-linux的嵌入式机器人控制系统的设计方法,介绍了嵌入式系统,给出了功能设计、结构设计、硬件设计、软件设计的控制系统的设计过程,并分别从上述各方面对控制系统的通用性进行了探讨。层次化的体系结构、模块化的硬件、结构化的软件使得设计出的机器人控制系统经过简单的硬件调整和软件定制,就能适用于多种机器人。通过七自由度串联机器人抓取工件的实例验证,该机器人控制系统性能稳定、具有一定的通用性。     

基于确定型有穷自动机的机器人行为控制单元

基于机器人基本行为的控制方法是机器人能够执行许多高级算法的基本条件,且能有效的减少重编程时的代码量,适用于大规模机器人群体中的无线程序烧录,减少通信量。针对课题研发的需求,提出一种基于确定型有穷自动机的机器人行为控制的数学模型,并使用Picoblaze处理器在FPGA上实现了该数学模型,实验表明本文的方法能大幅度的减少代码更新时的通信量。     

基于D-H参数的爬壁机器人吸附控制系统设计

传统爬壁机器人吸附参量存在同步不对称的问题,导致爬壁机器人吸附控制系统输出控制量精度降低,影响机器人整体控制效果;为了解决爬壁机器人吸附参量不对称问题,提出基于D-H参数的爬壁机器人吸附控制系统设计;基于D-H参数特点,设计系统总体框架,框架共分为硬件与软件两部分;硬件主要利用动态陀螺仪控制器控制处理指令数据,完成处理模块设计;通过无线控制遥感器KJ-F6000X-T6实现控制模块设计;软件部分采用与D-H参数相关的算法对控制程序进行设计;通过实验对比数据表明:提出设计系统具有同步爬壁机器人吸附参量对称性,单次控制量、双次控制量、多次控制量系数分别为0.7、0.6、0.5,符合控制系数标准范围,能够提升系统控制量输出精度。