Surface and Subsurface Cracks in Rolling Contact Fatigue of Hardened Components

The competitive aspect of surface and subsurface fatigue crack propagation in hardened components subjected to rolling contact fatigue is highlighted, the former being greatly affected by the working conditions (in particular the presence of tangential stresses and lubricant), the latter depending mainly on the inclusions content and on the hardness profile. In order to determine which one of these kinds of damage is favoured, initial data consisting of contact load, rolling and sliding speed, theological properties of the lubricant, material hardness and inclusions content are necessary.

The concurrent role of asperities and Hertzian stress field in determining surface crack propagation is explained with the approach of the “quiescent zone.” calculating the stress intensity factors range in a contact cycle and considering the pumping effect of the fluid possibly present on the contact surface.

Inherent defects (especially oxides) are thought to be responsible for subsurface cracks origin and the Murakami formula for short cracks is extrapolated to describe their growth threshold, which also depends on the hardness and therefore on the depth in surface hardened components.

A crack propagation index is then defined as a ratio of applied to threshold stress intensity factor, both for surface and subsurface cracks. Evaluating this index for a general operating condition, it is possible to determine which damage mechanism is favoured, taking into account the decisive effect of the hardness profile.     

16Mn钢焊接件疲劳裂纹扩展的微观特征研究

研究了在循环载荷作用下,16Mn钢焊接件疲劳裂纹的扩展情况.通过光学显微镜观察了裂纹扩展的微观特征,发现了裂纹在焊接结构不同部位的扩展路径方式并分析了显微组织对裂纹扩展的影响.裂纹在母材处为穿晶扩展,在热影响区和焊缝金属中的扩展为穿晶和沿晶混合型.     

Ratcheting short crack behavior in medium carbon bainitic back-up roll steel under mild tractive rolling contact

In order to improve the current grinding procedure of the back-up roll of CVC hot rolling mills, the ratcheting short crack propagation behavior of medium carbon bainitic back-up roll steel was experimentally investigated under its actual work conditions, and the mechanism was theoretically analyzed based on contact mechanics and shakedown theory. After nucleation, the ratcheting short cracks propagate by the shear growth mechanism driven by the plastic strain accumulation resulting from the process of ratcheting induced by repetitive asperity contacts. They arrest on reaching the maximum depth ranging from 1.6 to 4.5 μm due to the presence of a large “quiescent zone” for crack propagation under the depth at which the maximum orthogonal shear stress is equal to the shear yield strength. At about 70–80% of the surface distress life, the cracks resume propagating by turning parallel to contact surfaces because of the greatly enhanced effect of the lubricant fluid trapped due to the crack geometry change and the residual tensile stress in vertical direction occurring upon unloading due to plastic deformation in the thin surface layer induced by the high cyclic asperity contact stresses. According to the ratcheting short crack propagation behavior and its mechanism, the probable grinding interval and grinding depth were proposed based on the preventive grinding strategy.     

重载铁路钢轨损伤行为分析

利用电感耦合等离子体光谱仪、硬度仪、光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜等对现场重载铁路损伤钢轨进行各种微观测试分析,分析了重载钢轨的损伤机理。结果表明:重载钢轨中碳、硅、锰含量较高,这有利于提高钢轨强度、硬度和耐磨性;现场服役损伤钢轨的表面硬度明显高于新钢轨的表面硬度,其轨距角处和轨顶区硬度高于非接触区的硬度;现场服役钢轨和新钢轨试样均表现为残余压应力;疲劳裂纹主要在轨顶区表面萌生,扩展较深且扩展角度明显不同,疲劳裂纹扩展方式主要表现为穿晶和沿晶扩展,钢轨侧磨区几乎无疲劳裂纹存在;轨顶区域塑性变形严重,塑性区组织明显被拉长细化呈流线型,塑性层厚度与裂纹扩展深度大致相同。     

On the application of a micromechanical small fatigue crack growth model to predict fretting fatigue life in AA7075-T6 under spherical contact

This work presents a method for assessing the fretting fatigue life by estimating the fatigue crack growth rate from the regime of microcracks to the final failure, which is achieved using a two-threshold small fatigue crack growth model. The propagation thresholds are associated with the interaction of the "monotonic plastic zone" and the "cyclic plastic zone" with the microstructure of the material. The predicted fatigue life and the estimated non-propagating cracks agree very well with the experimental fretting fatigue tests with spherical contact in 7075-T6 aluminium alloy.     

Numerical Investigation into the Effect of Contact Geometry on Fretting Fatigue Crack Propagation Lifetime

Fretting fatigue is a phenomenon in which two contact surfaces undergo a small relative oscillatory motion due to cyclic loading. There is a need to analyze the effects of contact geometry on crack propagation under fretting fatigue conditions. In this investigation, a finite element modeling method was used to study the effects of different contact geometries along with crack–contact interaction on crack propagation lifetime. Different contacts geometries—that is, cylindrical on flat and flat on flat—along with different contact span widths were analyzed. In addition, the effects of different contact spans on stress distribution at the contact interface were investigated. The computed crack propagation life was compared with experimental results. It was found that the crack initiated near the contact trailing edge for all contact geometries, which agreed with experimental observations. In terms of crack propagation for different contact spans, the fretting fatigue life for a two-based cylindrical pad was shorter than that for a two-based flat pad. By increasing the contact span width for both flat and cylindrical pads, the crack propagation lifetime increased. A comparison between the experimental and numerical results demonstrated a difference of about 18% in crack propagation lifetime.     

