Heterogeneous performance evaluation of sophisticated versions of CFAR detection schemes

The detection of radar targets in a background, the statistical parameters of which are unknown and may not be stationary, can be effectively achieved through CFAR processors. The CA-CFAR scheme performs optimally for homogeneous and exponentially distributed clutter observations. However, it exhibits severe performance degradation in the presence of outlying target returns in the reference set or in regions of abrupt change in the background clutter power. The OS-CFAR processor has been proposed to solve both of these problems. Although this processor may treat target multiplicity quite well, it lacks effectiveness in preventing excessive false alarms during clutter power transitions. The TM-CFAR algorithm, which implements trimmed averaging after ordering, can be considered as a modified version of OS technique. By knowingly trimming the ordered samples, the TM detector may actually perform better than the OS processor. To simultaneously exploit the merits of CA, OS, and TM schemes, two combinations namely CAOS and CATM have been suggested. Each one of these versions optimizes good features of two CFAR detectors, depending on the characteristics of clutter and searched targets, with the goal of enhancing the detection performance under constant level of false alarm. It is realized by parallel operation of two standard types of CFARschemes. Our goal in this paper is to analyze these two developed versions in heterogeneous situations, to show to what extent they can improve the behavior of the conventional CFAR processors.     

Performance enhancement of the conventional CFAR processors in ideal and multitarget environments

Optimum processor has received considerable attention in many areas of practical applications since it represents a reference tool against which the performance of any unknown processor is compared under any situation of operating conditions. In the field of radar target detection, the fixed-threshold detector is our optimum processor against which the performance of any developed version is compared. On the other hand, the CA procedure gives the highest detection performance in homogeneous situation while the existence of heterogeneities in practical operational environments renders this processor ineffective. The OS is an alternative to the CA processor, which trades a small loss in detection performance, relative to the CA scheme, in ideal conditions for much less performance degradation in non-ideal background environments. To benefice the merits of these two schemes, their hybrid versions have been suggested hoping in improving the conventional performance aiming at approaching the behavior of the optimum processor. This paper deals with the analysis of these hybrid algorithms in the case where the radar receiver post-detection integrates M sweeps in its signal processing for deciding the presence or absence of the searching target. Exact formulas for their detection and false alarm performances are derived in the absence as well as in the presence of spurious targets. The resulted formulas are numerically evaluated and the performances of the developed versions are compared with that of the original schemes.     

Exact analysis of OS modified versions with noncoherent integration

This paper deals with the exact detection analysis of the Ordered-Statistic(OS) processor along with OS Greatest Of(OSGO) and OS Smallest Of(OSSO) modified versions, for Mpostdetection integrated pulses when the operating environment is nonhomogeneous. Analytical results are presented in multiple-target case as well as in regions of clutter power‘transitions. The primary and the secondary interfering targets are assumed to be fluctuating in accordance with the SWII target fluctuation model. As the number of noncoherently integrated pulses increases,lower threshold values and consequently better detection performances are obtained in both homogeneous and multiple target background models. However, the false alarm rate performance of OSSO-CFAR(Constant False Alarm Rate) scheme at clutter edges is worsen with increasing the postdetection integrated pulses. As predicted, the OSGO-CFAR detector accommodates the presence of spurious targets in the reference window, given that their number is within its allowable range in each local window, and controls the rate of false alarm when the contents of the reference cells have clutter boundaries.     

量化秩非参数CFAR检测器在杂波边缘中的性能分析

人们常用均匀背景、多目标和杂波边缘3种典型背景来衡量雷达目标检测器的性能,但在现有文献中缺乏量化秩（Rank Quantization,RQ）非参数检测器在杂波边缘中虚警概率的理论模型,缺乏RQ非参数检测器与经典的参量型检测器在杂波边缘中虚警控制能力的比较.本文给出了RQ检测器在杂波边缘中虚警概率的解析表达式,并比较了它与非相干积累CA （Cell Averaging）,GO （Greatest Of）,OS （Ordered Statistic）恒虚警方法在杂波边缘中的虚警控制能力.可以看出,采用高秩量化门限的RQ检测器的虚警控制能力要优于低秩量化门限的情况,在瑞利分布杂波边缘情况下,RQ检测器的虚警控制能力与非相干积累OS方法接近.但是当强杂波变为长拖尾分布的非高斯杂波时,非相干积累CA,GO和OS参量型检测方法的虚警概率产生了3个数量级以上的上升,且不能降回到原始设定的虚警概率.而RQ检测器显示出了非参量检测器的优势,即当杂波背景的分布类型发生变化后,它仍然可以保持虚警概率的恒定.     

