中等剪跨比RC剪力墙拉-弯-剪受力性能试验研究

为研究中等剪跨比钢筋混凝土(RC)剪力墙的拉-弯-剪受力性能，对4个RC剪力墙开展了在恒定轴拉力和往复水平力作用下的拟静力试验。RC墙剪跨比为1.5，尺寸和配筋均相同，仅轴拉力变化。结果表明：RC墙分别发生了剪切破坏、弯曲-剪切破坏和弯曲破坏；轴拉力致使RC墙的水平承载力降低，竖向钢筋平均拉应力比ns从0.20增大到0.80时，RC墙峰值荷载降低了约55%；中等剪跨比RC墙弯曲-剪切耦合效应明显，墙底部截面弯曲屈服后，塑性铰区的剪切变形也表现出显著的非线性；轴拉力和往复水平力作用下墙体发生显著的轴向伸长，引起墙体受剪承载力退化，竖向钢筋平均拉应力比ns=0.40的RC墙，其受力由弯曲机制向剪切机制转变，出现了弯曲-剪切破坏，基于转动角软化桁架模型和轴向伸长的实测数据，定量计算了该类墙体的受剪承载力退化，揭示了弯曲-剪切破坏机理。最后，验证了美国ACI 318—14和中国JGJ 3—2010中RC墙正截面拉弯承载力计算方法和公式的适用性。     

中等剪跨比RC剪力墙拉-弯-剪受力性能试验研究

为研究中等剪跨比钢筋混凝土(RC)剪力墙的拉-弯-剪受力性能,对4个RC剪力墙开展了在恒定轴拉力和往复水平力作用下的拟静力试验。RC墙剪跨比为1.5,尺寸和配筋均相同,仅轴拉力变化。结果表明：RC墙分别发生了剪切破坏、弯曲-剪切破坏和弯曲破坏;轴拉力致使RC墙的水平承载力降低,竖向钢筋平均拉应力比ns从0.20增大到0.80时,RC墙峰值荷载降低了约55%;中等剪跨比RC墙弯曲-剪切耦合效应明显,墙底部截面弯曲屈服后,塑性铰区的剪切变形也表现出显著的非线性;轴拉力和往复水平力作用下墙体发生显著的轴向伸长,引起墙体受剪承载力退化,竖向钢筋平均拉应力比ns=0.40的RC墙,其受力由弯曲机制向剪切机制转变,出现了弯曲-剪切破坏,基于转动角软化桁架模型和轴向伸长的实测数据,定量计算了该类墙体的受剪承载力退化,揭示了弯曲-剪切破坏机理。最后,验证了美国ACI 318—14和中国JGJ 3—2010中RC墙正截面拉弯承载力计算方法和公式的适用性。     

Decoupling and analysis of the deformation of flanged reinforced concrete shear walls

Compared with rectangular walls, a relatively large proportion of shear deformations are expected for flanged walls due to their larger flexural capacity. As few well‐documented experimental data are available to assess the attributes of the various deformation components of flanged walls, the feasibility of using established models to predict the deformation capacity of flanged walls is debatable. This study presents experimental results for three large‐scale T‐shaped reinforced concrete walls under cyclic loading to examine the relative contributions of flexural, shear, and sliding deformations to lateral displacement. By using a high‐precision and noninterference measurement method based on particle image velocimetry, the deformation components were decoupled to investigate the variation in each deformation component with the total deformation corresponding to the damage evolution process. For flexure‐dominant T‐shaped walls, the ratio of shear‐to‐total deformations in the plastic hinge region slowly increases over the entire plastic range, whereas the ratio of shear‐to‐total top displacements remains approximately constant. When predicting the deformation capacity of flanged walls, shear deformations but not the contribution of sliding deformations should be considered. Based on the proportional relationship between shear strain and curvature, a simple model for estimating the shear deformations of flexure‐dominant flanged walls is proposed.     

