Q235覆管对AA5052铝合金基管颗粒介质胀形行为的影响

采用AA5052铝合金挤压管作内层基管、Q235碳素结构钢卷焊管作外层覆管的钢铝复合管对复合管颗粒介质胀形行为进行研究。通过塑性理论分析胀形过程中管间切向摩擦力及法向压力对基管应力大小的影响;利用数值模拟分析管间摩擦因数和覆管各向异性对基管的应变成形极限的综合影响,并给出单管、复合管胀形时的壁厚减薄情况和基管的应力、应变分布;通过管材颗粒介质内高压胀形试验,对比单管和复合管胀形条件下铝合金管的极限胀形比,分析复合管的变形协调性。结果表明：通过施加Q235碳素结构钢覆管,减小了AA5052基管胀形区中间截面处的双向拉应力,基管胀形区壁厚减薄变小,胀形比提高了22%,复合管下基管最大减薄率为17.5 %,成形性能显著提高。     

工艺参数对21-6-9高强不锈钢管数控弯曲壁厚减薄影响的显著性分析

为实现21-6-9高强不锈钢管数控弯曲精确成形,提高其成形质量与成形极限,需要对弯曲过程中壁厚减薄进行有效控制。基于ABAQUS/Explicit有限元软件平台,建立了21-6-9高强不锈钢管数控弯曲三维弹塑性有限元模型,并对其可靠性进行了验证。通过有限元模拟和正交试验,研究了工艺参数对21-6-9高强不锈钢管数控弯曲壁厚减薄影响的显著性及规律。结果表明,影响壁厚减薄的显著性工艺参数依次为芯棒伸出量、管材与芯棒间隙、管材与防皱块摩擦因数、管材与芯棒摩擦因数、管材与压块摩擦因数和弯曲速度,其影响规律为：壁厚减薄率随着芯棒伸出量、管材与防皱块摩擦因数、管材与芯棒摩擦因数、管材与压块摩擦因数、弯曲速度的增大或管材与芯棒间隙的减小而增大。采用多元线性回归方法建立了最大壁厚减薄率与显著性工艺参数之间的回归预测模型,经对比验证,回归预测模型结果与正交试验结果之间的相对误差不超过5%。     

Investigation of deformation and collapse mechanism for magnesium tube in axial crushing test

This paper demonstrates the quasi-static axial compression and high-speed axial compression tests of extruded magnesium alloy circular tubes for evaluating the crash and fracture behavior of mg parts. To capture the buckling and fracture behavior of Mg tube during the axial compression tests, FE simulation adopts different types of flow curves depending on the deformation mode such as tension and compression with LS-DYNA software. The Mg tube undergoes compressive plastic strain prior to buckling while according to the model based on Hill yield criterion only bulging along the radial direction is predicted. Due to the tension-compression asymmetry of Mg alloys, diameter of Mg tube expands largely at the initial plastic strain before having bulging or folding while only a bulging mode typical for materials with cubic crystal structure can be predicted. Simulation results such as punch load and deformation mode are compared with experimental results in the axial crushing test with AZ61 alloy.     

Multi-objective optimization of forming parameters for tube hydroforming process based on the Taguchi method

Tube hydroforming is an attractive manufacturing technology which is now widely used in many industries, especially the automobile industry. The purpose of this study is to develop a method to analyze the effects of the forming parameters on the quality of part formability and determine the optimal combination of the forming parameters for the process. The effects of the forming parameters on the tube hydroforming process are studied by finite element analysis and the Taguchi method. The Taguchi method is applied to design an orthogonal experimental array, and the virtual experiments are analyzed by the use of the finite element method (FEM). The predicted results are then analyzed by the use of the Taguchi method from which the effect of each parameter on the hydroformed tube is given. In this work, a free bulging tube hydroforming process is employed to find the optimal forming parameters combination for the highest bulge ratio and the lowest thinning ratio. A multi-objective optimization approach is proposed by simultaneously maximizing the bulge ratio and minimizing the thinning ratio. The optimization problem is solved by using a goal attainment method. An example is given to illustrate the practicality of this approach and ease of use by the designers and process engineers.     

