浅谈化工锅炉给水泵的运行维护以及故障排除

化工锅炉给水泵为锅炉的可靠运营提供保障,由于锅炉给水系统自动化程度的不断深入,锅炉水位的自动控制使得锅炉的运行可靠性得以提升。然而近几年,因锅炉给水泵发生故障,使得锅炉停止运行的现象时有发生,其原因就在于锅炉运维技术人员并未能准确分析锅炉给水泵的故障之所在。本文对锅炉给水泵的运行维护以及怎样排除故障问题进行了深入的探究,为锅炉运维技术人员提供有力的帮助。     

船用锅炉的水质和处理

船用锅炉是船上重要的辅助设备,其重要性仅次于船舶主机。无论船用锅炉设计、生产、使用等任何环节出现失误,都可能会引起锅炉爆炸等重大事故。船用锅炉的水质监督及水处理是保证锅炉安全、经济运行的重要措施之一。本文较为全面地分析了锅炉水质对锅炉的影响及水处理方法,提高锅炉水处理质量对提高锅炉运行效率,延长船用锅炉使用年限,节约能源等有着重大意义。     

火电厂锅炉燃烧调整

通过锅炉燃烧调整,提高锅炉效率,防止锅炉结焦,根据锅炉的实际负荷和现有煤种,通过调整锅炉的一、二次风配风、制粉系统优化调整,实现锅炉燃烧系统优化运行。     

锅炉运行及设备维护问题重点探讨

锅炉运行的安全性和稳定性基本决定了锅炉供应可靠性能,因此,为进一步提升锅炉运行过程中安全性,必须全面加强对锅炉运行的维护管理工作,避免锅炉工作过程中出现故障.基于锅炉运行的基本原则和运行方式、运行注意事项分析了影响锅炉正常工作的故障因素,提出了锅炉日常维护优化措施,以供参考.     

锅炉给水除氧技术的运用研究

锅炉给水除氧技术是确保锅炉能够正常运行的关键,也是提高锅炉使用寿命的重要技术,锅炉给水不经过除氧,就不能保证锅炉的平稳运行,甚至连锅炉的使用寿命也会降低很多。     

节能环保立式螺旋体锅炉

阐述了锅炉的发展现状,分析了中、小型锅炉的发展前景;介绍了螺旋体锅炉的工作原理及其结构特点,并指出了螺旋体锅炉比普通锅炉的优越性.     

焦化厂开工备用锅炉系统节能环保分析

分析了独立焦化厂开工备用锅炉系统的配置及节能环保方面问题。分析得出,开工锅炉首选燃用天然气或焦炉煤气,备用锅炉首选燃用焦炉煤气;锅炉容量应优先考虑选用2种参数的锅炉;锅炉系统优先考虑低位除氧器的布置方案;宜利用焦炉烟气脱硫脱硝系统对锅炉烟气进行处理。     

高原地区锅炉炉膛特征参数修正方法

为了科学选取高原地区煤粉锅炉的炉膛特征参数,保证高原地区机组锅炉的安全和高效运行,以国内高原地区投运并获得优良燃烧稳定性和燃烧经济性的660 MW大容量高参数超超临界机组锅炉为样本锅炉,研究了大容量煤粉燃烧锅炉炉膛选型导则修订后不同海拔下的锅炉炉膛特征参数,并结合大型煤粉锅炉炉膛设计特点,提出了高原地区锅炉炉膛特征参数修正新原则。按照新方法修订后的炉膛断面热负荷、炉膛燃尽高度及煤粉在炉内停留时间增加,锅炉为瘦高炉型,更有利于高原地区锅炉的稳燃和燃尽,且炉膛容积降低,有利于降低锅炉设备成本。     

简易式锅炉液位远距离指示报警仪

锅炉是化肥厂的关键设备之一,锅炉液位又是锅炉最重要的控制参数。过去,我们专门有一名操作工在高温的汽包旁精心监视锅炉液位,如不小心,往往出现因缺水而引起锅炉烧坏或爆炸事故。后来,我们搞了锅炉液位自控,情况大为好转,但也往往由于自控失灵或锅炉刚要投运时不能顺利实现中     

