Electrically conductive,melt-processed polyaniline/EVA blends

Mechanical blends of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer and polyaniline doped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (PAni–DBSA) were prepared in a two-roll mill at 50°C and in a Haake internal mixer at 150°C. The effects of the blend composition and processing conditions on the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties were investigated. These blends exhibited high levels of electrical conductivity at a small amount of PAni complex. Blends prepared in a two-roll mill displayed conductivity values as high as 1 S/cm and a higher protonation degree than the pure PAni–DBSA, as indicated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Two different insulator–conductor transition points were observed in these blends. The mechanical performance decreased as the amount of PAni–DBSA increased, indicating blend incompatibility and a plasticizing effect of the DBSA. The morphology of the blends were studied by scanning electron microscopy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 114–123, 2001     

Crystalline structure and phase structure of mLLDPE/LDPE blends

The crystalline structure and phase structure of metallocene linear low density polyethylene (mLLDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) blends were investigated, using a combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. The samples displayed cocrystallization phenomenon for LDPE of 80 wt% in the blends, indicating good compatibility between the two components under this circumstance; as LDPE content decreased, phase separation arose whereas partial cocrystallization still existed in the blends. Over the whole range of weight fractions, the intrinsic crystal structure of mLLDPE does not change with the addition of LDPE, while enhanced orthorhombic crystalline phase were observed as LDPE content increased. The changes in the thickness of interface layer σ_b, dispersed phase size a_c and integral invariant Q further indicate the existence of partial compatibility between the two phases. Irrespective of the phase inversion, the morphology of the dispersed phase is deduced to be in a transitional state from rod-like shape to flakes within the whole proportional range investigated.     

Experimental and computational study on structure development of PMMA/SAN blends

Structure development in PMMA/SAN28 blends was studied experimentally with small-angle light scattering (SALS) and computationally with a diffuse-interface model based on the Cahn-Hilliard theory. All three stages of phase separation were observed with SALS. The diffusion coefficient was derived from the initial stage, while the evolution of the interface thickness was derived from all stages. The coarsening kinetics is more dominated by hydrodynamics in the late stage than in the intermediate stage of the phase separation. This is confirmed by the computational study which revealed that the coarsening becomes dominated by hydrodynamics when the capillary number is reduced from 10 to 0.5. A quantitative comparison between the experimental and numerically predicted phase separation kinetics is presented.     

A morphological study on the migration and selective localization of graphene in the PLA/PMMA blends

Nano‐filled polymer blends offer the opportunity to obtain materials with fine‐tuned properties. In this work, the dispersion and localization behavior of graphene nanoplate (GNP) and graphene oxide (GO) in solution mixed blends of polylactic acid (PLA) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were investigated. The blends were prepared by using different mixing sequences to investigate the effect of kinetics parameters and surface chemistry of filler as well as thermodynamics affinity on the localization of fillers. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Rheometric Mechanical Spectroscopy (RMS) were employed. In addition, graphene materials were compared by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis characterization. Results showed that depending on the mixing sequence, the GNPs were localized in the both phases and interface through migration to reach thermodynamics equilibrium. However, GO localization was significantly affected by the mixing sequence due to better interaction with the polymer phases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43799.     

UHMWPE/PLA共混体系的制备

利用熔融共混法制备了超高相对分子质量聚乙烯(UHMWPE),聚乳酸(PLA)共混体系,讨论了PLA含量对共混体系熔体流动性能、力学性能、结晶性能及吸水性能的影响.结果表明:随PLA含量的增加,UHMWPE/PLA共混体系的熔体流动性显著增强;体系收缩率下降,尺寸稳定性变好;屈服拉伸强度和缺口冲击强度下降,断裂由韧性断裂逐渐转变为脆性断裂;当w(PLA)为10%时,所制备的共混体系既能保证UHMWPE原有的缺口冲击强度和韧性断裂,又具有较好的熔体流动性能;PLA与UHMWPE共混可加快共混体系的结晶速率,使熔点下降;随着PLA含量的增加,共混体系的吸水率也随之增加.     

Morphological and rheological detection of the phase inversion of PMMA/PS polymer blends

The phase inversion process was investigated from different points of view. First, a reliable on-line and off-line method of morphology detection using light microscopy is established. The method provides fast information that can be used to discriminate between different types of morphologies. Second, TEM images are modelled with Markov Random Fields. For characterization purposes image features are introduced and tested. A combination of features allows classification of different morphologies of PMMA/PS blends. In the third part we show that the rheological properties of blends allow also discrimination between different morphologies. Received: 6 November 1997/Revised version: 3 December 1997/Accepted: 3 December 1997     

Surface phase separations of PMMA/SAN blends investigated by atomic force microscopy

The thin films of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) and their blends were prepared by means of spin-coating their corresponding solutions onto silicon wafers, followed by being annealed at different temperatures. The surface phase separations of PMMA/SAN blends were characterized by virtue of atomic force microscopy (AFM). By comparing the tapping mode AFM (TM-AFM) phase images of the pure components and their blends, surface phase separation mechanisms of the blends could be identified as the nucleation and growth mechanism or the spinodal decomposition mechanism. Therefore, the phase diagram of the PMMA/SAN system could be obtained by means of TM-AFM. Contact mode AFM was also used to study the surface morphologies of all the samples and the phase separations of the blends occurred by the spinodal decomposition mechanism could be ascertained. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize the chemical compositions on the surfaces of the samples and the miscibility principle of the PMMA/SAN system was discussed.     