加载路径对AA5083管件热态非金属颗粒介质成形性能的影响

将颗粒介质作为传力介质,应用于铝合金管件内高压热成形工艺。通过热单向拉伸试验建立AA5083板材的本构模型。通过管材热态颗粒介质胀形数值模拟,结合AA5083理论成形极限图的分析,研究了不同加载路径对管件壁厚分布、管端缩料量和主应变曲线的影响规律,并进行了相应的工艺试验验证。研究结果表明,合理匹配初始压头力和管端进给量参数,使预成形管坯在胀形区形成有益皱纹,可为胀形区管坯变形提供聚料作用,从而提高管件成形质量和胀形极限。     

超塑成形的钛合金波纹管壁厚分布规律研究

以DN250双波Ti-6A l-4V钛合金波纹管为例研究了采用超塑胀形/轴向加载复合超塑成形工艺成形的钛合金波纹管的壁厚分布规律。用ARVIP3D刚粘塑性壳单元有限元软件模拟了波纹管在胀形、合模和充满3个阶段的壁厚减薄情况,分析了筒坯长度和胀形阶段的变形量对超塑成形后波纹管厚度分布情况影响。通过实验研究了波纹管的实际壁厚分布曲线。结果表明,与其它成形方法相比,超塑成形的波纹管波峰壁厚减薄率较大,壁厚分布可用JIS公式粗略估算。     

基于三维成形极限应力图的AA6061挤压管材成形性能分析

为解决AA6061挤压管材成形性能极差的问题,建立了“固溶水淬+颗粒介质胀形+人工时效”的铝合金管件成形工艺流程。研究了固溶水淬和人工时效工艺参数对材料性能影响规律,并建立了考虑厚向应力的三维成形极限应力图;建立了管件颗粒介质胀形有限元仿真模型,分析管件变形特征质点的运动轨迹和应力应变状态,并应用理论成形极限图对管件破裂失稳点和胀形极限进行分析和预判。四方截面管件胀形工艺试验结果表明,颗粒介质胀形工艺与合适的热处理工艺相结合能够有效地解决AA6061挤压管材的成形问题;考虑厚向应力的三维成形极限应力图可作为铝合金管件胀形工艺方案制定的破裂失稳判据。     

An experimental and numerical study of necking initiation in aluminium alloy tubes during hydroforming

In this paper, a combined experimental and numerical investigation of free hydroforming of aluminium alloy tubes is conducted. The tubes are subjected to different loading histories involving axial compression and internal pressure. The circumferential and axial strains experienced by the tubes are continuously recorded along with the pressure and axial load. The numerical simulations are carried out using both 2D axisymmetric and 3D finite-element formulations by applying the experimentally recorded axial load and internal pressure. In the latter, a geometric imperfection is introduced in the form of wall thickness reduction at the tube mid-length in order to trigger necking which happens after significant bulging and beyond the stage of peak pressure. The strain histories and peak pressures obtained from the simulations agree well with those determined from the experiments. Further, the forming limit curve predicted by the simulations as well as from a M–K analysis incorporating the computed strain paths corroborate well with the experimental data. The role of nonproportional straining on the mechanics of failure of the tubes due to bulging and necking is studied in detail.     

卡车驱动桥壳体机械扩胀成形工艺分析及实验研究

提出一种适用于中型卡车驱动桥壳体制造的施加轴向辅助推力的机械扩胀成形工艺。推导了低于金属再结晶温度条件下方管坯极限扩胀成形系数的解析式,并对成形过程中各力参量的匹配对极限扩胀成形系数的影响规律进行了分析,给出了径向胀形时轴向辅助载荷的取值范围。根据所得出的理论,以某5t卡车驱动桥壳为研究对象,基于有限元软件DEFORM-3D对成形过程的关键工序进行了数值模拟,获得了金属流动状态、应力应变分布及壁厚的变化规律,并对桥壳在扩胀过程中出现缺陷的形式和部位进行了预测。在挤压设备上进行了相关的物理试验,结果表明轴向辅助载荷对于防止胀形过程中发生拉裂的必要性。实测了试验中合格样件的外形和壁厚分布,试验结果与有限元模拟结果吻合,从理论和实践上验证了机械扩胀成形工艺应用于制造中型卡车驱动桥壳的可行性。     

基于DASYLab的管材轴压胀形的加载控制

内压与轴向压力的合理匹配是管材轴压胀形成败的关键因素。本文利用数据采集与处理软件 DASYL ab实现了轴向压力基于内压的线性加载控制 ,为进一步研究更为复杂的管材轴压胀形的加载控制关系奠定了实验基础     

