Fatty acids from the scent glands of the Louisiana muskrat

1. The mixture of fatty acids from muskrat scent glands has been analyzed by the ester fractionation method.
2. The esters of myristic, palmitic, hexadecenoic, oleic, and linoleic acids were found present as major components in these glands. Unsaturated acids of the C₂₄ and C₂₆ series are also present to the extent of 8.5% of the total fatty acids. Acids present to less than 1% each include decanoic, dodecanoic, stearic, tetracosanoic, dodecenoic, and tetradecenoic acids.
3. Application of determinants for the solution of simultaneous equations has been presented as a method which greatly simplifies and facilitates the calculations necessary to this type of work.
4. The possible relationship existing between fatty acids and macrocyclic carbinols has been considered and possible mechanisms for such transformations have been presented.

     

Cyclopropenoid fatty acids in abutilon ramosum seed oil

Seed oil of Abutilon ramosum was found to contain the following fatty acids (wt.%): malvalic (2.48%), sterculic (1.29%), myristic (1.0%), C₁₅:0 (1.78%), palmitic (19.1%), palmitoleic (0.51%), stearic (6.53%), oleic (23.72%), linoleic (42.55%) and linolenic (0.91%). The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the fatty acids were carried out by HBr-titration and the gas-liquid chromatography of the silver nitrate-methanol-treated esters using the fatty acid esters of the oil of sterculia foetida as reference standard.     

Study of the seed oil ofSolanum platanifolium sims

Seed oils from species ofSolanum such asS. ferox (1),S. indicum (2),S. nudiflorum (3), andS. chacoense (4,5) have been shown to contain mainly linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. The seed oil fromS. platanifolium contains palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and hexadecenoic acids, and a mixture of C₂₀-C₃₁ alkanols and sterols.     

Search for new industrial oils: XVI. Umbelliflorae—seed oils rich in petroselinic acid

Seed oils of the order Umbelliflorae, including those from the families Umbelliferae, Garryaceae, Araliaceae, Cornaceae, Davidiaceae, Nyssaceae and Alangiaceae, were analyzed for fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of their methyl esters. The characteristic fatty acid of the order, petroselinic acid, occurred in the Umbelliferae in amounts up to 85%. In the Araliaceae, the content was as high as 83% and in the Garryaceae as high as 81%. The other major acids were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, with small amounts of hexadecenoic, stearic, linolenic, and, in some cases, C₂₀ acids. petroselinic acid was determined by microscale ozonolysis of the C₁₈ monoenoic esters and subsequent GLC of the ozonolysis products. The occurrence of high oil contents (up to 46%) combined with exceptionally high (up to 83%) single component purity is notable and emphasizes the potential of the Umbelliflorae as a raw material source for the chemical industry.     

Indian stillingia oil and tallow

Summary The stillingia oil and tallow from the seeds ofSapium sebiferum Roxb., have been studied for their component fatty acids and component glycerides. The fatty acids composition was determined by Twitchell's lead-salt-alcohol method followed by systematic fractionation of the methyl esters under high vacuum. The glyceridic composition of the stillingia oil has been examined by permanganate-oxidation and bromination methods whereas the composition of the glycerides of the stillingia tallow was arrived at by using the low-temperature crystallization technique. The component fatty acids of the stillingia oil have been found to consist of caprylic (1.5%), capric (1.0%), myristic (0.97%), palmitic (2.8%), stearic (1.0%), oleic (9.4%), linoleic (53.4%), and linolenic (30.0%); the latter two are the major constituents. The glycerides of the oil were found to consist of disaturated-mono-linolein (7.9%), mono-saturated-dilinolein (7.9%), mono-oleo-di-linolein (6.1%), monolinoleno-di-linolein (45.7%), mono-linoleo-di-linolenin (10.7%), mono-oleo-di-linolenin (3.3%), and oleo-linoleo-linolenin (18.4%). The fatty acids composition of the stillingia tallow was found to be lauric (0.3%), myristic (4.2%), palmitic (62.3%), stearic (5.9%), and oleic (27.4%). The component glycerides were found to be trisaturated (31.2%), disaturated monounsaturated (64.0%) and monsaturated, diunsaturated (4.8%).     