糖厂锅炉减排节能的研究与实践

针对糖厂锅炉排污率居高不下的问题,提出设定锅炉给水含糖量的上限值,以及采用锅炉连续排污自动监控装置的综合技改方案,在保证锅炉蒸汽品质合格的情况下,将锅炉的排污率严格控制在3%以内,实现糖厂锅炉减排节能的目标。     

Early Life Events and Maturation of the Dentate Gyrus: Implications for Neurons and Glial Cells

The dentate gyrus (DG), an important part of the hippocampus, plays a significant role in learning, memory, and emotional behavior. Factors potentially influencing normal development of neurons and glial cells in the DG during its maturation can exert long-lasting effects on brain functions. Early life stress may modify maturation of the DG and induce lifelong alterations in its structure and functioning, underlying brain pathologies in adults. In this paper, maturation of neurons and glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) and the effects of early life events on maturation processes in the DG have been comprehensively reviewed. Early postnatal interventions affecting the DG eventually result in an altered number of granule neurons in the DG, ectopic location of neurons and changes in adult neurogenesis. Adverse events in early life provoke proinflammatory changes in hippocampal glia at cellular and molecular levels immediately after stress exposure. Later, the cellular changes may disappear, though alterations in gene expression pattern persist. Additional stressful events later in life contribute to manifestation of glial changes and behavioral deficits. Alterations in the maturation of neuronal and glial cells induced by early life stress are interdependent and influence the development of neural nets, thus predisposing the brain to the development of cognitive and psychiatric disorders.     

Sp7 Transgenic Mice with a Markedly Impaired Lacunocanalicular Network Induced Sost and Reduced Bone Mass by Unloading

The relationship of lacunocanalicular network structure and mechanoresponse has not been well studied. The lacunocanalicular structures differed in the compression and tension sides, in the regions, and in genders in wild-type femoral cortical bone. The overexpression of Sp7 in osteoblasts resulted in thin and porous cortical bone with increased osteoclasts and apoptotic osteocytes, and the number of canaliculi was half of that in the wild-type mice, leading to a markedly impaired lacunocanalicular network. To investigate the response to unloading, we performed tail suspension. Unloading reduced trabecular and cortical bone in the Sp7 transgenic mice due to reduced bone formation. Sost-positive osteocytes increased by unloading on the compression side, but not on the tension side of cortical bone in the wild-type femurs. However, these differential responses were lost in the Sp7 transgenic femurs. Serum Sost increased in the Sp7 transgenic mice, but not in the wild-type mice. Unloading reduced the Col1a1 and Bglap/Bglap2 expression in the Sp7 transgenic mice but not the wild-type mice. Thus, Sp7 transgenic mice with the impaired lacunocanalicular network induced Sost expression by unloading but lost the differential regulation in the compression and tension sides, and the mice failed to restore bone formation during unloading, implicating the relationship of lacunocanalicular network structure and the regulation of bone formation in mechanoresponse.     

Physiological effects of alarm chemosignal emitted during the forced swim test

Two experiments were conducted. In the first, male rats were immersed for 25 min in fresh water or water previously swum in by another rat. Control rats were not immersed in water. Rats tested in water previously swum in by another rat were significantly less immobile than rats tested in fresh water. Water immersion resulted in significant increases in serum corticosterone, glucose, and phosphorus levels, a decrease in potassium levels, and a higher phosphorus/potassium ratio, compared to nonimmersed controls regardless of water condition. When the two water-immersed groups were compared, rats tested in previously swum water had significantly higher glucose and significantly lower potassium levels and a higher phosphorus/potassium ratio than rats tested in fresh water. Immobility times were significantly correlated with the phosphorus/potassium ratio. In the second experiment, blood gases were measured prior to testing and at 25 min after immersion in rats tested in fresh and previously swum water. Rats in soiled water hypoventilated to a significantly greater extent than rats in fresh water but did not differ significantly in blood oxygenation. These two studies demonstrate that alarm chemosignals can produce physiological effects in conspecifics.     

