调频气压液柱阻尼器减振控制研究

调频气压液柱阻尼器（TLCGD）是一种从调频液柱阻尼器发展而来的新型而有效的结构减震装置。在U／V形阻尼器液柱上加上封闭式气压不仅增加了它的使用范围,使频率扩大到5Hz,并且提高了结构的有效阻尼。通过该装置在高层建筑和桥梁上的运用,U／V形调频气压液柱阻尼器能有效地控制水平为主的结构动力反应,而扭转调频气压液柱阻尼器（torsional tuned liquid column gas damper,TTLCGD）是一种能控制结构扭转为主的阻尼器。     

Dynamic Parameter Identification of Secondary Mass Dampers Based on Full‐Scale Tests

Abstract: For a secondary mass damper such as tuned liquid damper (TLD) or tuned liquid column damper (TLCD), whose moving mass is liquid, it is impossible to prefabricate the damper in a factory for the identification of dynamic properties. Also, it is not easy to prefabricate a concrete tuned mass damper (TMD), whose moving mass is made of concrete, in a factory. In this article, an identification method for finding dynamic properties of secondary mass dampers based on the full‐scale field test is presented. Decoupled equations of motion are derived from a coupled equation of motion of building and damper. The decoupled equations of motion are then used for system identification using the response of the damper as an input and the response of the building as an output. The proposed method is applied to numerical examples and an actual TMD and TLCD installed in buildings.     

Adaptive Flüssigkeitstilger für Vertikalschwingungen von Ingenieurstrukturen – Teil 2 – Feldversuche

Adaptive tuned liquid column dampers for structures, part II – field tests. Due to increasing dynamic actions and the trend to slender structures the damping of vibrations gains in importance. One of the effective methods to reduce vertical structural vibrations is the application of classical tuned mass dampers (TMD), which are damping the vibration response of excited natural frequencies. The areas of application reach from civil and mechanical engineering to aeronautics. In addition to part I (laboratory tests) this paper shows the first application of tuned liquid column dampers (TLCD) to a vibration‐prone steel constructed railway bridge. The fluid mass is guided in a U‐tube. A gas spring enables tuning of the natural damper frequency and energy dissipation is given by turbulence effects in fluid and gas flow. In case of the TLCD there are no mechanical parts for tuning necessary. At first the mechanical model of the bridge‐TLCD coupled system is presented and the equation of motion is derived. Furthermore optimal tuning is performed. The considered railway bridge is analyzed numerically by a finite element model, including the modelling of the TLCD. The installation process of the TLCD to the railway bridge is described in detail and measuring results are presented. It is shown that the application of TLCD's to railway bridges effectively reduces bridge vibrations.     

Reduced order control for wind‐induced vibrations of tall buildings

The design of a structural control system for a tall building may not be easy owing to the large number of degrees of freedom involved. Obviously, it is much easier to design a structural control system for the reduced‐order system than for the full‐order system. Model reduction is thus useful when control systems are implemented in civil engineering structures. A reduced‐order modelling technology for vibration control of wind‐excited tall buildings is presented and its performance is studied. The important issues associated with wind‐induced vibrations, model condensations and reduced‐order control are addressed. Finally, a numerical example, a tall building with an active tuned mass damper or a passive tuned mass damper, is given to show the efficiency of the reduced‐order control technique. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vertically distributed multiple tuned mass dampers in tall buildings: performance analysis and preliminary design

This paper investigates the structural performance of vertically distributed multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMDs), which can save valuable occupiable space near the top of tall buildings, control the first as well as higher mode responses and be installed more easily because of smaller tuned mass damper (TMD) masses. Vertically distributed MTMD theory is presented. With this theory, the effectiveness of vertically distributed MTMDs along the building height is predicted using simplified models, compared with the conventional TMDs installed near the top of tall buildings. Vertically distributed MTMDs are designed for a typical 60‐storey tall building subjected to representative dynamic wind loads, and their performance is measured. The results of these studies show that TMDs can be distributed vertically along the building height without substantial loss of their effectiveness. Considering their advantages over the conventional system, vertically distributed MTMDs possess a high potential of practical applications for tall‐building motion control. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Integrated damping systems for tall buildings: tuned mass damper/double skin facade damping interaction system