Modelling shear–flexure interaction in equivalent frame models of slender reinforced concrete walls

Quasi‐static cyclic tests on reinforced concrete (RC) walls have shown that shear deformations can constitute a significant ratio of the total deformations when the wall is loaded beyond the elastic regime. For slender RC walls that form a stable flexural mechanism, the ratio of shear to flexural deformations remains approximately constant over the entire range of imposed displacement ductilities. This paper proposes a method for incorporating shear‐flexure interaction effects in equivalent frame models of slender RC walls by coupling the shear force‐shear strain relationship to the curvature and axial strain in the member. The suggested methodology is incorporated in a finite element consisting of two interacting spread inelasticity sub‐elements representing flexural and shear response, respectively. The element is implemented in the general finite element code IDARC and validated against experimental results of RC cantilever walls. In a second step, it is applied in inelastic static and dynamic analyses of tall wall and wall‐frame systems. It is shown that ignoring shear‐flexure interaction may lead to erroneous predictions in particular of local ductility and storey drift demands. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy dissipation of tall core‐wall structures with multi‐plastic hinges subjected to forward directivity near‐fault and far‐fault earthquakes

In this study, different energy components in the tall reinforced concrete core‐wall buildings with numerous plastic hinges over the height are investigated using nonlinear time history analysis. The effect of near‐fault and far‐fault earthquakes is compared. The idea of one‐plastic, two‐plastic, three‐plastic and whole‐plastic hinge approaches along the core wall is examined. The input energy, inelastic, damping, kinetic and elastic strain energy during the earthquakes are studied. The results show that a large energy quantity transfers to the structure at the arrival time of the near‐fault motion pulse. Inelastic energy distribution over the height shows a considerable amount of inelastic energy dissipation occurring at the base and above the mid‐height of the walls. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Forward directivity near‐fault and far‐fault ground motion effects on the behavior of reinforced concrete wall tall buildings with one and more plastic hinges

Near‐fault (NF) ground motion having forward directivity and far‐fault (FF) earthquakes can generate different responses on tall reinforced concrete cantilever walls. In this paper, the behavior of the core wall buildings were examined by performing nonlinear time history analyses on 20‐story, 30‐story and 40‐story fiber element models. The concept of one, two, three and extended plastic hinge in the core walls subjected to the NF motions having forward directivity (pulse‐like) and FF motion was studied by carrying out inelastic dynamic analysis. At the upper levels of the walls, NF pulse‐like ground motions can produce considerably larger curvature ductility, inter‐story drift and displacement demands as compared with the FF motions. A new approach was proposed to obtain the moment demand and reinforcement required to balance the curvature ductility demand along the height of a core wall. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土双肢剪力墙非线性静力有限元分析

利用有限元软件ABAQUS中的混凝土损伤塑性模型,采用分离式方法建立有限元模型,对钢筋混凝土双肢剪力墙进行了非线性分析;在与试验结果进行对比分析的基础上,选取了用于钢筋混凝土剪力墙非线性有限元分析的材料破坏准则和本构关系进行建模;通过数值计算,分析了轴压比、墙连梁跨高比、墙分布钢筋配筋率、边缘构件配筋率对钢筋混凝土双肢剪力墙的承载能力、延性、破坏形态等的影响。结果表明:轴压比、分布钢筋配筋率和连梁跨高比对钢筋混凝土双肢剪力墙的受力性能影响较为明显;边缘约束构件配筋率对墙体的影响较小。     

Effects of strain hardening of reinforcement on flexural strength and ductility of reinforced concrete columns

In the evaluation of flexural strength of reinforced concrete (RC) columns, the elastic–perfectly plastic constitutive model is generally used for steel reinforcement, which ignores the strain hardening effect. While some engineers believe that the flexural strength so obtained is on the safe side, others are concerned that underestimation of member strength could lead to inaccurate prediction of overall structural behaviour especially under extreme events. In any case, better understanding of the possible over‐strength and its effects on flexural ductility and failure mechanism is necessary. In this paper, the effects of strain hardening of reinforcement on the flexural strength and ductility of reinforced normal‐ and high‐strength concrete columns are studied based on rigorous full‐range moment–curvature analysis. The study has identified if and how various parameters affect the strain hardening effect, which include axial load ratio, concrete strength, confining stress, reinforcement ratio and the tensile‐strength‐to‐yield‐stress ratio of steel. The effects of strain hardening can be quite significant for RC columns under relatively low axial load and relatively high confining stress. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