污泥生物炭中氮硫行为及环境效应研究进展

污泥生物炭中氮硫元素含量高,其氮硫行为和环境效应对全球气候变化的影响不容忽视。以往的研究中,研究者往往以富碳生物炭作为主要研究对象,关注碳对全球气候变化的行为和功效,而对氮硫元素的作用关注不够。本文从原始污泥基本性质到其热解过程,再到生物炭的老化,逐步对污泥生物炭整个生命周期内氮硫的行为及其环境效应研究进行综述,并对未来应注重开展的研究方向进行展望,为生物炭中氮硫元素固定、释放及与之关联的环境效应和温室气体排放控制研究提供理论基础。分析表明,污泥中氮元素含量普遍高于硫元素,且热解过程中氮比硫更容易转移至气相产物。氮硫元素随热解温度的增加,在三相产物中的分配都是炭中持续减少,油中先增后减,气中一直增加。高温（＞800℃）条件下,气相中的氮含量高于固相,而硫元素则仍然主要存在于固相中。污泥生物炭老化及其环境效应研究表明,污泥生物炭氮硫元素与土壤的相互作用及其温室效应问题在今后的研究中应引起重视。     

Role of Glucocorticoid Signaling and HDAC4 Activation in Diaphragm and Gastrocnemius Proteolytic Activity in Septic Rats

Sepsis increases glucocorticoid and decreases IGF-1, leading to skeletal muscle wasting and cachexia. Muscle atrophy mainly takes place in locomotor muscles rather than in respiratory ones. Our study aimed to elucidate the mechanism responsible for this difference in muscle proteolysis, focusing on local inflammation and IGF-1 as well as on their glucocorticoid response and HDAC4-myogenin activation. Sepsis was induced in adult male rats by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection (10 mg/kg), and 24 h afterwards, rats were euthanized. LPS increased TNFα and IL-10 expression in both muscles studied, the diaphragm and gastrocnemius, whereas IL-6 and SOCS3 mRNA increased only in diaphragm. In comparison with gastrocnemius, diaphragm showed a lower increase in proteolytic marker expression (atrogin-1 and LC3b) and in LC3b protein lipidation after LPS administration. LPS increased the expression of glucocorticoid induced factors, KLF15 and REDD1, and decreased that of IGF-1 in gastrocnemius but not in the diaphragm. In addition, an increase in HDAC4 and myogenin expression was induced by LPS in gastrocnemius, but not in the diaphragm. In conclusion, the lower activation of both glucocorticoid signaling and HDAC4-myogenin pathways by sepsis can be one of the causes of lower sepsis-induced proteolysis in the diaphragm compared to gastrocnemius.     

Gender-Related Differences in BMP Expression and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis within Joint-Hippocampal Axis in a Rat Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis

BMPs regulate synovial quiescence and adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus in non-stress conditions. However, changes in BMP expression that are induced by inflammation during rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have not yet been reported. Here, we show that signalling with synovial BMPs (BMP-4 and -7) mediates the effect of systemic inflammation on adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus during pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) in Dark Agouti (DA) rats, an animal model of RA. Moreover, we show gender differences in BMP expressions and their antagonists (Noggin and Gremlin) during PIA and their correlations with the clinical course and IL-17A and TNF-α levels in serum. Our results indicate gender differences in the clinical course, where male rats showed earlier onset and earlier recovery but a worse clinical course in the first two phases of the disease (onset and peak), which correlates with the initial increase of serum IL-17A level. The clinical course of the female rats worsened in remission. Their prolonged symptoms could be a reflection of an increased TNF-α level in serum during remission. Synovial inflammation was greater in females in PIA-remission with greater synovial BMP and antagonist expressions. More significant correlations between serum cytokines (IL-17A and TNF-α), and synovial BMPs and their antagonists were found in females than in males. On the other hand, males showed an increase in hippocampal BMP-4 expression during the acute phase, but both genders showed a decrease in antagonist expressions during PIA in general. Both genders showed a decrease in the number of Ki-67⁺ and SOX-2⁺ and DCX⁺ cells and in the ratio of DCX⁺ to Ki67⁺ cells in the dentate gyrus during PIA. However, in PIA remission, females showed a faster increase in the number of Ki67⁺, SOX-2⁺, and DCX⁺ cells and a faster increase in the DCX/Ki67 ratio than males. Both genders showed an increase of hippocampal BMP-7 expression during remission, although males constantly showed greater BMP-7 expression at all time points. Our data show that gender differences exist in the BMP expressions in the periphery–hippocampus axis and in the IL-17A and TNF-α levels in serum, which could imply differences in the mechanisms for the onset and progression of the disease, the clinical course severity, and adult neurogenesis with subsequent neurological complications between genders.     