方差均值平方比恒虚警检测器

为了提高雷达恒虚警(Constant False Alarm Rate,CFAR)检测器在多目标背景下的鲁棒性,更好地检测目标,提出了一种新的基于方差均值平方比(VMSR)的恒虚警检测器,并建立了相应的检测器模型,得出了标称化因子T值和置信区间(a,b)。在均匀背景和多目标背景下,对VMSR检测器进行了仿真分析。在均匀背景下,VMSR检测性能优于OS,相比CA仅有很小的检测损失;在多目标背景下,VMSR检测性能相比OS得到了提升,特别是在干扰目标个数r>N-k时,OS不能有效检测出目标,而VMSR仍能保持较好的检测性能。结果表明,VMSR在多目标背景下检测性能优于OS,其在多目标背景下具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Performance comparison of a linearly combined ordered-statistic detectors under postdetection integration and nonhomogeneous situations

Several Constant False Alarm Rate （CFAR） architectures, where radar systems often employ them to automatically adapt the detection threshold to the local background noise or clutter power in an attempt to maintain an approximately constant rate of false alarm, have been recently proposed to estimate the unknown noise power level. Since the Ordered-Statistics （OS） based algorithm has some advantages over the Cell-Averaging （CA） technique, we are concerned here with this type of CFAR detectors. The Linearly Combined Ordered-Statistic （LCOS） processor, which sets threshold by processing a weighted ordered range samples within finite moving window, may actually perform somewhat better than the conventional OS detector. Our objective in this paper is to analyze the LCOS processor along with the conventional OS scheme for the case where the radar receiver incorporates a postdetection integrator amongst its contents and where the operating environments contain a number of secondary interfering targets along with the primary target of concern and the two target types fluctuate in accordance with the Swerling Ⅱ fluctuation model and to compare their performances under various operating conditions.     

雷达杂波环境恒虚警率处理的实现

恒虚警率检测器是雷达信号处理机中的重要组成部分.对雷达自动检测和恒虚警率处理方法进行了综述,讨论了瑞利分布杂波背景中雷达目标恒虚警检测的原理,阐述了实现杂波背景中雷达目标恒虚警检测的方法.     

秩和非参数检测器在杂波边缘中的性能

人们常用Rohling教授提出的3种典型背景即均匀背景、多目标和杂波边缘来对检测器的恒虚警率(CFAR)性能进行衡量,但在现有的文献中缺乏秩和(RS)非参数检测器在杂波边缘中虚警概率的解析表达式,缺乏RS检测器与经典的参量型恒虚警率(CFAR)检测器在杂波边缘中虚警控制能力的比较,这在理论研究上是不完整、不全面的。该文给出了RS检测器在杂波边缘中虚警概率的解析表达式,并比较了它与非相干积累单元平均(CA),选大(GO)和有序统计(OS)恒虚警方法在杂波边缘中的虚警控制能力。可以看出,在强、弱杂波均为瑞利分布的情况下,RS检测器在杂波边缘的虚警控制能力处于非相干积累CA方法和非相干积累OS方法之间。但是当长拖尾分布的非高斯杂波进入参考滑窗时,非相干积累CA, GO和OS参量型检测方法的虚警概率都产生了3个以上数量级的上升,且不能回到原始设定的虚警概率。而RS检测器显示出了非参量检测器的优势,即当杂波背景的分布类型发生变化后,它仍然可以保持虚警概率的恒定。     

单元筛选后作最大选择的CFAR自适应检测器

提出一种新的CFAR自适应检测方法，对这种新的检测方法在斯威林2型目标的假设下进行了检测性能的分析，得到了在均匀背景和强干扰目标存在的情况下的虚警概率和检测概率，并把它同CA、GO、SO等检测方法进行了比较。分析结果表明：这种方法在均匀背景和非均匀背景情况下都有很好的检测性能。     