Measurement of lipase activity in single grains of oat (Avena sativa L.)

Seed oil ofSterculia colorata is found to contain the following acids (wt %): sterculic (4.9%), malvalic (3.2%), myristic (0.3%), palmitic (29.4%), stearic (1.7%), oleic (56.6%), and linoleic (3.9%). The co-occurrence of malvalic and sterculic acids was established by gas liquid chromatography of the silver nitrate methanol-treated esters usingS. foetida esters as reference standard.     

Fatty acids of asparagus seed oil

Summary Asparagus seed, Mary Washington variety, was found to contain 14.7% of glyceride oil having iodine value 135.1, saponification value 185.5, and unsaponifiable matter 1.46%. The oil was converted to methyl esters, and the mixed esters were separated by fractional distillation and low-temperature crystallization. The acids were identified by chemical and physical methods. The % composition of the fatty acids is estimated from the data as follows: palmitic 3, linoleic 57, oleic 27, stearic 2, eicosenoic 1.5, arachidic 0.6, undetermined 9. The oil is somewhat similar to corn oil in composition. It has at least 2% of acids of the C₂₀ series, which have not been reported previously in this plant family (Liliaceae). Presented at the meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Philadelphia, Pa., October 10–12, 1955. Issued as N.R.C. No. 4426.     

HBr-Reactive acids ofMalva sylvestris seed oil

Malva sylvestris seed oil contained 5.6% sterculic, 11.0% malvalic, 1.6% vernolic, 15.6% lauric, 6.6% myristic, 26.6% palmitic, 5.6% palmitoleic, a trace of stearic, 23.0% oleic and 4.0% linoleic acids. The co-occurrence of malvalic and sterculic acids was established by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of the silver nitrate-methanol treated esters usingSterculia foetida esters as the reference standard. Co-occurrence of epoxy acid (vernolic acid) was confirmed withVernonia anthelmintica as the lipid standard.     

Separation of Oleic Acid from Fatty Acid Impurities

Abstract

A method of oleic acid purification is described. The method consists of the following five steps: 1) cooling of the sample to 4°C for a partial separation of palmitic acid by crystallization, 2) distillation at reduced pressure (0.8 mmHg) for removal of lauric and myristic acids, 3) crystallization of stearic and palmitic acids from acetone at -25°C, 4) separation of oleic acid from palmitoleic and linoleic acids by oleic acid crystallization from aqueous methanol solutions at ?10°C, 5) reduced pressure (0.5 mmHg) distillation of the resulting oleic acid sample for removal of water and methanol. By utilizing the procedure described above, a sample containing only 82% oleic acid was refined to a product containing 98.7–98.9% oleic acid.     

Component fatty acids of marine fish liver oils

Summary 1. Two liver oils (Elasmobranch) fromCarcharias melanopterus andPristis cuspidatus, caught off the Madras coast are studied, and their component fatty acids are reported. 2. The mixed acids were separated into three groups (varying unsaturation) of acids, and their methylesters were fractionated. 3. The liver oils are found to belong to the fourth group of Tsujimoto’s classification of Elasmobranch fish liver oils.Carcharias melanopterus liver oil contains 31.1% unsaturated acids (myristic 3.1, palmitic 18.4, stearic 9.5, and 0.1% arachidic) and 68.9% unsaturated acids (C₁₆ 10.8, C₁₈ 19.7, C₂₀ 15.2, C₂₂ 17.1, C₂₄ 5.3%, and traces of C₁₄ monoethenoid).Pristis cuspidatus liver oil contains 36.9% saturated acids (myristic 1.2, palmitic 22.9, stearic 12.7, and arachidic 0.1%) and 67.1% unsaturated acids (C₁₆ 8.2, C₁₈ 28.5, C₂₀ 16.4, C₂₂ 5.2, C₂₄ 4.6%, and traces of C₁₄ monoethenoid). The unsaturations of the different groups of acids are almost of the same order. 4. The abnormal content of saturated acids can be explained by the process of bio-hydrogenation. The relatively less amount of saturated acids inCarcharias melanopterus liver oil along with its higher content of polyethylenic acids (C₂₀ and above) points strongly to the possible presence of intermediate types of fats among the four groups of Elasmobranch oils.     