As today's tall buildings become ever taller and more slender, wind‐induced vibration is a serious design issue. This paper presents integrated damping systems for tall buildings. An emphasis is placed on investigating the potential of double skin facades (DSF) as an integrated damping system for tall buildings. In the first scheme, the connectors between the inner and outer skins of the DSF system are designed to have low axial stiffness with a damping mechanism. Through this design, vibration of the primary building structure can be substantially reduced. However, excessive movements of the DSF outer skin masses are a design limitation. In the second scheme, the tuned mass damper (TMD) and DSF damping (DSFD) interaction system is studied to mitigate the design limitation of the first scheme and to resolve other TMD‐related design issues. TMDs are usually very large and located near the top of tall buildings for their effective performance. As a result, very valuable occupiable space near the top of tall buildings is sacrificed to contain large TMDs. In addition, installing TMD systems means adding additional masses to tall buildings. Through the TMD/DSFD interaction system, these issues can also be substantially addressed. Compared with the conventional TMD system, the TMD/DSFD interaction system requires a significantly reduced TMD mass ratio to achieve the same target damping ratio. Compared with the first scheme only with the DSFD mechanism, movements of the DSF outer skins can be better controlled in the TMD/DSFD interaction system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Proposed robust tuned mass damper for response mitigation in buildings exposed to multidirectional wind

The most common device for control of tall buildings under wind loads is the tuned mass damper (TMD). However, during their lifetimes, high‐rise and slender buildings may experience natural frequency changes under wind speed, ambient temperatures and relative humidity variations, among other factors, which make the TMD design challenging. In this paper, a proposed approach for the design of robust TMDs is presented and investigated. The approach accounts for structural uncertainties, optimization objectives and input excitation (wind or earthquake). For the use of TMDs in buildings, practical design parameters can be different from the optimum ones. Nevertheless, predetermined optimal parameters for a primary structure with uncertainties are useful to attain design robustness. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach, an example of a very slender building with uncertain natural frequencies is presented. The building represents a case study of an engineered design that is instructive. Basically, due to its geometry, the building behaves differently in one lateral direction (cantilever building) than the other (shear building). The proposed approach shows its robustness and effectiveness in reducing the response of tall buildings under multidirectional wind loads. In addition, linear‐quadratic Gaussian and fuzzy logic controllers enhanced the performance of the TMD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高层建筑风致振动控制的研究

随着高层以及超高层建筑结构不断向更高和更柔的方向发展,强风作用下这类建筑的传统设计方法有时已经无法完全满足结构的抗风设计要求。因此,提出了采用振动控制来抑制结构风致振动控制的新方法。论文首先概述了高层建筑中风振控制的方法及其国内外的研究现状,然后对其中的调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)、主动调谐质量阻尼器(ATMD),以及摩擦阻尼器这3种控制方法详加评述,最后进一步指出我国风振控制研究的发展方向。     

Hybrid Control of Smart Structures Using a Novel Wavelet-Based Algorithm

Abstract:   A tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) system provides the same level of vibration suppression as a conventional tuned mass damper (TMD) system but with several advantages. A new hybrid control system is presented through judicious combination of a passive supplementary damping system with a semi-active TLCD system. The new model utilizes the advantages of both passive and semi-active control systems, thereby improving the overall performance, reliability, and operability of the control system during normal operations as well as a power or computer failure. The robust wavelet-hybrid feedback least mean square (LMS) control algorithm developed recently by the authors is used to find optimal values of the control parameters. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed hybrid damper-TLCD system in reducing the vibrations under various seismic excitations are evaluated through numerical simulations performed for an eight-story frame using three different simulated earthquake ground accelerations. It is found that the new model is effective in significantly reducing the response of the structure under various seismic excitations.     

Effects of tuned mass damper on correlation of wind‐induced responses and combination coefficients of equivalent static wind loads of high‐rise buildings

Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) are employed to control the wind‐induced responses of tall buildings. In the meantime, TMD may have an impact on the correlation of wind‐induced responses and combination coefficients of equivalent static wind loads (ESWLs). First, the mass matrix and stiffness matrix were extracted in this paper in accordance with the structural analysis model of two high‐rise buildings, and on that basis, the wind‐induced vibration responses analysis model with and without TMD was established. Second, the synchronous multipoint wind tunnel test to measure the pressure was performed for two high‐rise buildings, and the time history of wind‐induced vibration responses with and without TMD was studied. Finally, the impact of TMD on the correlation of wind‐induced responses and combination coefficients of ESWLs was discussed. The results of two examples suggest that after the installation of TMD, the increase of ρ_xy was 2.1% to 35.0% and ρ_yz was 2.8% to 45.6% at all wind directions for Building 1, and the increase of ρ_xy was 3.9% to 17.1% and ρ_yz was 6.8% to 38.3% for Building 2. The combination coefficients of ESWLs of two buildings were 3% to 6% larger than that of the original structure. The conclusion of this paper can be referenced by the wind resistant design of high‐rise buildings with TMD.     