设防地震作用下受拉剪力墙设计方法

针对设防地震作用下受拉剪力墙的设计方法，结合JGJ 3—2010《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》指出了我国目前广泛采用等效弹性方法设计存在的问题，介绍了弹塑性时程分析法的设计流程、设计软件和地震波选取以及墙铰模型的开裂后刚度取值。对于设防地震下弹塑性时程分析法，弹塑性模型的初始配筋采用多遇地震作用下的配筋结果，剪力墙单元可以采用墙铰单元、纤维截面壳单元、S4R壳单元等模拟，设计地震动可采用拟合设计反应谱的人工波，并控制设防地震作用下剪力墙受拉不屈服来调整受拉配筋设计。此外，设防地震作用下受拉剪力墙是否设置型钢应根据其所受剪力大小确定，还应复核罕遇地震作用下受弯屈服剪力墙的边缘拉应变。采用工程实例验证了上述方法的可行性，且偏于安全考虑，建议采用考虑开裂后抗拉刚度退化至15%初始抗拉刚度的墙铰模型进行受拉剪力墙的抗震设计。     

Plastic hinge length of reinforced concrete columns subjected to both far‐fault and near‐fault ground motions having forward directivity

In a strong earthquake, a standard reinforced concrete (RC) column may develop plastic deformations in regions often termed as plastic hinge regions. A plastic hinge is basically an energy dampening device that dampens energy through the plastic rotation of a rigid column connection, which triggers redistribution of bending moments. The formation of a plastic hinge in an RC column in regions that experience inelastic actions depends on the characteristics of the earthquakes as well as the column details. Recordings from recent earthquakes have provided evidence that ground motions in the near field of a rupturing fault can contain a large energy or ‘directivity’ pulse. A directivity pulse occurs when the propagation of the fault proceeds at nearly the same rate as the shear wave velocity. This pulse is seen in the forward direction of the rupture and can cause considerable damage during an earthquake, especially to structures with natural periods that are close to those of the pulse. In the present paper, 1316 inelastic time‐history analyses have been performed to predict the nonlinear behaviour of RC columns under both far‐fault and near‐fault ground motions. The effects of axial load, height over depth ratio and amount of longitudinal reinforcement, as well as different characteristics of earthquakes, were evaluated analytically by finite element methods and the results were compared with corresponding experimental data. Based on the results, simple expressions were proposed that can be used to estimate plastic hinge length of RC columns subjected to both far‐fault and near‐fault earthquakes that contain a forward‐directivity effect. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nonlinear hysteretic behavior simulation of reinforced concrete shear walls using the force analogy method

Reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls that provide high strength and stiffness are widely used in buildings to resist lateral loads. It often exhibits complex and multiple hysteretic behaviors, including shear behavior, flexural behavior, strength softening, and deterioration, which are often influenced by the reinforcement and concrete material characteristics, vertical loads, and so on. Significant effort has gone toward developing accurate and efficient models, and these models fall into two categories: macroscopic and microscopic models. The microscopic models are accurate but computationally expensive and need more material information and experimental results for calibration. The present research is to implement an existing macroscopic model for use in the force analogy method, which is an accurate, efficient, and stable algorithm for conducting dynamic analysis when coupled with the state space formulation. The RC shear wall model with two vertical sliding hinges and one horizontal sliding hinge assigned to capture the relationship of the lateral deflection or rotation versus the RC shear wall force is validated against prior experimental results. The proposed model is also implemented in a frame, in which inelastic response occurs in both the frame and the RC shear wall members, to demonstrate the application of the model and the potential for simulating complex inelastic dynamic RC frame‐wall structural behavior with the force analogy method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

含可更换剪切型耗能梁段的钢框筒结构抗震性能研究

地震作用下,传统钢框筒结构难以实现强柱弱梁的设计理念,大震下柱端往往先于梁端出现塑性铰。针对这一问题提出了含可更换剪切型耗能梁段的钢框筒结构,即在裙梁中设置可更换的剪切型耗能梁段,大震作用下结构利用剪切型耗能梁段良好的弹塑性变形能力进行耗能,其余构件仍处于弹性状态或部分发展塑性。设计了一组算例结构,包括传统钢框筒结构和含可更换剪切型耗能梁段的钢框筒结构,采用SAP2000有限元分析软件对算例结构进行了弹性和弹塑性地震反应分析,对比了传统钢框筒结构和不同耗能梁段布置形式的含可更换剪切型耗能梁段的钢框筒结构在多遇地震、罕遇地震和极罕遇地震作用下的抗震性能和破坏模式。结果表明:在裙梁中设置剪切型耗能梁段对结构整体刚度的影响较小,含可更换剪切型耗能梁段的钢框筒结构改变了传统钢框筒结构的耗能机制,主要通过耗能梁段的剪切变形代替裙梁端部塑性铰耗能。罕遇地震作用下耗能梁段全部进入塑性耗能,震后仅需替换损伤严重的耗能梁段即可快速恢复结构的使用功能。极罕遇地震作用下,传统钢框筒结构达到极限状态,而含可更换剪切型耗能梁段的钢框筒结构的耗能梁段进一步发展塑性,其余构件保持弹性,结构具有足够的安全储备。     