Aphananthe aspera kernel oil: A rich source of linoleic acid

The seed kernels ofAphananthe aspera Planch. yielded 50.8% of a pale yellow oil. The fatty acid composition determined by gas liquid chromatography was: 5.3% palmitic, 0.1% hexadecenoic, 3.0% stearic, 6.1% oleic, 85.1% linoleic, and 0.4% linolenic acids.     

Composition of the oil of asphodelus fistulosus (piazi) seeds

The seed oil ofAsphodelus fistulosus (piazi) contains 0.5% myristic, 5.7% palmitic, 3.6% stearic, 33.1% oleic, and 54.9% linoleic acids. The 1.8% nonsaponifiable matter appeared to contain fucosterol and a yellow, unidentified substance.     

Chemical Composition and Characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Commiphora wightii</Emphasis> (Arnott) Bhandari Seed Oil

The seeds of Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari contain 9.8 ± 0.7% oil. The fatty acid composition and chemical properties of the extracted oil were determined. Gas liquid chromatography of the methyl esters of the fatty acids shows the presence of 46.62% saturated fatty acids and 51.40% unsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid composition is as follows: capric acid 3.50%, myristic acid 14.51%, palmitic acid 6.68%, stearic acid 4.70%, arachidic acid 3.18%, behenic acid 14.05%, myristoleic acid 1.34%, palmitoleic acid 12.07%, oleic acid 14.15%, eicosenoic acid 0.11%, linoleic acid 22.34% and alpha linoleic acid 1.37%.     

Comparison of two kinds of pumpkin seed oils obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction

The oils from two kinds of pumpkin seeds, black and white ones, were extracted by supercritical CO₂ (SC‐CO₂). The technological variables for SC‐CO₂ extraction were optimized and the resulting oils were analyzed by GC‐MS. As a result, the optimal conditions for SC‐CO₂ extraction were as follows: 25～30 MPa, 45 °C, SC‐CO₂ flow rate of 30～40 kg/h. The main compounds in the resulting oils were 9,12‐octadecadienoic acid, 9‐octadecenoic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid for both types of pumpkin seeds, however, the black seed oil contains more unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) than the white seed oil. On the other hand, some compounds including heptadecanoic acid (0.27%), tetracosanic acid (0.1%), 9‐dodecaenoic acid (0.45%) and pentadecenoic acid (0.05%) were found in white seed oil but not in black seed oil; while eicosanic acid (0.05%), 11,14‐eicosadienoic acid (0.2%), 11‐octadecenoic acid (0.06%), 7‐hexadecenoic acid (0.02%) and 1,12‐tridecadiene (0.02%) were only found in black seed oil.     

Studies on Apocynacea Seed Oils

The fatty acid composition of three seed oils of Apocynaceae has been studied in this investigation. The seed oils of Apocynaceae were examined for their component acids and were found to contain the following acids: Rauwolfia serpentina, Benth, (wt.%) lauric 0.2 %, myristic 0.8 %, palmitic 17.7%, stearic 4.9 %, arachidic 0.9 %, behenic 0.6 %, oleic 34.4 %, and linoleic 40.5 %. Rauwolfia tetraphylla, Linn. syn. Rauwolfia canescens, Linn., Rauwolfia heterophylla, Roem and Schult, (wt.%) lauric 0.9 %, myristic 3.4 %, palmitic 25.7 %, stearic 10.3%, arachidic 1.6%, behenic 1.4%, oleic 36.5 %, and linoleic 20.2 %. Vinca rosea Linn syn. Lochnera rosea, Linn. (wt.%) lauric 0.2%, myristic 1.0%, palmitic 1.4 %, stearic 6.8 %, arachidic 1.3 %, behenic 0.6 %, oleic 73.6 %, and linoleic 15.1 %.     

