SiCP/Al复合材料的真空扩散钎焊

文中采用Al/Cu/Al复合箔扩散钎焊SiC_P/Al复合材料,采用SEM,EDS,XRD分析接头界面组织,研究了钎焊温度对接头界面组织及力学性能的影响,并结合Al-Cu二元相图分析接头形成机制.结果表明,固定连接压力为1 MPa,保温时间为10 min,当钎焊温度从590℃升至640℃,接头界面产物由Al₂Cu+αAl共晶组织转变为断续的Al₂Cu金属间化合物,Al-Cu液相向两侧母材扩散的距离增加,接头的抗剪强度呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势.当钎焊温度为620℃,保温时间为10 min,连接压力为1 MPa时,接头的抗剪强度达到最大值69 MPa.     

Effect of a high axial magnetic field on the microstructure in a directionally solidified Al–Al2Cu eutectic alloy

The effect of a high axial magnetic field (up to 12 T) on the microstructure in a directionally solidified Al–Al₂Cu eutectic alloy has been investigated experimentally. The results show that a high magnetic field decreases the eutectic spacing and degenerates the lamellar structure into a wavy one at a low growth speed. X-ray diffraction, selected-area electron diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy analyses indicate that the field changes the preferred orientation. The Al₂Cu crystal is oriented with the 0 0 1-crystal direction along the solidification direction (i.e., the magnetic field direction). At a pulling velocity of 0.5 μm/s, the magnetic field (B  4T) is responsible for the segregation; which consists of Al striations on the longitudinal section and Al-rich zones on the transverse section. The effects of the field may be attributed to the orientation of the Al₂Cu and the Al crystals and the decrease of the diffusion coefficient caused by the magnetic field.     

时效对铜铝钎焊接头界面化合物和性能的影响

采用Zn-22Al钎料对铜铝异种合金进行了火焰钎焊,并用加速老化试验模拟了其服役环境.研究了时效过程中铜铝钎焊接头界面化合物的形貌变化及其对铜铝钎焊接头电阻率和抗剪强度的影响,并对其生长规律进行了初步计算.结果表明,铜侧界面化合物在250℃恒温时效过程中不断变厚,其生长规律呈抛物线状,且其生长系数约为6.1×10-13cm2/s;当界面化合物的厚度为4.2μm和18.1μm时,铜铝接头的电阻分别为120.3μΩ和132.9μΩ,该界面化合物厚度对电阻率的影响系数为0.25;铜铝接头抗剪强度在时效过程中先有3%的上升,随后逐渐降低至接头初始值的85%.     

Characterization of the Convoluted 3D Intermetallic Phases in a Recycled Al Alloy by Synchrotron X-ray Tomography and Machine Learning

Fe-rich intermetallic phases in recycled Al alloys often exhibit complex and 3D convoluted structures and morphologies. They are the common detrimental intermetallic phases to the mechanical properties of recycled Al alloys. In this study, we used synchrotron X-ray tomography to study the true 3D morphologies of the Fe-rich phases, Al₂Cu phases and casting defects in an as-cast Al-5Cu-1.5Fe-1Si alloy. Machine learning-based image processing approach was used to recognize and segment the different phases in the 3D tomography image stacks. In the studied condition, the β-Al₉Fe₂Si₂ and ω-Al₇Cu₂Fe are found to be the main Fe-rich intermetallic phases. The β-Al₉Fe₂Si₂ phases exhibit a spatially connected 3D network structure and morphology which in turn control the 3D spatial distribution of the Al₂Cu phases and the shrinkage cavities. The Al₃Fe phases formed at the early stage of solidification affect to a large extent the structure and morphology of the subsequently formed Fe-rich intermetallic phases. The machine learning method has been demonstrated as a powerful tool for processing big datasets in multidimensional imaging-based materials characterization work.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of mechanically alloyed and spark plasma sintered amorphous–nanocrystalline Al65Cu20Ti15 intermetallic matrix composite reinforced with TiO2 nanoparticles

Multiphase Al₆₅Cu₂₀Ti₁₅ intermetallic alloy matrix composite, dispersed with 10 wt.% of TiO₂ nanoparticles, has been processed by mechanical alloying, followed by spark plasma sintering under pressure in the temperature range of 623–873 K. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction suggest that equilibrium crystalline phases evolve from the amorphous or intermediate crystalline phases. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the composite sintered at 873 K has partially amorphous microstructure, with dispersion of equilibrium, crystalline, intermetallic precipitates of Al₅CuTi₂, Al₃Ti, and Al₂Cu of 25–50 nm size, besides the TiO₂. The composite sintered at 873 K exhibits little porosity, hardness of 5.6 GPa, indentation fracture toughness in the range of 3.1–4.2 MPa√m, and compressive strength of 1.1 GPa. Indentation crack deflection by TiO₂ particle aggregates causes increase in fracture resistance with crack length, and suggests R-curve type behaviour. The study provides guidelines for processing high strength amorphous–nanocrystalline intermetallic composites based on the Al–Cu–Ti ternary system.     