[材料绿色成形技术]异形排气管多向局部加载液力成形工艺

针对某乘用车异形排气管整体制造的难题,开展4系列不锈钢管材包括多向局部加载液力成形新方法的全流程液力成形工艺研究。基于Dynaform有限元模拟软件,建立绕弯成形及液力成形的有限元模型,监测管材壁厚分布的演化规律,进而优化成形工艺参数,开展实验验证。研究结果表明：初始管材直径对液力成形管材壁厚分布影响显著,初始管材直径为54 mm时能很好地满足工艺要求;在纵向加载液力成形阶段,可通过在上模具设计凸筋来实现对管材的局部加载成形,而在横向加载液力成形阶段,内压为48 MPa时可避免管材破裂、折叠等缺陷的产生;此外,局部加载液力成形可导致管材的应力应变状态发生明显改变,变形区管材的壁厚呈现增大趋势,最大减薄率由27.43%降至24.65%,最终零件的最大减薄率为28.05%。实验结果与模拟结果基本吻合,最大偏差值仅为2.89%。     

Material characterization of Inconel 718 from free bulging test at high temperature

Macroscopic superplastic behavior of metallic or non metallic materials is usually represented by the strain-rate sensitivity, and it can be determined by tensile tests in uniaxial stress state and bulging tests in multi axial stress state, which is the actual hot forming process. And macroscopic behavior of Non-SPF grade materials could be described in a similar way as that of superplastic materials, including strain hardening, cavity and so on. In this study, the material characterization of non-SPF grade Inconel 718 has been carried out to determine the material parameters for flow stress throughout free bulging test under constant temperature. The measured height of bulged plate during the test was used for estimation of strain-rate sensitivity, strain-hardening index and cavity volume fraction with the help of numerical analysis. The bulged height obtained from the simulation showed good agreement with the experimental findings. The effects of strain-hardening and cavity volume fraction factor for flow stress were also compared.     

Analytical model for planar tube hydroforming: Prediction of formed shape, corner fill, wall thinning, and forming pressure

An analytical model for planar tube hydroforming based on deformation theory has been developed. This analytical model can be used to predict hydroformed shape, corner fill, wall thinning, and forming pressure. As the model is based on a mechanistic approach with bending effects included, local strain and stress distribution across the wall thickness can be determined. This includes strain and stress distributions for the outer layer, inside layer, and middle layer. The model is validated using finite element analysis and tube hydroforming experiments on irregular triangular, irregular quadrilateral, and pentagonal hydroformed shapes.     

凸环管件颗粒介质内高压成形工艺理论解析

离散体颗粒介质使颗粒介质内高压成形工艺中的传压具有非均匀性、颗粒介质与管件之间摩擦作用显著等特征,基于此,建立了颗粒介质非均匀载荷传压模型,对凸环管件胀形工艺过程进行了理论推导和数值解析,探讨了内压状况和摩擦条件对管件成形性能的影响,并通过工艺试验对理论分析结果进行了验证。分析结果表明,颗粒介质内高压成形工艺所具有的内压非均匀性、介质与管坯摩擦作用显著两大特征可有效减小胀形过程中的壁厚减薄和成形压力。对比试验与理论分析结果表明,壁厚分布和成形压力的理论计算结果与试验结果一致,颗粒介质非均匀载荷传压模型的构建策略可用于管件成形的预测和分析。     

Optimization of processing parameters for double-ridged rectangular tube rotary draw bending based on grey relational analysis

The rotary draw bending of double-ridged rectangular tube is a complex nonlinear physical process with multifactors coupling effects. Processing parameters, especially clearances and friction coefficients between tube and various dies, have a significant effect on the forming quality of the double-ridged rectangular tube in rotary draw bending. If the values of these processing parameters are inappropriate, some defects including cross-sectional deformation, wall thinning, and wall thickening easily occur in the bending process of double-ridged rectangular tube. So optimization of these processing parameters is of great importance to control these defects. Based on the grey relational analysis method combined with the orthogonal experimental design and finite element simulation, a grey relational analysis model was established for the rotary draw bending process of double-ridged rectangular H96 brass tube. With the model, optimization of clearances and friction coefficients between tube and various dies was implemented with consideration of interactive effects of the above defects. The results show that (1) the main factors influencing cross-sectional deformation, wall thickening, and wall thinning are tube–mandrel clearance Δc _m, tube-bending die clearance Δc _b, and tube–mandrel clearance Δc _m, respectively. (2) The optimal values of clearances Δc _m, Δc _p, Δc _w, and Δc _b and friction coefficients μ_m, μ_p, μ_w, and μ_b of tube–mandrel, tube–pressure die, tube–wiper die, and tube-bending die are 0.15, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.02, 0.3, 0.06 and 0.17 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the verification for the optimal values of these processing parameters was carried out, and the double-ridged rectangular H96 bent tube obtained by using the optimal values of these processing parameters has the minimum values of cross-sectional deformation, wall thinning, and wall thickening and can satisfy the national aviation industry standards.     

