Heterogeneous Networks to Support User Needs with Major Challenges for New Wideband Access Systems

Third generation mobile radio systems are currently being deployed in different regions of the world. Future systems beyond the third generation are already under discussion in international bodies and forums such as ITU, WWRF and R&D programs of the European Union and in other regions. These systems will determine the research and standardization activities in mobile and wireless communication in the next years. Based on the experience from the third generation future systems will be developed mainly from the user perspective with respect to potential services and applications including traffic demands. This is directly related to the paradigm shifts from the first generation to systems beyond third generation. International bodies are already discussing basic system requirements. The basic system architecture of heterogeneous networks with different complementing access systems is from the today's perspective the most economic approach for systems beyond 3G to satisfy user and operator needs for reasonable cost. Such system architectures enable the deployment of system capacity according to the traffic requirements with the user experience ``Optimally Connected, Anywhere and Anytime' with seamless service provision between different access systems. New radio interface components with high data rate as additional components of systems beyond 3G are being proposed in international bodies. Key issues of such systems are coverage due to reduced range and the huge spectrum demand. In this paper the international context, the user perspective, revenue and traffic expectations are presented. This results in the basic system requirements and the potential system architecture of heterogeneous networks. Major challenges for the new wideband radio interfaces are the impact on range and spectrum demand. Basic investigations are presented on these issues to critically review requirements on future systems.     

European mobile communications on the move

A brief summary of the main activities performed under the RACE program in the field of mobile communications is presented, In particular, the technological studies and development have been outlined, showing that work has significantly progressed with major systems performance results already available from the various testbeds developed and coordinated by the projects. In parallel, possible evolution paths from second to third generation systems have been presented, together with regulatory trends, Beyond the technological work performed under the RACE program, it is hoped that the new ACTS program will further the progress in developing wireless technologies while paying progressively growing attention to the development of a strategic vision of mobile and personal communications beyond the year 2000. Finally, a brief presentation of the ACTS program has shown that the coming years should be devoted to services validation through active user involvement in field trials. The results are expected to he of great use to potential operators, providing them the possibility of testing user acceptance of broadband mobile services. Future mobile communications systems will need to provide users with broadband capabilities and advanced services, allowing for seamless provision across fixed and mobile networks     

The WINNER (Wireless World Initiative New Radio) Project – Development of a Radio Interface for Systems Beyond 3G

WINNER is an international research project under Framework Program 6 (FP6) of the European Commission. The main objective is the development of the new radio interface for systems beyond 3G. WINNER is part of the Wireless World Initiative (WWI), which is a series of cooperating projects in FP6 to develop future systems including all entities from a system perspective. The project is developing all system functions from layer 1 to 3 including cooperation mechanisms with legacy systems as part of the overall architecture for systems beyond 3G. Based on usage scenarios and propagation investigations, technical requirements are derived. The physical layer and higher layer protocols are designed. A new broadband radio interface requires newly identified frequency spectrum. WINNER is contributing to the international regulatory process in ITU-R towards the preparation of WRC 2007 (World Radiocommunication Conference). This paper provides an overview about the WINNER project and its activities.     

迈向21世纪的无线通信技术

无线电通信是下一个世纪的主要接入技术,无线网络了除了提供语音服务之外,还提供多媒体和高速数据业务。本文介绍了第３代国际移动通信系统ＩＭＴ－２０００和无线异步转移模式（ＷＡＴＭ）的概念,对它们的关键技术进行了总结,并对其发展方向作了进一步的展望。     

BRAIN—an architecture for a broadband radio access network of the next generation

The tremendous growth rates of the Internet as well as the area of mobile communications give rise to the chance that the mobile Internet is most promising by combining both the Internet and mobile communications. These prospects are the motivation for the European research project BRAIN (Broadband Radio Access for IP‐based Networks), which is developing an open architecture for a broadband wireless mobile access network offering an integrated communication platform across heterogeneous networks and, thus, goes beyond current third generation systems and towards the mobile Internet. The project covers three major technical areas: support of seamless service provision in a mobile environment; the design of an IP‐based access network that will support non‐cellular technologies such as wireless LANs; and requirements of a broadband air interface suitable for hot spots. BRAIN is going to integrate HIPERLAN/2 with UMTS by means of an IP access network. The work is guided by a user‐centric top‐down approach ensuring that user functionality is the key driver of the project. This article will focus on that part of the BRAIN work which specifies the main interfaces of the BRAIN architecture and deals with aspects related to the support of Quality of Service and mobility. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new generation network: beyond the internet and NGN - [ITU-T kaleidoscope]