纵向直流磁场对铝铜熔钎焊接头组织和性能的影响

采用TIG焊进行铝铜异种材料熔钎焊对接试验,通过添加Zn-2%Al药芯焊丝调控焊缝成分,并施加纵向直流磁场调控界面组织,接头力学性能显著提高. 结果表明,相比于无磁场,在纵向直流磁场的作用下,Cu侧IMC层的形状、厚度和化合物种类均发生变化:平均厚度明显变薄,由32.8 μm降至14.6 μm;形状由平直变为弯曲,起到“机械咬合”作用;Cu侧IMC层Al_4.2Cu_3.2Zn_0.7三元化合物的出现抑制了硬脆的AlCu与Al₂Cu化合物的生长,接头性能升高. 添加直流磁场后,接头抗拉强度均比无磁场时高,且接头抗拉强度随着磁场强度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势. 当焊接电流I = 95 A,焊接电压U = 16 V,焊接速度v = 140 mm/min,磁场强度B = 10 mT时,接头抗拉强度最高,达到110.8 MPa,比无磁场升高了约24%.     

转速对6061铝合金/纯铜异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊技术对4 mm厚6061-T6铝合金和纯铜进行连接,研究转速对铝铜异种金属接头组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,当焊接速度为30 mm/min、搅拌头转速在1 200~1 800 r/min的范围内,可以获得表面成形良好、无缺陷的铝铜异种金属接头。大量破碎的铜被搅入焊核区,形成了组织结构复杂的区域。通过EDS和XRD分析,在焊核区内发现了Al_2Cu、Al_4Cu_9和Al Cu金属间化合物。在界面处,铝和铜发生相互扩散形成金属间化合物层,随着转速的提高,化合物层逐渐变厚。由于晶粒细化、固溶强化作用以及金属间化合物的生成,异种接头的焊核区平均显微硬度值高于铝铜两侧平均硬度,并且在焊核区出现硬度峰值点。随着转速的增加,接头抗拉强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,所得最优接头抗拉强度为183 MPa,达到铜母材的71.8%,断裂位置位于铝侧热影响区,断裂方式为韧性断裂。     

表面活化Al2O3陶瓷与5005铝合金真空钎焊

采用Al-Si钎料对经过Ag-Cu-Ti粉末活性金属化处理的Al₂O₃陶瓷与5005铝合金进行了真空钎焊,研究了钎焊接头的典型界面组织,分析了钎焊温度对接头界面结构特征及力学性能的影响. 结果表明,接头典型界面结构为5005铝合金/α-Al+θ-Al₂Cu+ξ-Ag₂Al/ξ-Ag₂Al+θ-Al₂Cu+Al₃Ti/Ti₃Cu₃O/Al₂O₃陶瓷. 钎焊过程中,Al-Si钎料与活性元素Ti及铝合金母材发生冶金反应,实现对两侧母材的连接. 随着钎焊温度的升高,陶瓷侧Ti₃Cu₃O活化反应层的厚度逐渐变薄,溶解进钎缝中的Ag和Cu与Al反应加剧,生成ξ-Ag₂Al+θ-Al₂Cu金属间化合物的数量增多,铝合金的晶间渗入明显;随钎焊温度的升高,接头抗剪强度先增加后降低,当钎焊温度为610 ℃时,接头强度最高达到15 MPa.     

焊丝成分对铝/铜激光熔钎焊接头组织和性能的影响

通过添加Zn-Al焊丝成功实现了2A16铝合金/T2铜异种材料的激光熔钎焊连接,并采用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪对接头的微观组织进行表征,同时,研究了Zn-2％Al,Zn-5％Al和Zn-10％Al?3种焊丝对接头成形、微观组织以及力学性能的影响.结果表明,铝/铜激光熔钎焊接头主要由CuZn相,Al2Cu相,Al4Cu9相...     

