我国水系提取阈值影响因素分析

阈值确定是数字高程模型（DEM）提取水系的重要环节,影响数字流域水系的拓扑关系和几何特征,进而影响流域的坡面和河道汇流过程。选取我国50个子流域作为样本,基于DEM提取河网,确定最佳集水面积阈值,并分析主要空间影响因素;采用相关分析和多元线性回归分析等方法,分析流域降水、地形和地表覆被与河网阈值的关系。结果表明,流域雨量越充沛,地形越陡峭,植被越茂密,集水面积阈值就越小,并得出阈值与降水、坡度和地表覆被的定量关系。该方法应用于其他流域,效果较好。     

基于数字化水系修正DEM提取流域河网研究

基于DEM提取河网流域的基本原理以及将数字化水系的位置信息作为流域河网提取的限制条件,对主要河道的DEM值进行修改,然后设定不同的集水面积阈值提取相应的河网。根据河网密度与集水面积阈值的关系,利用均值变点分析方法,最终确定合理的集水面积阈值。结果表明使用该方法提取的河网流域更加接近真实水系。更多还原     

基于DEM数字河网提取时集水面积阈值的确定

介绍了基于DEM流域信息提取数字流域河网的一系列过程,提出集水面积阈值的设定对数字流域河网提取精度的影响.根据河网密度和河源密度与集水面积阈值的关系确定合理的集水面积阈值,并以宛川河流域为例,得出利用Arc Hydro软件提取宛川河流域河网时合理的集水面积阈值应为4 km2.     

基于DEM和ArcGIS的浐灞流域水文特征提取研究

基于DEM数据,在ArcGIS环境下,提取浐灞流域的坡度、坡向地形特征以及不同集水阈值下的流向、河网密度、河源数等水文信息。结果表明:集水阈值和河网密度、汇流面积之间存在幂函数关系,阈值越大,河网越稀疏;对其二阶求导确定了流域的最佳阈值为8000,避免了以往确定阈值的主观随机性。运用ArcGIS嵌套软件TauDEM提取了最佳阈值的河网,并利用Strahler法对河网进行了分级。提取的河网与浐灞自然水系基本吻合,流域地形水文特征符合流域概况,可直接作为水文模型参数,为浐灞流域的分级管理提供数据支持,该方法提高了建立流域水文模型的效率,成本低且精度高。     

基于DEM的数字河网生成方法的探讨

 流域地形是决定河网水系的一个关键性因素,是数字流域和分布式水文模型研究的主要内容。总结了根据流域的数字高程模型（DEM）自动提取河网水系的集水面积方法。首先计算出流域上各点（或栅格）的集水面积;然后通过分析临界支撑面积（CSA）的取值对所提取的数字水系总长度以及平均坡降的影响,确定反映该流域河流地貌发育的临界支撑面积。并选择一个面积为265 km2的流域进行了河网水系提取的实例分析, 所得结果和实际情况比较符合。该方法自动化程度高,在分析流域的河网水系结构特征时具有一定的应用价值。     

基于DEM与河网密度的水系提取与应用——以澜湄流域为例

以澜沧江-湄公河流域为研究对象,提出一种基于90 m分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM)和河网密度法的水系提取方法。基于ArcGIS中水文分析模块和缓冲区工具,引入数字化河网作为水系提取的影响条件,以实际水系修正主要河道的高程值;再采用河网密度法确定最佳集水面积阈值,并依据流域自然分水岭、流域控制面积以及干流主要水文控制站要素划分子流域;结合中央气象台精细化智能网格降水产品,分析不同子流域尺度对强降雨反映效应。结果表明,澜湄流域最佳集水面积阈值为129.1 km²,数字水系河流相对误差为7.5%,河网套合差为2.5%;精度检验吻合程度较高,提取水系与实际水系较为一致。     

基于DEM的数字河网提取方法及应用研究

基于数字高程模型（DEM）提取水文和地形参数是水文模型与GIS应用集成的基础。运用生成河网所使用的洼地填平方法、高程增加法、D8算法,结合流域高程模型自动提取河网水系集水面积的方法,选取多个阈值进行分析比较,完成了岷江、沱江流域的数字河网提取应用研究。研究结果表明,该套方法提取的河网与实际河流接近,自动化提取程度较高,在分析流域的河网水系结构特征时具有一定的应用价值,提取结果也可以作为三维GIS应用中数字河网建模参考。     

基于DEM的山丘区小流域河网提取分析研究

数字高程模型(DEM)是提取流域河网水系的重要基础数据,DEM分辨率直接影响河网水系的空间拓扑关系和数字流域水文特征。选取美国俄亥俄州印第安纳河流域为研究对象,基于不同分辨率的DEM提取河网,引入野外勘测河源信息,建立可靠度、灵敏度评价指标,探讨不同DEM分辨率所提取数字河网的适用性。结果表明:(1)与野外勘测河源相比,基于高分辨率DEM提取的河网与实际河网更为接近,但会生成伪支流;(2)研究流域地形破碎化程度高,局部地形坡度大,河网发育主要受上游集水面积控制;(3)DEM分辨率为5 m时,研究流域河网提取结果的可靠度和灵敏度较为理想,过高或过低的分辨率均不适用于该流域的河网提取。     

基于DEM的九龙江流域水系分维估算

介绍了水系分维估算的主要方法.基于数字高程模型(DEM),运用ArcVIEW3.2的水文分析模块,根据不同的集水面积周值,提取了九龙江流域河网信息,通过网格法计算了相应的水系分维.根据集水面积阈值与水系分维的相互关系,确定该流域水系分维值为1.086.与传统方法相比,这种水系分维的估算方法,具有简便、准确等优点.     

基于DEM和GIS的流域水文信息提取——以巴中市为例

为了探讨基于DEM和GIS的流域水文信息提取过程中阈值确定的有关问题,应用ArcGIS中的Hydrology水文分析工具,对巴中市水域的水文信息提取进行了研究。研究结果表明:1汇流累积量与河网密度、流域面积满足二阶导数关系,利用导数关系能够有效确定河网提取阈值。2阈值对河网信息提取具有较大的影响,阈值越小,河网越稠密。当阈值达到8500时,提取的河网密度和面积基本趋于稳定且与实际水系基本符合。3实际地形特征、原始DEM数据可能存在的误差以及其他人为因素等都会对水文提取结果产生影响。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.