Analysis of the Generalized Order Statistics Constant False Alarm Rate Detector

In this paper, we present an architecture of the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector called the generalized order statistics (GOS) CFAR detector, which covers various order statistics (OS) and cell-averaging (CA) CFAR detectors as special cases. For the proposed GOS CFAR detector, we obtain unified formulas for the false alarm and detection probabilities. By properly choosing coefficients of the GOS CFAR detector, one can utilize any combination of ordered samples to estimate the background noise level. Thus, if we use a reference window of size N, we can realize (2^N - 1) kinds of CFAR processors and obtain their performances from the unified formulas. Some examples are the CA, the OS, the censored mean level, and the trimmed mean CFAR detectors. As an application of the GOS CFAR detector to multiple target detection, we propose an algorithm called the adaptive mean level detector, which censors adaptively the interfering target returns in a reference window.     

一种基于知识辅助的CFAR检测器

针对单元平均恒虚警率（CA CFAR）检测器存在的杂波边缘效应问题,研究了一种基于知识辅助的CFAR检测器,该检测器由两部分组成：数据选择器和传统的CA CFAR检测器。数据选择器利用GIS提供的先验信息对参考单元进行筛选,尽可能地选择与待检单元（CUT）地貌相同的训练样本,也就是说选择相对CUT为均匀的参考单元,级联的CA CFAR完成检测判决。最后,通过IPIX雷达实测数据,从虚警个数和检测两个方面与传统的CFAR检测器进行了详细的比较。仿真结果表明,基于知识辅助的CFAR检测器具有更优的性能。     

脉冲多普勒雷达信号处理机中CFAR检测的仿真研究

CFAR检测器是雷达信号处理机中的重要组成部分。本文对脉冲多普勒雷达信号处理机中的CFAR检测器进行了仿真研究。给出了信号处理机中CFAR检测器的设计方案,对邻近单元平均恒虚警处理中的虚警概率、发现概率和恒虚警处理损失等问题进行了研究。分析了有限的参考单元数对虚警性能的影响,并给出了修正的门限系数。得出了不同参考单元数下的恒虚警损失,及恒虚警损失与相对门限系数之间的关系。得到了一定发现概率下所要求的信号处理机的输入信噪比。研究了信号处理机中其它部分对恒虚警处理性能的影响,如脉冲压缩对虚警率的影响等。     

基于删除平均和单元平均的CFAR检测器性能分析

基于删除平均(CM)和单元平均(CA),提出了一类恒虚警率(CFAR)检测器,其采用CM和CA产生局部估计,再对局部估计进行平均、选大、选小等逻辑运算实现对杂波功率的估计。分析了所提3种检测器的在均匀和非均匀背景下的检测性能。结果表明,在均匀背景和多目标环境下,对局部估计进行平均的检测器性能最优。     

Automatic censoring CFAR detector for heterogeneous environments

In radar detection, many constant false alarm rate (CFAR) processors have been proposed in the literature. It is well known that a processor is optimal only for one type of environment and that its detection performances are seriously degraded in presence of unknown irregularities. In such situations, the main difficulty resides in the estimation of the background configuration. That is, depending upon the non-homogeneity of the environment, one would choose the adequate optimal detection algorithm among a variety of known conventional ones that offer the best detection probability. Based on unknown transitions; i.e., in the presence of a priori unknown numbers of interfering targets and/or clutter edge, we propose an automatic censoring CFAR (AC-CFAR) detector for heterogeneous Gaussian clutter. The censoring technique used in this work offers a good discrimination between homogeneous and non-homogeneous environments. The proposed detector dynamically switches to the optimal conventional detector CA-, CMLD- or TM-CFAR. The performances of the proposed detector is evaluated and compared to existing detectors in various background situations. Monte Carlo simulations show that the AC-CFAR detector performs like the CA-CFAR in a homogeneous background. Moreover, the proposed detector exhibits considerable robustness in the presence of interfering targets and/or clutter-edge situations.     