热压焊接制备的Cu / Al双金属的界面组织和剪切强度

采用扩散焊（DFW）技术制备了Cu/Al双金属,连接温度范围683-803K,连接时间范围20-80min,连接压力15MPa。Cu/Al双金属界面处的SEM试验结果表明,随着焊接温度的升高和保温时间的延长,界面层厚度逐渐增加,在连接温度为803K,连接时间80min,Cu/Al界面处形成了Al4Cu9,Al3Cu4,AlCu、Al2Cu金属间化合物（从铜侧到铝侧）,根据扩散动力学,金属间化合物(IMCS)的生成顺序为Al2Cu、Al4Cu9、AlCu、Al3Cu4。Cu / Al双金属的剪切试验显示为脆性断裂,并且界面强度随着IMC的减少而增加。在723 K的焊接温度下进行20分钟焊接后,Cu / Al双金属的剪切强度最高为63.8 MPa。     

Ti/Cu异种金属电子束焊接界面行为

为了获得高强度T2铜和Ti-6Al-4V钛合金异种金属接头,采用电子束焊方法开展试验,并对接头界面组织及力学性能进行了分析.试验在钛/铜熔钎焊接基础上,通过在高熔点钛侧复合二次焊接,构建钛/铜结合界面金属间化合物层的重熔温度场,进而实现钛/铜金属间化合物层的重熔改性.通过有限元温度场模拟及SEM,XRD等检测.结果表明,钛侧重熔焊接可在结合界面处形成1 000℃左右高温,金属间化合物层发生局域重熔.在随后凝固过程中,由于散热方向及元素再分配,相的形成顺序发生改变,钛原子向铜侧的扩散距离减短,高硬度相TiCu向Ti2Cu转变,相结构优化,最终接头强度得以提升.     

镁/铝层合板FSW接头微观组织及力学性能

文中采用搅拌摩擦焊 (FSW)方法对Mg/Al层合板进行单面、双面对接方式焊接,对接头的微观组织和力学性能进行测试. 结果表明,随着焊接速度和搅拌针旋转速度的增加,焊缝表面成形良好,接头不同区域未见气孔、裂纹等缺陷,物相主要由Mg₁₇Al₁₂,Mg₂Al₃和MgAl等组成,接头部位的晶粒尺寸得到明显细化,产生了动态再结晶,金属间化合物的形成有利于动态再结晶的形核. Mg/Al层合板双面FSW焊接头的拉伸强度和断后伸长率高于单面焊接接头的强度和断后伸长率,主要是由于接头部位金属间化合物的数量和分布不同,抑制接头部位金属间化合物的形成有利于提高Mg/Al层合板FSW接头的性能.     

套娃式新型爆炸焊接法及试样焊接质量分析

采用套娃式新型爆炸焊接法一次试验高效制备出以Q235钢为基管、T2紫铜为覆管的Q235/T2复合管及以1060工业纯铝为覆管、T2紫铜为基棒的1060/T2复合棒各一件.?对试样结合界面的微观形貌及轴向压缩行为进行了测试与分析.?结果表明,受传爆装置产生的射流影响,1060/T2爆炸焊接棒顶端有一直径约3?mm的球形凹...     

Mechanochemical reduction of MoO3/SiO2 powder mixtures by Al and carbon for the synthesis of nanocrystalline MoSi2

In this investigation, MoSi₂ intermetallic compound has been synthesized by reducing of MoO₃/SiO₂ powder mixtures by Al and carbon via mechanical alloying (MA). Powder mixtures were ball milled for 0–100 h and structural evolutions have been monitored by X-ray diffraction. In the Al system, both β-MoSi₂ (high temperature phase) and -MoSi₂ (low temperature phase) were obtained after 3 h of milling and after 70 h of milling the β-phase transformed to -phase. The crystallite size of -MoSi₂ and Al₂O₃ after milling for 100 h was 12 and 17 nm, respectively. In reducing with carbon, two different compositions with nominal carbon content of 13.7 and 24 wt.% were used that in both compositions, -MoSi₂ forms during 10 h of milling. Higher carbon content increases the amount of MoSi₂.     

Ag-Cu钎料钎焊ZTA陶瓷与TC4钛合金

使用Ag-Cu钎料钎焊ZTA陶瓷与TC4钛合金,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等设备分析了钎焊接头界面组织,阐明了反应机理,并研究了钎焊温度对接头界面组织和力学性能的影响. 结果表明,钎焊接头的界面结构为ZTA陶瓷/TiO+Ti₃(Cu,Al)₃O/Ag(s,s)/Ti₂Cu₃/TiCu/Ti₂Cu/α+β-Ti/TC4合金. 随着钎焊温度的升高,钎缝中Ag基固溶体层变薄,Ti-Cu金属间化合物层变厚,当钎焊温度达到890 ℃时,Ti-Cu金属间化合物几乎占据整了个钎缝区域. 随着温度的升高,接头抗剪强度先增大后减小,在钎焊温度为890 ℃时,接头的室温抗剪强度达到最大值,其值为43.2 MPa.     

Phase equilibria in the Al---Cr system

The Al---Cr system has been reviewed for Cr content up to 40 at.%. In this system several intermetallic compounds are formed by peritectic reactions. From the temperature of transformation and the composition of the phases, the nature of the invariant transformations is discussed. Transmission electron microscopy studies were performed on samples forming these compounds. A detailed structural interpretation is given for the phase θ-Al₇Cr. A new structure is proposed for Al₄Cr similar to that of the μ-Al₄Mn phase of which the crystal structure is known. The phase Al₅Cr (or Al₁₁Cr₂) was found to be orthorhombic and not monoclinic, as had been previously proposed. The existence of a cubic structure for the Al₉Cr₄ phase was confirmed.

