高温合金洁净度的系统分析方法综述

摘要：高温合金中夹杂物的检测、分析与控制是高温合金洁净度研究的重点。全面、准确地分析高温合金中夹杂物的形貌、成分、尺寸和数量等特征是明确高温合金中夹杂物来源和形成机制的前提,也是控制和提高高温合金洁净度的基础。从试样检测体积、试样检测效率、检测结果可靠性、获取夹杂物的特征信息以及各自优缺点等方面详细阐述了高温合金洁净度的系统分析方法,包括金相法、扫描电镜法等传统二维检测方法、大样电解法、电子束熔炼法和无损检测等。通过高温合金中夹杂物的系统分析方法能够全面准确地获取高温合金中夹杂物的特征信息和评估高温合金的洁净度,对超纯净高温合金的生产具有指导作用。     

氩气雾化镍基粉末高温合金及粉末特性研究进展

概述了国内外镍基粉末高温合金的发展、氩气雾化制粉技术的特点、氩气雾化镍基高温合金粉末的特性和增材制造用镍基高温合金粉末的发展方向，重点介绍了镍基高温合金粉末的形貌与粒度控制、氧化特性、气体脱附行为和缺陷形成及控制措施。讨论了镍基高温合金粉末特性与合金缺陷之间的内在关系，总结了缺陷消除措施的研究进展，明确了未来粉末涡轮盘用氩气雾化镍基高温合金粉末质量优化的发展方向，并对高品质氩气雾化镍基高温合金粉末促进增材制造技术在航空航天领域的应用进行了展望。     

粉末高温合金热挤压工艺研究进展

概述了欧美国家粉末高温合金热挤压工艺的发展历程与应用情况,阐述了我国粉末高温合金热挤压工艺的研究进展,介绍了René95、René88DT和FGH4096合金的挤压工艺参数选取原则,重点分析了挤压工艺参数（挤压比、挤压速度、挤压温度等）对粉末高温合金挤压成形及组织性能的影响规律,阐明了热挤压过程中粉末高温合金非金属夹杂物的演变行为。     

镍基高温合金均质化冶炼研究进展

高温合金的冶金质量与材料的综合使用性能密切相关,均质化冶炼已经成为改善合金成分、组织和第二相分布均匀性,提高合金力学性能的重要途径。在总结前人研究的基础上,综述了镍基高温合金均质化冶炼的影响因素和改善合金均质化水平的有效措施,重点讨论了凝固偏析、元素烧损和均匀化处理对合金均质化的影响,以期为提高镍基高温合金的均质化冶炼水平、优化制备工艺提供参考。     

电沉积泡沫Ni-Mo合金

以聚氨酯泡沫树脂为基体,采用化学镀、电沉积、热解和氢气还原的方法制备出网状结构的泡沫Ni-Mo合金。对该泡沫合金的形貌、镀液组分与合金组分的关系和合金的抗拉强度、抗腐蚀性、高温抗氧化性进行了分析研究。试验结果表明:合金中Mo含量随着Na2MoO4浓度增加而增加,该泡沫合金骨架平整,泡沫Ni-Mo合金抗拉强度、耐腐蚀性和高温抗氧化性优于泡沫镍,在中性盐雾试验中的抗腐蚀性加强,高温抗氧化性也增强。     

高温合金熔化焊的研究现状及发展趋势

综述了高温合金熔化焊的研究进展.对电弧焊、电子束焊和激光焊等常见高温合金熔化焊工艺技术的优势和应用范围进行了阐述;介绍了常见的焊接裂纹类型,并对凝固裂纹、晶界液化裂纹、应变时效裂纹和失塑裂纹的形成机理及影响因素进行了概括总结;此外,从热输入、材料的成分和微观结构以及焊接残余应力等方面探讨了提高熔化焊焊接性的主要技术方法.由于母材合金成分和组织结构与焊接性能密切相关,在未来的发展中,应加强对新兴高温合金和传统不可焊高温合金等的成分设计,此外,也应关注焊接工艺技术的完善以及焊前和焊后处理方法的改进,协同提高高温合金的焊接性能,促进高温合金熔化焊的广泛应用.     