Tuned liquid column dampers in offshore wind turbines for structural control

With offshore wind turbines becoming larger, being moved out further at sea and subjected to ever greater wind and wave forces, it is necessary to analyse the dynamics and minimise the responses of these structures. In this paper, the structural responses of offshore wind turbines are simulated with an attached damper (Tuned Liquid Column Damper (TLCD)) for controlling the vibrations induced within the structure. This requires a realistic simulation of the forces that these tall, flexible and slender structures are subjected to, and consequently the implementation of a damper to control the resulting undesirable vibrations that are induced within the structure. Since sea waves are caused by wind blowing for a sufficiently long time, the state of the sea is related to wind parameters and there exists the possibility of correlating wind and wave loading conditions on structures. The Kaimal spectrum for wind loading is combined with the JONSWAP wave spectrum to formulate correlated wind and wave loadings. The offshore turbine tower is modelled as a Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) structure. Cases for flat sea conditions, with which parallels to onshore wind turbines may be drawn, are first simulated. Simulations are presented for the MDOF structure subjected to both ‘moderate’ and ‘strong’ wind and wave loadings. Cases of the blades lumped at the nacelle along with rotating blades are investigated. The reduction in bending moments and structural displacement response with TLCDs for each case are examined. A fatigue analysis is carried out and the implementation of TLCDs is seen to enhance the fatigue life of the structure. An analysis, taking into account the extended fatigue life and reduced bending moments on the structure-TLCD system, is presented.     

Smart outrigger damper system for response reduction of tall buildings subjected to wind and seismic excitations

The outrigger damper system has recently been proposed to reduce the dynamic response of tall buildings subjected to lateral loads. Previous studies have shown that the outrigger damper system could effectively increase the response reduction capacity of tall buildings. The outrigger damper system was used not only for a response reduction of tall buildings, but also for adjusting the differential column shortening. When an outrigger damper system is designed optimally for wind or earthquake loads, it shows good control performance against each target excitation. On the other hand, the outrigger damper system designed for the wind load cannot effectively control the seismic responses and vice versa. This study examined the control performance of a smart outrigger damper system for reducing both the wind and seismic responses. The smart outrigger damper system was comprised of magnetorheological dampers. A fuzzy logic control algorithm, which was optimized by a multi-objective genetic algorithm, was used to control the smart outrigger damper system. Numerical analysis showed that the smart outrigger damper system could provide superior control performance for the reduction of both wind and earthquake responses compared to the general outrigger system and passive outrigger damper system.     

Structural performance and cost analysis of wind-induced vibration control schemes for a real super-tall building

To evaluate different energy dissipation systems used to control wind-induced vibrations of a 456 m super-tall building in fluctuating wind excitations, the finite element (FE) method was employed to simulate the dynamic responses of the building. A series of wind tunnel pressure tests were conducted on a 1:450 scale model to determine the wind forces acting on the super-tall building. A FE model was also constructed and mass, damping and stiffness matrices were subsequently formulated as an evaluation model for numerical analysis. The evaluation model was further simplified to a state reduced-order system using the state order reduction method. Three different vibration control schemes, namely a tuned mass damper (TMD) system, a system containing only nonlinear viscous dampers and a hybrid control system combining TMD and viscous dampers, were examined through simulations with respect to their effectiveness in reducing the accelerations at the top of the building. Furthermore, a cost evaluation was conducted to determine the most economical structural design and vibration control scheme. The results show that the wind-induced vibrations of the analysed building can be controlled effectively by all the three examined schemes, while the hybrid control scheme and the scheme containing only viscous dampers further reduce the wind-induced vibration to satisfy a more stringent criterion for a six-star hotel. In addition, the hybrid vibration control scheme is also the most cost-effective among the examined schemes.     

五种被动动力减振器对高层建筑脉动风振反应控制的实用设计方法

本文在建立了五种被动的动力减振器 (TMD, TLCD, LCVA, C TLD, R TLD)对高层建筑结构脉动风振反应控制的统一方程的基础上,导出了被动动力减振器对高层建筑脉动风振反应控制效果的等效结构阻尼比的统一计算公式和被动动力减振器优化参数的设计方法。在此基础上,文中依据我国《建筑结构荷载规范》,对设置被动动力减振器的高层建筑提出了抗风设计的荷载风振系数和脉动增大系数的修正公式,从而使被动动力减振器对高层建筑脉动风振反应控制的设计计算可采用常规的规范方法进行,大大方便了广大结构工程师的应用。     