On account of previous results, we should point out that the phases θ-Al₇Cr, Al₄Cr and Al₅Cr present characteristic features of pseudoicosahedral symmetry of the Al₄Cr icosahedral phase: it has been verified in the case of θ and μ that the same type of atomic cluster may be considered in order to describe these structures, i.e. 12 atoms located at the vertices of deformed icosahedra (either 12Al or 11Al + 1Cr or 10Al + 2Cr) whose centres are occupied by a Cr atom.

The reason for such an investigation originated from a study of the Al---Cr---Ni system for which the observed ternary structures appeared incoherent with those given for the binary Al---Cr system. This second study will be reported elsewhere.     

Ti6Al4V钛合金表面激光合金化制备Ti-Cu合金层的组织结构

采用激光合金化技术在Ti6Al4V合金基体表面制备了厚度约为120 μm均匀致密连续的Ti-Cu合金层,分析了合金层的元素分布和显微组织结构。结果表明,Ti-Cu合金层中Cu元素随着合金层深度呈梯度分布,在靠近Ti-Cu合金层表面的区域主要是柱状晶夹杂着少量的块状晶,中上部区域主要是生长取向各异且较粗的不发达枝状晶和部分胞状晶,中下部区域主要是生长取向各异的胞状晶,合金层与基材的界面处主要以细小的平面晶为主。合金化层中Cu元素和Ti元素除了形成固溶体外,还形成了Ti₂Cu、Ti₃Cu和Cu₃Al₄等金属间化合物,同时还形成了Cu₃TiO₄和Al₂TiO₅等金属陶瓷相。     

钛合金/Cu/不锈钢扩散焊界面化合物生长行为解析

采用拉伸、SEM扫描、能谱分析、XRD测试、热–动力学解析等手段,调查、研究了钛合金/Cu/304 扩散焊接头的力学性能、反应相种类、生成顺序及生长厚度. 结果表明,在焊接压力5.0 MPa下,接头的抗拉强度随焊接温度和时间的增加先增高后降低,在焊接温度1 223 K、时间3.6 ks时获得最高接头强度为163 MPa;过分提高温度和时间对接头性能不利. 用铜作中间层,在Cu/304界面侧基本未生成金属间化合物,而在钛合金/Cu界面间形成了由固溶体、金属间化合物Ti_xCu_y,Ti_xFe_y等组成的多层次过渡组织;由钛合金至不锈钢侧界面结构演化依次大致为Ti₂Cu,TiCu,TiCu₂,TiCu₃,TiCu₄,Ti₂Fe、FeTi,TiFe₂金属间化合物;生成的金属间化合物中Ti_xCu_y对接头强度的影响略显强于Ti_xFe_y化合物的趋势;根据推导的经验公式,通过调控温度及时间可以调控金属间化合物的层厚.     

旋转速度对镁/铜异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头成形及拉伸性能的影响

保持95 mm/min焊接速度不变的条件下,通过改变旋转速度研究其对镁/铜异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头成形和力学性能的影响。结果表明:采用750 r/min搅拌头旋转速度焊接时,焊缝表面出现起皮现象;焊核区底部形成明显的隧道槽缺陷。适当增加搅拌头旋转速度至950 r/min时,焊缝表面变得更光滑;混合区尺寸增大;内部隧道槽缺陷消失;该混合区主要由被搅碎的Mg、Cu合金和少量新生成的Mg₂Cu金属间化合物组成;接头的抗拉性能最好,抗拉强度达81.7 MPa;但是,继续增大搅拌头旋转速度至1180 r/min时,不利于接头成形,混合区底部有细小的孔洞缺陷产生。     

Al-Cu-Mg-Mn-Sc-Zr合金均匀化过程中的结构转变

通过电子探针微分析(EPMA)等手段研究了Al-Cu-Mg-Mn-Sc-Zr合金均匀化过程中的结构演变。结果显示:铸态时,晶界上存在大量共晶网络状Al₂Cu相及Al₆(Mn,Cu)相,初生Al₃(Sc,Zr)和Al₂CuMg相形成较少, 并没有发现W(AlCuSc)相。在520 ℃下均匀化,Al₂Cu相在12 h后就几乎完全回溶,16 h彻底溶解,这与均匀化动力学分析得到的14.1 h基本吻合,而Al₆(Mn,Cu)相并不能溶解,且在均匀化过程中会形成一些粗大的、不连续排列的W相颗粒,可见添加Sc会影响均匀化过程中的组织变化。