This article describes requirements and fundamental technologies to enable the provision of a new generation network beyond the Internet and the next generation network, both of which are based on IP protocols. Although the Internet has grown into a social infrastructure and the NGN will replace legacy telephone networks and cellular phone networks in the near future, it is time to start R&D on revolutionary network technologies and clean-slate designed architecture beyond the IP structure. Here some R&D activities for a new generation network are shown. This article is a revised version of the author's presentation in the First ITU-T Kaleidoscope Academic Conference [1] held in Geneva last May.     

Empowering next-generation wireless personal communication networks

Next-generation wireless systems should provide to the user access to a broad range of services in a transparent way, independent of user location by making the technology invisible and embedded in the natural surroundings. Reaching this goal requires efficient cooperation between heterogeneous networking technologies and different protocols. Wireless personal networks are an integral part of such an emerging heterogeneous infrastructure. It is highly desirable, and in fact required due to economical constraints, to incorporate the present wireless systems in building the new paradigm. The key "protocol glue" between systems is the use of IP. Based on this scenario, we describe an architecture suited for the present and future personal mobile communications networks and services.     

Analysis of Phase Noise Issues in Millimeter Wave Systems for 5G Communications

Many varieties of technologies have been introduced for mobile communication and data traffic plays a major role in each generation of communication systems. 5G is termed as Next Generation Wireless Mobile Networks that has higher bandwidth, maximum spectral efficiency, super-speed connection, minimum energy consumption, when compared to 4G wireless networks. Next Generation of Mobile communication will use mmWave frequency bands for 5G systems. Millimeter wave transmission is one of the greatest technology in 5G mobile communication systems having higher bandwidth. It is also considered to be having high user demands and have a mobile growth in coming years. It is a promising technology having a non-shortage bandwidth and traffic demands. The major drawback in this system is Phase noise, In-phase and Quadrature timing mismatch, PAPR, local oscillator noise and blockage effects. The phase noise occurs due to the imperfections in local oscillators. In this paper, we discuss the Phase noise issues in millimeter wave systems. This review will act as guide for researchers to compare the various emerging phase noise problems and mitigation techniques for future 5G wireless networks.

     

Strategic Steps to be Taken for Future Mobile and Wireless Communications

Mobile and wireless communication is very successful with globally increasing subscriber numbers. Existing and emerging systems are further enhanced by improved capabilities. In addition to cellular based systems other systems like WLANs (WiFi based on IEEE802.11 series) achieve widespread adoption. In addition, alternative radio access systems are becoming available based on industry standards (e.g. IEEE, WiMAX Forum, etc.) and are getting high interest in the operator community. Such systems may complement deployed and emerging systems for certain applications. However, alternative access systems with a different regulatory framework may also create additional competition between fixed line operators and wireless operators. Globalisation and liberalisation result in increased competition. Changes in the regulatory framework may change the access to and usage of frequency spectrum and also the value constellation and role models of the involved players. New players mainly from Asia are coming to the market in the manufacturer domain and also in the research domain. In addition, increasing competition between the original telecommunication industry and the wireless IT sector can be expected. In addition, international research activities have been initiated on systems beyond 3G. All these activities result in some kind of uncertainty in the market and the industry on the further development.Based on the trends in mobile and wireless communications, the economic impact of emerging markets and global activities in international bodies and the research community the major issues to be considered are investigated in order to address the main strategic issue how to manage on regional and global basis these developments to achieve sufficient harmonisation of solutions. International cooperation is an important mean in the changing environment to share risks and resources and to prepare jointly future business and competition in the market. Werner Mohr was graduated from the University of Hannover, Germany, with the Master Degree in electrical engineering in 1981 and with the Ph.D. degree in 1987. From 1987–1990 he has been senior engineer at the Institute of High-Frequency Technology at the University of Hannover. Dr. Werner Mohr is with Siemens AG, Mobile Network Division in Munich, Germany since 1991. He has been responsible for propagation measurements and channel modeling and he has been involved in the European RACE-II Project ATDMA. From 1995 to 1996 he has been active in ETSI SMG5 for standardization of UMTS. Since December 1996 he was project manager of the ACTS FRAMES Project until the project finished in August 1999. Werner Mohr was Director of Strategic Pre-Development up to September 1998 and since October 1, 1998 he is Vice-President on Strategic Research Alliances in the mobile networks infrastructure division of Siemens Com. He was involved in the 5th Framework Program of the EU. Currently, Werner Mohr is the coordinator of the WINNER Project in Framework Program 6 of the European Commission and chairman of WWI (Wireless World Initiative). In addition, he is involved in the eMobility Platform. Werner Mohr was chair of the "Wireless World Research Forum – WWRF" from its launch in August 2001 up to December 2003. He is member of VDE and Senior Member of IEEE. 1990 he received the Award of the ITG in VDE. He is board member of ITG (Informationstechnische Gesellschaft) in VDE, Germany for the term 2006 to 2008. Werner Mohr is co-author of a book on “Third Generation Mobile Communications”.     