n相对CZ63合金高温力学性能的影响

本文着重研究了η相形成过程及其形态、分布状况和对合金高温力学性能的影响。η相是该合金在过时效时形成的。当η相处于萌生状态时,尽管沿晶界存在,对合金的高温力学性能影响不大。当η相成为粗大片状沿晶界分布时,对该合金高温力学性能是非常有害的,使高温强度、高温持久性能、高温冲击性能下降,但对高温塑性没有影响。     

ODS－MGH956高温高强度抗氧化合金的全面性能

本文对氧化物弥散强化高温合金ＭＧＨ－９５６的研制工艺作了概要介绍。按国家标准检验了各种性能，取得全面性能结果，达到美国同类合金（ＭＡ９５６）的性能水平，并与国产变形高温合金ＧＨ１２８进行部分性能对比、试验结果表明，本合金具有：高温强度高、使用寿命长、抗氧化、抗蠕变和比强度高以及组织稳定性良好等。是一种新型的综合性能优良的板材和管材高温合金。     

金属包套与镍基粉末冶金高温合金之间连接区的研究

本文通过观察金属包套与粉末冶金高温合金之间连接区形貌,分析了在镍基粉末冶金高温合金毛坯表面发现明显原始颗粒形貌的原因,重点研究了不锈钢包套与镍基粉末冶金高温合金之间的连接区。结果表明:连接区内在不锈钢和粉末冶金高温合金之间存在明显的界面,界面两侧存在扩散层,距离界面最近的镍基高温合金粉末仍保持原始粉末颗粒形貌;毛坯表面发现原始颗粒形貌是靠近粉末冶金高温合金一侧的界面没有完全去除造成的;界面、界面附近粉末原始颗粒形貌的形成与C扩散及镍基高温合金粉末元素偏析有关,连接区Ⅰ厚度不小于167μm,连接区Ⅱ厚度不小于716μm。     

“先进钢铁冶炼与高温合金熔炼用耐火材料专刊”征稿启事北大核心CSCD

随着航空航天、海洋工程、核能工程和轨道交通等领域的快速发展,对先进钢铁与高温合金的需求及其品种和质量的要求日益增加,同时也对先进钢铁冶炼与高温合金熔炼用耐火材料提出更高的要求。近年来,相关冶炼、熔炼及熔铸用耐火材料发展迅速,尤其在耐火材料轻量化与低碳化及无碳化、耐火材料与熔渣/熔钢/高温合金界面行为、耐火材料力学性能及断裂行为、耐火材料数理模拟与非接触式测试及可视化表征、耐火材料结构功能一体化、精炼与连铸新技术用耐火材料等方面涌现出了一系列优秀成果,对于解决中国高端装备用先进钢铁与高温合金瓶颈性基础难题具有重要的理论与现实意义。     

Voices of fear and anxiety and sadness and depression: The effects of speech rate and loudness on fear and anxiety and sadness and depression.

Two studies investigated the role of expressive vocal behavior (specifically, speech rate and loudness) in fear and anxiety and in sadness and depression. In the 1st study, participants spoke about personally experienced fear and anxiety-arousing and neutral events using 3 different voice styles: fast and loud, normal, and slow and soft. In the 2nd study, participants spoke about personally experienced sad or depressing and neutral events using the same 3 voice styles. In both studies, the participants' highest levels of subjective affective and cardiovascular (CV) arousal occurred when they spoke about the emotional events in a mood-congruent voice style: fast and loud in the case of fear and anxiety, and slow and soft in the case of sadness or depression. Mood-incongruent voice styles canceled the heightened levels of CV arousal normally associated with these negative emotions. The voice-style manipulation had no significant effect on the participants' levels of CV arousal during the neutral discussions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sexuality and aging--usual and successful