OSSO和OSGO恒虚警检测器在Pareto分布混响背景下的性能分析

Pareto分布是一种重要的非高斯分布,被证明能够有效描述高分辨率主动声纳的混响统计特性。文章分析了有序统计选小(Ordered Statistic with Smallest Option, OSSO)和有序统计选大(Ordered Statistic with Greatest Option, OSGO)两种恒虚警(Constant Fales Alarm Rate, CFAR)检测器在Pareto分布混响背景下的性能。在尺度参数已知情况下,证明了OSSO-CFAR和OSGO-CFAR对形状参数具有恒虚警的特性。进一步分析了两种检测器在均匀Pareto混响背景、多目标干扰及混响边缘情况下的性能,并与有序统计(Ordered Statistic, OS)CFAR进行了对比。结果表明,在均匀混响背景下,OSGO-CFAR的检测性能与OS-CFAR相近,在混响边缘情况下具有最好的虚警控制能力;而对于多目标干扰情况,OSSO-CFAR比其他两种检测器的检测性能更优。      

一种新的最大选择恒虚警检测器

本文提出一种基于有序统计(OS)和单元平均(CA)产生局部估计,并应用最大选择(GO)产生检测单元杂波功率水平估计Z的新的恒虚警检测器(OSCAGO)。我们推导出了该检测器在Swerling Ⅱ型目标假设下的虚警概率(Pfa)、检测概率(Pd)和度量平均判决门限(ADT)解析表达式。分析了它在均匀背景和强干扰环境中的检测性能。并且把它与OS-,GOSGO-CFAR进行了比较。结果表明,OSCAGO在均匀杂波背景和多目标情况下的检测性能与OS和GOSGO相比,都有很明显的提高。在干扰目标数为某些值时,OSCAGO的CFAR损失比GOSGO小近3dB。     

OSCAGO－CFAR检测器在干扰边缘中的性能分析

本文研究ＯＳＣＡＧＯ－ＣＦＡＲ检测器［１，２］在干扰边缘中的性能。文中推导出了它在干扰边缘环境中虚警概率的解析表达式，分析了它抗边缘干扰的性能，并且与ＧＯ、ＯＳ和ＣＡ－ＣＦＡＲ检测器进行了比较。结果表明，ＯＳＣＡＧＯ的抗边缘干扰性能比这三种ＣＦＡＲ检测器均有明显增强。同时，它在均匀背景和多目标环境中也保持了良好的检测性能。     

A NEW CFAR DETECTOR WITH GREATEST OPTION

This paper presents a new CFAR detector based on Ordered Statistics (OS) and Cell-Averaging (CA) forming local estimates, and using Greatest-Of selection (GO) to form clutter power level estimate Z in test cell(OSCAGO). Under the Swerling II assumption, the analytic expressions of Pfa,Pd and ADT of this detector are derived, its detection performance in homogeneous background and in strong interfering targets environment are analyzed and compared it with OS, GOSGO detectors. The results show that the detection performance of OSCAGO in homogeneous background and in multiple-target situations are obviously better than those of OS and GOSGO. When the number of interfering targets is equal to certain value, the CFAR loss of OSCAGO is about 3dB less than that of GOSGO.     

三种Weibull背景下的延展目标的CFAR检测器

针对Weibull杂波背景下延展目标的恒虚警率（CFAR）检测问题,研究了三种积累检测器——二进制积累检测器、非相参积累检测器和秩积累检测器。首先在单脉冲情况下分别从理论上导出了这三种检测器均满足CFAR性以及对应的检测性能解析式,然后将单脉;中条件下CFAR方法推广到多脉7中积累情况,给出了四种可能的处理方案。最后仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性。     

单元筛选后作最小选择的CFAR自适应检测器

为提高雷达自适应检测能力，本文针对多个干扰目标背景提出一种新的CFAR自适应检测方法。在斯威林2型目标的假设下对这种检测方法进行了检测性能分析，理论推导出均匀杂波背景和强干扰目标存在的情况下虚警概率和检测概率的数学模型，并把它同CA、GO、SO(smallest of)等检测方法用MATLAB仿真软件进行了比较。结果表明，这种方法在均匀杂波背景和多个干扰目标背景情况下都有很好的检测性能，尤其是多目标干扰条件下具有更大的优势。