The User-level Security of Mobile Communication Systems

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A brief survey on 6G communications

The last decade has witnessed an excessive demand for mobile traffic. Though, fifth generation (5G) networks are in the initial phase of deployment and have wide capabilities and noble features to meet the data thrust up to some extent, it’s time to think beyond 5G systems. It is being expected that next generation wireless system (6G) will entirely be automated and intelligent, and will be ubiquitous and ultra-high reliable towards connectivity to large number of devices. This paper aims towards discussing stringent requirements while focusing on key expected technologies that may shape the 6G networks. Various applications of 6G communications are then briefly outlined. At the end, paper also discusses the potential challenges for achieving the goal. These discussions will definitely open up the horizon for future research directions.

     

Defining 4G technology from the users perspective

The ever-increasing growth of user demand, the limitations of the third generation of wireless mobile communication systems, and the emergence of new mobile broadband technologies on the market have brought researchers and industries to a thorough reflection on the fourth generation. Many prophetic visions have appeared in the literature presenting 4G as the ultimate boundary of wireless mobile communication without any limit to its potential, but in practical terms not giving any design rules and thus any definition of it. In this article we give a pragmatic definition of 4G derived from a new user-centric methodology that considers the user as the "cornerstone" of the design. In this way, we devise fundamental user scenarios that implicitly reveal the key features of 4G, which are then expressed explicitly in a new framework - the "user-centric" system - that describes the various level of interdependency among them. This approach consequently contributes to the identification of the real technical step-up of 4G with respect to 3G. Finally, an example of a potential 4G application is also given in order to demonstrate the validity of the overall methodology.     

A perspective on the evolution of mobile communications

This article outlines the current state of mobile communications and presents some of the future directions in research and development from the perspective of NTT DoCoMo with special emphasis on the market in Japan. It first describes the directions in which mobile communications are expected to forge ahead in the future, and the service implementation strategies they could employ. Then it describes an example of mobile multimedia services and present an outline of the Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA), which is a service based on the 3G mobile communications system called International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT2000). This is followed by an overview of our R&D approach to 4G systems, which constitute mobile communications systems of the future, and the profile of technologies to make these happen. Finally, it reviews our approach to future technologies that are expected to be realized in 4G and subsequent systems, and illustrate it with an example of a research project.     

The FuTURE Project in China

When research on beyond third generation (B3G) mobile communications had just stepped into its startup period, a project called Future Technologies for a Universal Radio Environment (FuTURE) was launched in China. The goal of the project is to support theoretical research and applicable evaluation of the proposed technologies for B3G mobile communications. In this article the application requirements, technological challenges, and some potential solutions of B3G are discussed, and some key technologies employed in the FuTURE demonstration system are introduced.     