Melt processed PLA/PCL blends: Effect of processing method on phase structure,morphology, and mechanical properties

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)‐rich poly(lactic acid)/poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PLA/PCL) blends were melt‐blended at different compositions. The compositions such as 90/10 and 80/20 were obtained using three different blending methods and processed by injection molding and hot pressing. All blends were immiscible. The crystallinity of PLA increased slightly in the presence of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), and the PCL exhibited fractionated crystallization in the presence of PLA. Injection molded specimens, compared with hot pressed specimens, presented much smaller PCL particles regardless of the blending method used. Some interfacial adhesion was observed in all cases. The stiffness of PLA/PCL blends decreased as the PCL content was increased and was independent of processing. Injection molded specimens showed ductile behavior and broke at elongation values close to 140%, while the elongation at break of the hot pressed specimens was clearly lower, most likely due to the larger size of the PCL particles. Although the impact strength of the blends remained low, it improved by approximately 200% with 30% PCL and by 350% with 40% PCL. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42641.     

聚乳酸（PLA）／三醋酸甘油酯（TAc）的结晶性能研究

用三醋酸甘油酯（TAc）增塑聚乳酸（PLA）,研究了TAc对PLA在不同温度结晶时的结晶性能的影响。随着TAc的添加,PLA的结晶度与其球晶生长速率逐渐增加,断裂伸长率增大,抗张强度降低。TAc的最佳添加量为25％。研究不同温度等温结晶时PLA/TAc的机械性能以及晶体形态的影响,发现结晶温度升高,PLA/TAc的球晶生长速率减小,抗张强度增大,断裂伸长率降低。     

聚碳酸酯/聚乳酸共混体系的研究进展

概述了国内外聚碳酸酯/聚乳酸共混体系的开发应用现状,包括聚碳酸酯/聚乳酸共混体系的相容技术、添加剂的选择及影响共混体系性能的因素(如原料的选择、组分的配比、制备方法等).对该共混体系的发展方向作了简要分析,目前需要解决的问题有:两种材料的相容技术,优化制备工艺,开发适用不同领域的聚碳酸酯/聚乳酸共混体系,降低开发和生产成本.     

聚乳酸（PLA）／己二酸-对苯二甲酸-丁二酯共聚物（PBAT）／乙酰化柠檬酸三丁酯（ATBC）共混物的结晶行为

采用熔融共混法制备聚乳酸（PLA）／己二酸-对苯二甲酸-丁二酯共聚物（PBAT）／乙酰化柠檬酸三丁酯（ATBC）共混物。用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）和偏光显微镜（POM）分析了乙酰化柠檬酸三丁酯（ATBC）对共混物PLA结晶行为的影响。结果表明当PLA／PBAT含量为80／20（质量比）时,随着ATBC量的增加,PLA的Tg、Tc和Tm降低,结晶度提高,球晶生长速率增加。     

Microhardness studies of PMMA/natural rubber blends

The microhardness, H, of PMMA/natural rubber blends, prepared following the solution method has been investigated by means of the microindentation technique. Hardness changes are correlated with the variation of the glass transition temperature. The influence of temperature and degree of deformation on H were additionally examined. The inclusion of rubber particles in the PMMA matrix is shown to soften the blends. The variation of the micromechanical property at the phase boundary of polymer/rubber particle has been studied. Results reveal that H drastically drops at the interphase. In the case of the drawn materials, the indentation anisotropy (ΔH) is shown to gradually increase with the draw ratio, where ΔH is found to be higher for the PMMA/rubber blend than for the original PMMA. This result is explained by the higher orientation of the PMMA molecules near the periphery of stretched rubber particles. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 205–210, 2004     

Formation of cylindrical phase structure in PMMA/HBP polymer blend films

The evolution of the phase separation was investigated for poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)/hyperbranched poly(ester-amide)(HBP) blend films on glass substrate by means of phase contrast microscopy. The films with different component ratios show different phase separation processes and phase morphologies. At a film thickness of about several hundreds nanometers, a cylindrical dispersed phase was observed in the films with lower HBP content. The effects of the composition and sample thickness on the formation of the special morphology were also studied. It is found that the interaction between the substrate and HBP and the thickness of blend film are essential factors for the formation of the phase morphology and the appearance of the special cylindrical morphology depends on the component ratio and the film thickness. There is a critical film thickness, above which the special morphology could be observed. The critical thickness varies as the HBP weight percent changes. Our research provides a possible strategic way to obtain polymer films with special structure which are important for an increasing number of applications in wide fields.     