BACKGROUND: As aging research increasingly reflects an effort to dissociate true time-driven changes from those that can be improved, sexuality in later life remains largely unexplored. Several problems are evident. There is a lack of normative data, a lack of a conceptual framework relating to the biology, psychology, and sociology of sex, and an attitudinal resistance that obscures the entire topic. METHODS: We conducted a three-part instructional series on major topics involved with sexuality and aging. We surveyed our group of attendees (n 158, average age 68 for males, 65 for females) before and after the series. RESULTS: A remarkably robust sex life was evidenced by both the men and the women, even until advanced old age. Yet, a substantially decreased involvement was reported from 10 years earlier. Despite current activities, people of both sexes wished they were participating even more than they currently were. Impotency was identified as the major negative feature for the men; relationship problems were for the women. A questionnaire 6 months after the series reported improved sexual attitudes, but no change in sexual activities from the earlier survey. CONCLUSION: Sexuality is a major quality-of-life issue which persists into old age. Our study showed that the usual sexual practices reported by our group were not considered by them to be ideal. The intervention of this instructional series provided improved sexual attitudes but not performance. Additional studies are encouraged.     

Synthesis and analysis of mixed chlorinated-fluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and assessment of formation and occurrence of the fluorinated and chlorinated-fluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans

Despite the use of multimodal therapy, higher-grade glioma is still uniformly fatal in the adult population. There is a considerable difference between the length of survival in each given patient, even within the same tumor type and malignancy grade group, suggesting that there are factors that might differentially influence outcome. To identify such factors, 107 patients with anaplastic or malignant glioma were retrospectively investigated. Clinical parameters and paraclinical data on the p53, mdm2, and EGFR genes at the DNA or protein level were evaluated by univariate analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling. Kaplan-Meier survival estimation demonstrated that immunohistochemical positivity for mdm2 protein in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or with glioblastoma multiforme was associated with a shorter survival time (p = 0.02). P53 gene mutations and immunopositivity for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein were not significantly related to poor prognosis. The Cox proportional hazards model revealed immunohistochemical positivity for p53, mdm2, or for both of them, the presence of postoperative irradiation, and the extent of surgical resection of tumor to be variables significantly associated with prolonged survival. EGFR overexpression, age over 60 years, and Karnofsky performance score below 40 points did not significantly shorten survival time. In conclusion, the present study identified immunohistochemically detected mdm2-protein overexpression as a statistically significant negative prognostic parameter in patients bearing anaplastic or malignant glioma. Association analysis of variables revealed a possible correlation between mdm2 and p53, which is also consistent with the biological interaction mode of both proteins in vivo.     

Larks and owls and health, wealth, and wisdom

OBJECTIVE: To test the validity of Benjamin Franklin's maxim "early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." DESIGN: Cross sectional analysis of sleeping patterns in a nationally representative group of elderly people, and longitudinal investigation of mortality. SETTING: Eight areas in Britain (five in England, two in Scotland, and one in Wales). SUBJECTS: 1229 men and women aged 65 and over who in 1973-4 had taken part in a survey funded by the Department of Health and Social Security and for whom data on sleeping patterns, health, socioeconomic circumstances, and cognitive function had been recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self reported income, access to a car, standard of accommodation, performance on a test of cognitive function, state of health and mortality during 23 years of follow up. RESULTS: 356 people (29%) were defined as larks (to bed before 11 pm and up before 8 am) and 318 (26%) were defined as owls (to bed at or after 11 pm and up at or after 8 am). There was no indication that larks were richer than those with other sleeping patterns. On the contrary, owls had the largest mean income and were more likely to have access to a car. There was also no evidence that larks were superior to those with other sleeping patterns with regard to their cognitive performance or their state of health. Both larks and owls had a slightly reduced risk of death compared with the rest of the study sample, but this was accounted for by the fact that they spent less time in bed at night. In the study sample as a whole, longer periods of time in bed were associated with increased mortality. After adjustment for age, sex, the presence of illness, and other risk factors, people who spent 12 or more hours in bed had a relative risk of death of 1.7 (1.2 to 2.5) compared with those who were in bed for 9 hours. The lowest risk occurred in people who spent 8 hours in bed (adjusted relative risk 0.8; 0.7 to 1.0). CONCLUSION: These findings do not support Franklin's claim. A "late to bed and late to rise" lifestyle does not seem to lead to socioeconomic, cognitive, or health disadvantage, but a longer time spent in bed may be associated with increased mortality.     