Postparturition changes in the triacylglycerols of cow colostrum

The changes in the triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of colostrum fat of three cows were studied. In addition to the determination of fatty acid composition by gas chromatography, the distribution of TAG according to the acyl carbon number (ACN) and molecular weight was analyzed utilizing both supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and ammonia negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS). Colostrum TAG contained substantially less stearic and oleic acids and more myristic and palmitic acids than the normal Finnish milk fat. The major trends in the changes of fatty acids and TAG were similar for each cow, although clear differences between individuals were found. During the first week of parturition, the proportions of short-chain fatty acids (C₄–C₁₀) typically increased as well as those of stearic and oleic acids, whereas the relative amounts of C₁₂–C₁₆ acids decreased, especially those of myristic and palmitic acids. Distinct changes occurred also in TAG distributions: the proportions of molecules with ACN 38–40 increased and those with ACN 44–48 decreased. Although there were distinct differences between individuals shortly after delivery, both the fatty acid compositions and TAG distributions of the milk samples of the cows started to resemble each other after one week. The theoretical profiles of colostrum TAG calculated based on the fatty acid compositions differed clearly from the ACN distributions analyzed by SFC and MS. Thus, the analysis of TAG is essential, because the changes in molecular species composition of colostrum TAG cannot be estimated according to the fatty acid analysis alone.     

Chemical investigation ofSolanum khasianum seed fat

The seeds ofSolanum khasianum contain 14.5% of a fatty oil. The component fatty acids were found by gas liquid chromatography analysis to be 0.2% myristic, 14.2% palmitic, 0.9% palmitoleic, 4.4% stearic, 15% oleic, and 62.6% linoleic acids.     

Oviposition response ofLobesia botrana females to long-chain free fatty acids and esters from its eggs

Avoidance of occupied ovisposition sites supposes that females perceive information related to their own progency. Fatty acids identified from egg extracts have been reevaluated using a different extraction method, and we have investigated the dose-dependent oviposition response of European grape vine moths (Lobesia botrana) to myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, and ethyl palmitate; all except ethyl palmitate have been identified from eggs ofL. botrana. A methylene dichloride extract of eggs fromL. botrana revealed the presence of saturated free fatty acids (myristic, palmitic, and stearic) and unsaturated acids (palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic) in amounts ranging from 3.9 ng/egg equivalent for myristic acid to 30 ng/egg equivalent for palmitic and oleic acids. The extract also contained traces of methyl palmitate and methyl stearate. The greatest avoidance indexes were observed in response to palmitic, palmitoleic, and oleic acids. All the other compounds tested caused weaker responses. A reduction in the number of eggs laid was observed when moths were exposed to each of the esters applied at 0.3 µg per application spot. Reduction in eggs laid was also observed at a 10-fold higher dose of oleic acid. The present results confirm that general and simple molecules can be involved in the regulation of oviposition site selection and that they may participate in chemical marking of the eggs.     

The seed oil of the arrow wood

Summary The seed oil of the arrow wood bush,V. dentatum L., is a non-drying oil in contrast to that of the highbush cranberry,V. opulus L. var.americanum (Miller) Ait., (5) whose iodine number assigns it to the semi-drying group. Their content of oleic acid is of the same order of magnitude, or 54 and 58 pct., respectively. This is not true, however, with respect to their -linoleic acid content for here the ratio is approximately 1:2 or 19 and 35.8 pct. It has been found that the seed oil of the latter is, apparently, of unusual composition in that it contains only small amounts (1.6 pct.) of saturated acids; those of the former are almost four times as much. The approximate percentage composition of this oil has been found to be myristic acid 0.35, palmitic acid 4.5, stearic acid 1.1, hexadecenoic acid 3.6, oleic acid 54, and linoleic acid 19.     

Vernolic and Cyclopropenoic Fatty Acids in Piper nigrum Seed Oil

The seed oil of Piper nigrum has the following fatty acid composition: capric (4.1%), lauric (2.5%), myristic (3.1%), palmitic (27.2%), stearic (7.3%), oleic (29.9%), linoleie (7.7%), vernolie (7.7%), malvalie (6.3%), and sterculic (4.2%) acids.