氢对裂纹尖端塑性变形及裂纹扩展影响的TEM观察

利用透射电镜原位动态拉伸方法观察、分析氢对裂纹尖端塑性变形及裂纹扩展过程的影响。结果表明，氢促进裂纹尖端的局部塑性变形，改变裂纹扩展方式，并使裂纹以“Ｚ”字型的途径扩展。     

The equivalent elastic compliances of an elastic solid with interface cracks

A periodic array of interface cracks was considered earlier as a simple model to study the effect of crack interaction on the elastic fields of a solid composed of two dissimilar isotropic elastic materials. This paper focuses on the perturbation of the elastic compliances of the solid due to the interacting interface cracks. The problem is formulated using Betti's reciprocal theorem. The analysis provides the equivalent elastic compliances in terms of the geometric parameters of the interface cracks for various levels of loadings and material combinations. The results show that the interaction between cracks is significant only when the crack spacing is less than four times the crack length. Also, contact between crack faces introduces coupling between applied shear stress and normal displacement, but it is significant only when the ratio of the magnitudes of the shear and normal stresses exceeds two.     

基于疲劳短裂纹行为的疲劳寿命估算方法

在疲劳短裂纹形成和扩展行为基础上，提出了一种疲劳寿命估算方法。计算结果表明，该方法具有满意的预测精度。     

用有限元研究金属构件裂纹的修补参数

金属结构的裂纹可以用加补强板的方法修补 ,但有限元程序计算表明 :选择补强板的参数应按照最大限度降低裂纹尖端应力的原则。笔者用实例说明修补裂纹只能延缓裂纹的扩展速度而不能根除裂纹的存在     

Moving finite element analyses for fast crack propagation in sheet metal

The conventional fracture mechanics parameters K_IC and/or J_IC are used as fracture toughness criteria necessary for the start of crack propagation under plane strain conditions. These criteria are defined only for small-scale yielding or infinitesimal deformation, though actual fractures involve large plastic deformation. Hence, measurement of fracture resistance during crack propagation is difficult with the conventional parameters.Estimating the mechanical conditions around the propagating crack tip is very useful for reducing damage during accidental fracture. Therefore, establishing a criterion for crack propagation with large-scale yielding is very important for not only science fields but also some industrial fields. For fractures with large-scale yielding, micro- or mesoscale damage processes in the crack tip vicinity have to be considered.In this study, Gurson's constitutive model for void occurrence and growth was introduced into the finite element method to discuss failure behavior in the crack tip vicinity. Fast crack propagation behavior under high-speed deformation was simulated using the moving finite element method based on the Delaunay automatic triangulation. The excellent far-field integral path independence of the T* integral was verified for pure mode I fast crack propagation and non-straight crack propagation under mixed mode conditions. The void growth conditions near the crack propagation path were evaluated.     

Optimisation Method for Determination of Crack Tip Position Based on Gauss-Newton Iterative Technique

In the digital image correlation research of fatigue crack growth rate,the accuracy of the crack tip position determines the accuracy of the calculation of the stress intensity factor,thereby affecting the life prediction.This paper proposes a Gauss-Newton iteration method for solving the crack tip position.The conventional linear fitting method provides an iterative initial solution for this method,and the preconditioned conjugate gradient method is used to solve the ill-conditioned matrix.A noise-added artificial displacement field is used to verify the feasibility of the method,which shows that all parameters can be solved with satisfactory results.The actual stress intensity factor solution case shows that the stress intensity factor value obtained by the method in this paper is very close to the finite element result,and the relative error between the two is only-0.621％;The Williams coefficient obtained by this method can also better define the contour of the plastic zone at the crack tip,and the maximum relative error with the test plastic zone area is-11.29％.The relative error between the contour of the plastic zone defined by the conventional method and the area of the experimental plastic zone reached a maximum of 26.05％.The crack tip coordinates,stress intensity factors,and plastic zone contour changes in the loading and unloading phases are explored.The results show that the crack tip change during the loading process is faster than the change during the unloading process;the stress intensity factor during the unloading process under the same load condition is larger than that during the loading process;under the same load,the theoretical plastic zone during the unloading process is higher than that during the loading process.     

Fatigue crack propagation behavior in STS304 under mixed-mode loading

The use of fracture mechanics has traditionally concentrated on crack growth under an opening mechanism. However, many service failures occur from cracks subjected to mixed-mode loading. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the fatigue behavior under mixed-mode loading. Under mixed-mode loading, not only the fatigue crack propagation rate is of importance, but also the crack propagation direction. In modified range 0.3≤a/W≤0.5, the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of mode I and mode II for the compact tension shear (CTS) specimen were calculated by using elastic finite element analysis. The propagation behavior of the fatigue cracks of cold rolled stainless steels (STS304) under mixed-mode conditions was evaluated by using K_I and K_II(SIFs of mode I and mode II). The maximum tangential stress (MTS) criterion and stress intensity factor were applied to predict the crack propagation direction and the propagation behavior of fatigue cracks.     