Possible Role of Crystal-Bearing Cells in Tomato Fertility and Formation of Seedless Fruits

Crystal-bearing cells or idioblasts, which deposit calcium oxalate, are located in various tissues and organs of many plant species. The functional significance of their formation is currently unclear. Idioblasts in the leaf parenchyma and the development of crystal-bearing cells in the anther tissues of transgenic tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicon L.), expressing the heterologous FeSOD gene and which showed a decrease in fertility, were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The amount of calcium oxalate crystals was found to increase significantly in the transgenic plants compared to the wild type (WT) ones in idioblasts and crystal-bearing cells of the upper part of the anther. At the same time, changes in the size and shape of the crystals and their location in anther organs were noted. It seems that the interruption in the break of the anther stomium in transgenic plants was associated with the formation and cell death regulation of a specialized group of crystal-bearing cells. This disturbance caused an increase in the pool of these cells and their localization in the upper part of the anther, where rupture is initiated. Perturbations were also noted in the lower part of the anther in transgenic plants, where the amount of calcium oxalate crystals in crystal-bearing cells was reduced that was accompanied by disturbances in the morphology of pollen grains. Thus, the induction of the formation of crystal-bearing cells and calcium oxalate crystals can have multidirectional effects, contributing to the regulation of oxalate metabolism in the generative and vegetative organs and preventing fertility when the ROS balance changes, in particular, during oxidative stresses accompanying most abiotic and biotic environmental factors.     

Metal availability in contaminated soils: I. Effects of floodingand organic matter on changes in Eh, pH and solubility of Cd, Ni andZn

Soil pH and Eh play an important role in reducing heavy metal solubility in paddy soils. To assess the effects of flooding and organic matter application on changes in Eh, pH and solubility of Cd, Ni and Zn in contaminated soils, a growth chamber experiment with rice plants(Oryza sativa L.) was conducted. Eh values decreased with flooding time in all three soils. The changes of Eh values were more negative in the tannery and alum shale contaminated soils and stabilized after 30 days of submergence. The Eh changes were not so large in the city sewage contaminated soil as in the other two soils. Soil pH increased with flooding time. During the 65 days of submergence, pH increase was about 2, 1 and 0.6units in the tannery, city sewage and alum shale soils, respectively. In all three soils, organic matter treated soil showed lower Eh and higher pH values compared to untreated soil. Concentration of Cd, Ni and Zn in soil solution decreased with flooding time. The solution concentration of Cd and Zn in the city sewage soil and of Ni in the tannery soil was higher than in the alum shale soil. The soluble metal concentration in all three soils was lower inorganic matter treated soils. Reduced solubility of metals in the organic matter treated soils was related to larger changes of Eh and pH values in these soils. Correlation coefficient calculations also showed that metal solubility decreased with decreased Eh and increased pH in the soil solution. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

2010年中国石油和化工行业经济运行情况及2011年预测

介绍了2010年中国石油和化工行业经济运行的基本情况,指出了2010年石油和化工行业经济运行的主要特点和问题,对2011年石油和化工市场进行了预测.