设置混合调谐质量阻尼器的高层建筑风振控制实用设计方法

结合GB 50009-2012《建筑结构荷载规范》中的等效静风荷载计算方法,研究设置主被动可切换的混合调谐质量阻尼器(TMD/ATMD)的规则高层建筑结构的风振分析与实用设计方法。将控制系统的风振控制效果按照风振响应方差相等的原则归结为对受控结构的附加等效阻尼比,推导了控制系统最优参数和附加等效阻尼比的计算公式,给出了惯性质量平均最大行程比、主动控制力和额定功率的简化计算方法;并讨论了主动/被动控制模式的切换准则。最后给出以风振控制Benchmark结构模型为对象的受控结构及混合调谐质量阻尼系统的设计算例。算例分析表明：建议的设计方法可以方便地进行受控结构响应分析和控制系统参数设计;混合调谐质量阻尼器可以有效减小设计等效静风荷载和结构的动力响应。     

Closed form optimal solution of a tuned liquid column damper for suppressing harmonic vibration of structures

Building vibration has become one of the major concerns to structural engineers. Being a vibration absorber, a tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) not only suppresses building vibration, but also acts as the water storage facility of a building. In view of this, the application of such damper is particularly suited for building structures. However, due to inherent nonlinear liquid damping, it is no doubt that a great deal of computational effort is required to search the optimum parameters of TLCD numerically. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a closed form solution scheme of TLCD-structure systems and the optimum parameters of TLCD that lead to the maximum vibration reduction of building structure, so as to facilitate the design of dampers. The developed closed form solution of TLCD-structure system is verified by comparing results obtained from the conventional iterative method. After having a satisfactory verification, the existence of the invariant points of a TLCD-structure system for the case of undamped primary structure is demonstrated. Explicit design formulas of TLCD for the case of undamped primary structures are obtained by optimizing the response at the two invariant points. The optimum parameters of TLCD for the case of damped primary structures are also investigated numerically. An approach for determining the optimum head loss coefficient of TLCD is proposed. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the design procedures of TLCD for suppressing harmonic type vibrations     

Study on self‐adjustable variable pendulum tuned mass damper

Pendulum tuned mass damper (PTMD) is usually used to control the horizontal vibration of a tall building. However, traditional PTMD is highly sensitive to frequency deviation and difficult to adjust its frequency. In order to improve this problem of traditional PTMD and protect a tall building more effectively, a novel PTMD, called self‐adjustable variable pendulum tuned mass damper (SAVP‐TMD), is proposed in this paper. On the basis of the acceleration ratio between TMD and primary structure, the SAVP‐TMD can retune itself by varying the length of the pendulum according to the improved acceleration ratio‐based adjustment algorithm. PTMD and primary structural accelerations are obtained from two accelerometers respectively, and the acceleration ratio is calculated in a microcontroller, then, the stepper motor will adjust the pendulum under the guidance of the microcontroller under a specific harmonic excitation. The improved acceleration ratio‐based adjustment algorithm is proposed and compared to solve the nonconvergent retuning problem. The SAVP‐TMD can be regarded as a passive damper including a frequency adjustment device. A single‐degree‐of‐freedom structure model is used to verify the effectiveness of SAVP‐TMD through both experimental study and numerical simulation. In order to further verify the effect of SAVP‐TMD in the MDOF structure, a five‐storey structure coupled with an SAVP‐TMD is proposed as a case study. The results of experiment, simulation, and case study all show that SAVP‐TMD can retune itself to the primary structural dominant frequency robustly, and the retuned PTMD has a better vibration control effect than the mistuned one.     

某标志塔MR-TMD减振系统风振控制分析

对某标志塔进行了动力特性分析,应用半主动质量驱动器(MR-TMD)系统,采用Matlab软件编制了半主动减振控制分析程序,分析比较了在模拟脉动风荷载作用下无控、被动TMD和MR-TMD控制下塔的响应,仿真结果表明,MR-TMD作为一种半主动质量驱动器能有效降低标志塔的风振反应。     

设置粘弹性阻尼器钢结构高层建筑抗震抗风设计的实用方法

本文提出了设置粘弹性阻尼器的钢结构高层建筑抗震抗风设计的实用方法。文中在导出了设置粘弹性阻尼器高层钢结构的有效阻尼比计算公式的基础上，建立了设置粘弹性阻尼器结构抗震设计反应谱的调整公式和抗风设计风振系数、脉动增大系数的调整公式。从而使设置粘弹性阻尼器钢结构高层建筑的抗震抗风设计可在我国《高层民阻建筑钢结构设计与施工》规程的基础上进行。应用本文方法对设置粘弹性阻尼器的５０层全钢缔构超高层建筑──首都规划大厦主楼的抗震抗风设计的结果表明：粘弹性阻尼器是一种十分有效的减振耗能构件，它有效地减小了结构构件的地震设计内力和结构横风向的风振加速度。对于设置粘弹性阻尼器的高层钢结构，本文提出的抗震抗风设计方法是一种对结构工程师应用十分方便的实用设计方法。