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis and sports

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis occur predominantly in the lower lumbar spine. Besides congenital defects such as predisposition of spondylolysis the correlation between competitive sports activities and an increased incidence of spondylolysis is proved. In early stages, complete healing can be achieved by conservative treatment (abstinence from sports activities for 3 months, orthesis). Persistence of pain, neurologic symptoms and progression of vertebral slipping are indications for operative treatment (reconstruction of the isthmus, dorso-ventral spondylodesis). The exercise tolerance depends on the extent of instability, progression of vertebral slipping and clinical symptoms. The limits of exercise tolerance vary among the individual athletes and require the decision of the physician. Backstroke swimming, abdominal and back muscle strengthening exercises, and types of sport involving smooth movements are advisable. Sports education in school is possible without restriction in patients with stable spondylolysis and in those with spondylolisthesis without unfavourable concomitant factors.     

IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness.

The constructs of intelligence and ego-resiliency are discussed. The personality implications of "pure intelligence" and "pure ego-resilience" were identified. Intelligence (IQ) was indexed by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS—R) and ego-resiliency by an inventory scale. Residual scores measuring "pure intelligence" and "pure ego-resilience" were correlated with the items of the observer based California Q-sort, used to describe participants. Persons relatively high on ego-resilience tend to be more competent and comfortable in the "fuzzier" interpersonal world; persons defined primarily by raw IQ tend to be effective in the "clearer" world of structured work but tend also to be uneasy with affect and less able to realize satisfying human connections. Gender differences exist in the relations of ego-resilience and intelligence and in their adaptive relevance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conserving and retaining equalities and inequalities through observation and correction.

Investigated the effects of modeling and corrective feedback on the conservation of equalities and inequalities, with items spanning 3 stimulus dimensions (length, number, and 2-dimensional space). Ss were 48 kindergartners (24 boys, 24 girls). Brief observation of a model, briefer correction training (joining positive feedback with verbal rule provision), and the combination of observation and correction were all successful in producing learning and, without further training, transfer and retention of conservation. Unlike the controls (who also never correctly answered any equality items), the trained experimental Ss gave evidence of spontaneously generalizing their new learning to a task that required nonverbal behavior to manifest conservation. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reasoning and food and contamination.

Examines strategies that are used to reason about food and contamination. In Exp 1, Ss refrained from choosing a substance that had been given a "poison" label when the intent of the labeler was ambiguous or malicious but preferred this substance when a rationale was provided that dispelled the implication that there once might have been contaminants present. Exp 2 was designed to compare the effects of safety on conditional reasoning in food and food-irrelevant contexts. When the safety issue was relevant to food in the form of contamination, Ss were most likely to use formal logic in reasoning. A similar pattern of responses was found in Exp 3 on tasks for which Ss' ratings of their experience of contexts were matched for plausibility, experience, and danger. Results are discussed in terms of an adaptive constraint that facilitates rationality in reasoning within the food domain (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Craniometaphyseal and craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, head and neck manifestations and management

Mechanical allodynia (MA) following hand injury is a well-documented clinical problem. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the relationship between hand MA and the upper limb tension test (ULTT). The ULTT mechanically stresses the neural structures from the C5/6/7 neural foramina to the median nerve distally. This study examined 29 subjects with unilateral hand MA before and after a 2-week neural self-mobilization programme. There was a significant difference between the subjects' affected and unaffected sides when tested using the ULTT, both in reproduction of symptoms and in reduced range of motion of the ULTT. Following the self-mobilization program, there was an improvement in the range of the ULTT, and subjects reported a reduction in their symptoms. Complete recovery was not obtained in all cases. The results of this study suggest that the ULTT is a useful tool both in assessment and treatment of subjects with hand MA.