小范围屈服条件下复合材料裂纹尖端塑性区分析

基于复合材料力学,推导Tsai-Hill强度准则在平面应力和平面应变条件下的一般表达式,得到了小范围屈服条件下,含中心裂纹无限大板Ⅰ型裂纹、Ⅱ型裂纹和Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型裂纹尖端塑性区的解析解。针对不同裂纹倾角及泊松比 和,对裂尖塑性区进行了计算和分析。结果表明平面应变条件下塑性区范围小于平面应力条件下塑性区范围,参数、和 对复合材料裂尖塑性区范围和形状有明显的影响,不同的参数值得到的塑性区结果差别很大。另外,该解既适用于各向异性复合材料,也适用于各向同性材料。     

Surface fatigue of brittle polymers in rolling line contact

The two-disc machine was used to study surface fatigue in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) specimens in rolling line contact. A notch was introduced to the specimen to study the crack growth rate. The form of damage in PMMA disc ranges from the appearance of small cracks on the contact path, leading to the formation of pits and initiation, growth and failure of crazes. A degree of sliding was introduced into the contact between the two discs to study the effect of the tangential force on surface fatigue and crack propagation. The creation of crazes was observed in both rolling and rolling/sliding configurations, but the time of initiation, the appearance, their size and the time to failure were different. An optical microscope and SEM were used to study the morphology of the failure produced. The growth rate in the artificially induced crack was monitored and appeared to be stable with an initial burst of crack extension.     

Finite element analysis of coating adhesion failure in pre-existing crack field

Abstract

The influence of a pre-existing crack field on coating adhesion failure in a steel surface coated with a 2 μm thick titanium nitride (TiN) coating was investigated by finite element method modelling and simulation. The stress and strain fields were determined in contact conditions with a spherical diamond tip sliding over the coated surface at a loading of 8 N. One crack in or at the coating increased the maximum tensile stresses with six times from 82 to 540 MPa when the crack was vertical through the coating or L shaped and with nine times when the crack was horizontal at the coating/substrate interface. A simulated multicrack pattern relaxed the tensile stresses compared to single cracks. The results indicate that a cracked coated surface needs to have about five to nine times higher adhesive and cohesive bonds to resist the same loading without crack growth compared to a crack free surface. For optimal coated surface design, the strength of the adhesive bonds between the coating and the substrate in the vertical direction needs to be 50% higher than the cohesive bonds within the coating and the substrate in the horizontal direction. The first crack is prone to start at the top of the coating and grows vertically down to coating/substrate interface, and there it stops due to the bigger cohesion within the steel material. After this, there are two effects influencing that the crack will grow in the lateral direction. One is that steel cohesion is normally bigger than the coating/interface adhesion, and the second is that there are higher tensile stresses in the horizontal than in the vertical cracks. Several vertical cracks can stop the horizontal crack growth due to stress relaxation.     

老龄飞机多部位损伤结构的剩余强度研究

对老龄飞机的多部位损伤壁板进行剩余强度估算时,应同时考虑裂纹间的相互影响和裂纹的扩展问题。基于Dugdale型裂纹的Swift连通准则,结合扯裂断裂准则,论文提出了应用应力函数交互迭代方法来研究MSD壁板的剩余强度问题,并做了算例阐明。本文所提方法的分析结果与试验值相比平均相对误差和标准差分别为-1.46%和0.069,符合得较好。     

冷胀提高6005铝合金疲劳寿命的机理

针对冷胀对6005铝合金疲劳裂纹产生和扩展的影响,用单边预切口试样研究了含缺陷结构冷胀后的疲劳寿命,分析了不同情况下新裂纹产生的循环数;并用ANSYS软件进行了数值模拟,确定冷胀产生的残余应力场和塑性区及在不同参数下冷胀度对其的影响.结果表明:孔径和冷胀度对最大残余压应力值影响不大,都在材料屈服强度1～1.1倍的限定范围内,而冷胀度对塑性变形区和残余压应力区大小的影响则非常显著.     

晶界时效析出物对Ni-Cr奥氏体钢高温低周疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的影响

本文通过裂纹密度,晶界开裂率,裂纹扩展速率和断口金相等的定量测定,讨论了晶界时效析出物对大气和真空中Ni-Cr奥氏体不锈钢高温低周疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展的影响,并分析了该影响与晶粒大小的关系。时效材的高温低周疲劳裂纹的萌生周次,裂纹扩展速率和扩展方式取决于氧化程度,晶界和晶粒间的相对强度及晶界脆性等因素的综合作用。大气中,晶界时效析出物显著地提高了晶界和晶粒间的相对强度,故有时效析出物的晶界是强的,而真空中有时效析出物的晶界是弱的,因为,晶界时效析出物此起的晶界脆性已成为主要的影响因素。