Implementable wireless access for B3G networks. I. MIMO mimo channel measurement, analysis, and modeling [Topics in Radio Communications]

Within Mobile VCE, a team of several leading U.K. universities, in dose association with major manufacturers and international telecom operators from the mobile industry, have been addressing the challenging task of designing transceiver structures for beyond 3G networks. Innovative approaches led to a plethora of cross-layer optimized technologies of low complexity and high robustness, allowing for the much promised multimedia-centric services over future wireless networks. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the research conducted within Mobile VCE's Core Wireless Access Research Programme, a key focus of which has naturally been on MIMO transceivers. The series of articles offers a coherent view of how the work was structured and comprises a compilation of material that has been presented in detail elsewhere (see references within the article). In this article, the first of four, MIMO channel measurements, analysis, and modeling are presented, which were then utilized to develop compact and distributed antenna arrays. Parallel activities led to research into low-complexity MIMO single-user space-time coding techniques, as well as SISO and MIMO multi-user CDMA-based transceivers for B3G systems. As well as feeding into the industry's in-house research program, significant extensions of this work are now in hand, within Mobile VCE's own core activity, aimed at securing major improvements in delivery efficiency in future wireless systems through cross-layer operation     

Coherent passive optical network for 5G and beyond transport

Building low-latency and high-capacity optical networks is vital for new high-speed cellular technologies. Coherent wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks (WDM-PONs) are expected to play a key role in these applications. In this article, an overview of PON technologies for the 5th generation (5G) transport systems has been given. Moreover, a modified scheme based on coherent WDM-PON has been investigated using a dual polarization quadrature phase shift keying (DP-QPSK) transceiver. The aim of the scheme is to build a 1 600 Gbit/s network that will be used in the construction of the transport architecture of 5G and beyond cellular networks either in mobile front haul (MFH) or mobile back haul (MBH). The results indicate that the proposed scheme offers a promising solution for future 5G transport systems.     

Development of Mobile Communications Systems Beyond Third Generation

Second generation mobile radio systems have been successfully deployed worldwide. These systems are evolved to higher data rates and packet transmission. Third generation mobile radio systems will be initially deployed in 2001 and 2002 in different regions of the world. Advanced multimedia services are under development and first services are already being offered in second generation systems. Due to the megatrend of the rapid growth of Internet type services packet oriented traffic is exceeding circuit switched traffic. Therefore, communication systems will be developed and optimized for packed oriented traffic. This paper presents a vision of a system beyond third generation mobile communications, which comprises a combination of several optimized access systems on a common IP based medium access and core network platform. These different access systems will interwork by horizontal and vertical handover, service negotiation and global roaming. The different access systems are allocated to different mutually complementing cell layers with respect to cell size, coverage and mobility to provide globally optimized seamless services to users.     

I-centric communications: personalization, ambient awareness, and adaptability for future mobile services

The acceptance of next-generation mobile communication systems depends to a large extent on the services and applications that can be offered to customers. Tailoring the services to actual user needs is considered to be crucial for the success of future wireless technology. The individual user, "I", has to be put in the center of service provisioning. In this article, we report the work developed by the Working Group 2 of the Wireless World Research Forum on a service infrastructure framework for the future wireless world. Major service capabilities such as personalization, ambient awareness, and adaptability are described along with a reference model focusing in I-centric communication.     

Air interface access schemes for broadband mobile systems

High bandwidth everywhere is a key requirement of future communication systems. The big challenge is that the mobile user also be able to benefit. The UMTS, a member of the IMT-2000 family of systems, will offer global universal services up to 2 Mb/s for the mass market in the near future. For users demanding more capacity for “bit-hungry” high-quality applications, broadband mobile radio access systems are being developed, such as wireless LANs and the Mobile Broadband System. In this article broadband mobile systems are classified, taking into account services and quality, spectrum, and standardization issues. The practical experiences gained in two European research projects-ATM Wireless Access Communication System (AWACS) and System for Advanced Mobile Broadband Applications (SAMBA)-are described. Finally, a realistic look at possible future deployment is given     

软件定义无线环境:技术、机遇与挑战

无线环境通常表示能够显著改变电磁波在通信设备之间传播的物体集合.软件定义无线环境允许针对不同通信设备以最适宜的方式进行电磁传播规律的编程定制,为无线通信的发展提供了一种新的视角.相比被动抑制无线信道影响的传统通信技术,软件定义无线环境有着更高维度的调控自由度,在新一代移动通信特别是毫米波及太赫兹通信领域具有很大的应用潜力.本文首先介绍了软件定义无线环境的概念、历史沿革及其研究现状.然后给出了其基础模型及相对传统手段展现出来的性能优势.接着总结了软件定义无线环境的系统设计、网络服务支持、网络通信协议等关键技术,并指出软件定义无线环境未来发展所面临的挑战.最后凝练了几个面向新一代移动通信技术的软件定义无线环境研究方向.