基于ANSYS技术的铜管空拔过程数值模拟分析

为优化铜管空拔工艺参数和提高工件加工质量,应用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS中的LS-DYNA求解器模拟了某规格铜管的空拔成形过程,得到了管件成形过程中任一时刻主要场量的分布云图,分析了成形过程中管件的变形和应力的特点,研究了摩擦力和模具锥角等因素对空拔力与管件伸长率的影响规律。数值模拟分析表明:在应变分布上,管件轴向和周向的最大塑性变形主要发生在管件与模具初始接触处与减径区;在应力分布上,轴向应力和径向应力随管件在模具中的位置不同而有较大差异,在壁厚方向上由管件的外表面到内表面其应力依次为拉应力和压应力,且最大压应力出现在减径区,而最大拉应力则出现在定径区连接处。在管件拉拔力的变化规律上,降低摩擦力和合理的模具锥角能使拉拔力控制在最小范围内。在管件伸长率的变化规律上,较大的摩擦力和模具锥角能使管件的伸长率增大。     

MECHANISM RESEARCH FOR 3D NON-AXISYMMETRIC THIN-WALL TUBE OFFSET SPINNING

Difference of offset spinning with conventional symmetric spinning is analyzed. A 3D FEM model for offset tube neck-spinning is established and the spinning process is simulated by means of ANSYS software. Dynamic boundary and contact problems in simulation are solved. Transient stress distribution of contact area, transient strain distribution of nodes in typical section and strain distribution of the workpiece at last are attained, the place and the cause of crack are analyzed. Strain variation curves with time of offset spinning and conventional spinning are compared. It shows the mechanism difference between offset spinning and conventional spinning. In addition, simulation results show how strain distribution of typical section, thickness of some typical nodes, axial extension in left section and force of three rollers change with time. According to the study of the variation curve, material flow law along radial, tangential and axial direction is attained and the whole spinning process is studied. The simulation results discover that offset distance is the key to manufacture offset non-symmetric tube, and process parameters change with spinning angle. Experiment data really reflect different process parameters' influence on conventional symmetric and offset spinning force. Experiments accord well with simulation.     

基于GTN细观损伤模型的激光拼焊板成形极限预测

建立了从细观损伤角度预测拼焊板成形极限的Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman(GTN)损伤模型,用有限元逆向法确定了损伤模型中的各损伤参数。采用有限元软件ABAQUS耦合基于Mises屈服准则的弹塑性GTN损伤模型,对拼焊板半球凸模胀形过程进行了数值模拟。设计了拼焊板半球凸模胀形物理试验,试验过程中通过改变试件的宽度得到了不同应变状态下完整的拼焊板成形极限图,并与GTN细观损伤模型预测到的拼焊板成形极限图进行对比分析,验证了GTN细观损伤模型预测拼焊板成形极限图的准确性。     

小型桥壳液压胀形初始变形条件分析及成形试验

介绍了小型汽车桥壳的液压胀形工艺,提出了初始胀形内压的表达式,预测了初始胀形内压与轴向推力的匹配关系（即经向应力比的大小）对预胀形时各部分变形顺序的影响。在普通液压机上进行了两种加载路径下的液压胀形试验,在初始经向应力比小于零并保持恒内压的条件下,预胀形管坯先变形成两侧高、中部低的双鼓形,经增压后将中部胀起;在初始经向应力比大于零且内压恒定的条件下,预胀形管坯中部沿轴向胀裂;两种加载路径下,管坯扁锥体凸起与胀形区之间均产生了明显内凹缺陷。理论分析与试验结果均表明,初始变形条件对小型桥壳的预胀形有重要影响。     

Analysis of draw–redraw processes

An analytical model is developed to analyze the draw–redraw processes. Thickening of the flange is modeled using a complete pure radial drawing analysis which takes into account interfacial friction and radial thickness variation. A plastic bending analysis is used to calculate thinning in all forming radii. Material properties, tooling geometry, and process parameters are included in the model. The derivation is then developed into computer subroutines. By arranging the subroutines into the deforming sequence, draw–redraw process can be simulated. The predicted wall thickness profiles agree very well with the experimental measurements. Characterization of wall thickness profile is also discussed.