Dielectric and TSC study of semicompatible PVDF/PMMA blends

Summary Dielectric and TSC studies of charged (by stabilized electrical breakdown) and discharged PVDF/PMMA blends have been performed. The relative changes in are found to decrease with increasing PVDF content except for samples with 50 and 70 weight-% of PVDF. The temperature T_max of the TSC maximum is found to be shifted linearly towards lower temperatures with increasing PVDF content up to 30 weight-% of PVDF. For higher concentrations T_max is found to be independent on PVDF content except for samples of 70 weight-% of PVDF. These behaviours indicate that for PVDF concentrations higher than 30 weight-% the system starts to lose its compatibility.     

Low frequency viscosities of PS/PMMA/PS-b-PMMA blends

Assuming that the viscosimetric behaviour at low frequencies is mainly determined by the behaviour of the continuous phase, it becomes possible to explain the behaviour of PS/PMMA blends from a limited number of hypotheses. The main hypothesis is that the PMMA layer next to the interface gelifies, while the PS layer next to the interface slips under the influence of a hydrodynamical field. The explanation concurs with all the experimental data which we obtained, regardless of the concentration of PS or PMMA. Moreover the effect of adding a block copolymer PS-b-PMMA can be explained.     

聚乳酸与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯相容性的研究

采用熔融共混的方法制备聚乳酸(PLA)/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)共混物,用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)来研究PLA/PMMA共混物的相容性问题.研究结果表明,在所研究的PMMA摩尔质量范围内,无定形聚乳酸(DLPLA)与PMMA具有较好的相容性,并符合Gordon-Taylor公式.当结晶型聚乳酸(PLLA)与PMMA熔融共混时,PMMA的引入破坏了PLLA的结晶,PLLA与PMMA也表现出良好的相容性.     

On the interactions and miscibility of PVC/PMMA blends

A DSC thermogram showed two separate glass transition temperatures in PVC/PMMA mixtures over the entire composition range; multiphase structures were observed in an optical microscope. FTIR spectra indicate that there are no strong specific interactions between these two polymers. The earlier studies on this blend system are briefly reviewed.     

PLA/POE-g-GMA共混物的制备及性能研究

采用熔融反应法制备乙烯-辛烯共聚物（POE）接枝甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（GMA）（POE-g-GMA）,实现POE反应的官能化,通过反应共混的方法制备聚乳酸（PLA）/POE共混物,考察了POE和POE-g-GMA对PLA的力学性能和热性能及微观形态的影响。结果表明：POE-g-GMA要有适当的接枝率,增韧效果才显著,用0.6%～0.8%接枝率的POE-g-GMA增韧PLA,当POE-g-GMA质量分数达到20%时,共混物的缺口冲击强度提高到基体PLA的6倍左右;同时材料的热性能基本不受影响。POE与PLA间相容性不好,接枝后与PLA间相容性得到改善。     

Linear viscoelastic behavior of compatibilized PMMA/PP blends

In this work, the morphology and linear viscoelastic behavior of PMMA/PP blends to which a graft copolymer PP‐g‐PMMA has been added was studied. The copolymer concentration varied from 1 to 10 wt % relative to the dispersed phase concentration. The rheological data were used to infer the interfacial tension between the blended components. It was observed that PP‐g‐PMMA was effective as a compatibilizer for PMMA/PP blends. For PP‐g‐PMMA concentration added below the critical concentration of interface saturation, two rheological behaviors were observed depending on the blend concentration: for 70/30 blend, the storage modulus, at low frequencies, increased as compared to the one of the unmodified blend; for 90/10 blend, it decreased. For 90/10 blend, the relaxation spectrum presented an interfacial relaxation time related to the presence of the compatibilizer (τ_β). For PP‐g‐PMMA concentrations added above the critical concentration of interface saturation, the storage modulus of all blends increased as compared with the one of the unmodified blend. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Effect of matrix SAN in ABS/PMMA blends

The effect of the molecular weight and acrylonitrile (AN) content of the styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) on the morphology, mechanical properties, and rheological properties of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer/poly(methyl methacrylate) (ABS)/PMMA (60/40 by weight) blends were studied. When the AN content of matrix SAN (32%) was close to that of graft SAN (30%) AN, rubber particles existed separately. However, with matrix SAN having 35% AN, rubber particles showed tendency to agglomerate each other. With increasing molecular weight of matrix SAN, impact strength, ultimate elongation, and abrasion resistance of the blend generally increased. Yield strength increased with molecular weight at a constant AN content of matrix SAN, and it decreased with the decrease of AN content in spite of the increasing molecular weight of SAN. Melt properties, rather than the morphological and mechanical properties, were more sensitive to the AN content, rather than the molecular weight of matrix SAN. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.