圆形钢筋混凝土桥墩等效塑性铰长度

基于桥墩极限位移三分量模型,从弯曲、剪切和纵筋滑移变形等三方面分析了桥墩塑性铰长度的主要影响参数;通过40个圆形钢筋混凝土桥墩试验数据的分析,建议了桥墩塑性铰长度的理论公式及经验公式;并对建议及各规范的塑性铰长度公式进行了模型桥墩、足尺桥墩和实桥桥墩的验证。结果表明：钢筋混凝土桥墩塑性铰长度主要随墩高、截面高度、材料特性参数（fydb/fc′）及纵筋率的增大而增大,与轴压比、配箍率等关系不大;与试验结果相比,就平均意义而言,各国规范塑性铰长度计算结果偏于安全,但均有较大的离散性,日本JRA规范最为保守,中国《公路桥梁抗震设计细则》（JTG/T B02-01—2008）较美国Caltrans规范及欧洲Eurocode8规范保守;建议的塑性铰长度理论公式与日本JRA规范相当,建议的塑性铰长度经验公式在平均意义上与美国Caltrans规范及欧洲Eurocode8规范一致,但具有较小的变异系数和较高的保证率,优于其他公式。     

钢骨混凝土剪力墙的抗弯性能

本文是清华大学土木系近年来几批无边框矩形截面钢骨混凝土剪力墙抗弯性能的试验研究总结.文中介绍了轴压比在0.11～0.15时,中、高钢骨混凝土剪力墙的破坏形态、开裂荷载、极限承载能力和塑性铰区高度等,提出了相对位移限制及构造措施等设计建议.     

Flexural behavior of FRP-HSC-steel composite beams

This paper reports on an experimental study on the flexural behavior of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)-high-strength concrete (HSC)-steel composite beams. Seven double-skin tubular beam (DSTBs) and a concrete-filled FRP tube (CFFT) with an internal steel I-beam were tested as simply supported beams in four-point bending. The main parameters of the experimental study included the cross-sectional shapes of inner steel reinforcement and external FRP tube, concrete strength, presence (or absence) of concrete filling inside the steel tube, and effects of the use of mechanical connectors on the inner steel tube. The results indicate that DSTBs are capable of developing very high inelastic flexural deformations. However, the results also indicate that slip between the concrete and the steel tube of the DSTB can be relatively large, unless the bond between concrete and steel tube is enhanced through the use of mechanical connectors. The results of the beam tests illustrate that the flexural behavior of DSTBs is influenced significantly by the diameter and thickness of the inner steel tube. Concrete-filling the inner steel tube and increasing the concrete strength increase the flexural capacity of DSTBs without affecting their overall ductility. Furthermore, the shape of the inner steel tube influences both the flexural capacity of DSTBs and the occurrence of slippage between the concrete and the inner steel tube. It is shown that the bond slip between the concrete and inner steel tube can be prevented through the use of mechanical connectors. These results are presented together with a discussion on the influence of the main parameters on the flexural behavior of DSTBs.     

Parametric study of seismic performance of super-elastic shape memory alloy-reinforced bridge piers

One of the important measures of post-earthquake functionality of bridges after a major earthquake is residual displacement. In many recent major earthquakes, large residual displacements resulted in demolition of bridge piers due to the loss of functionality. Replacing the conventional longitudinal steel reinforcement in the plastic hinge regions of bridge piers with super-elastic shape memory alloy (SMA) could significantly reduce residual deformations. In this study, numerical investigations on the performance of SMA-reinforced concrete (RC) bridge bents to monotonic and seismic loadings are presented. Incremental dynamic analyses are conducted to compare the response of SMA RC bents with steel RC bents considering the peak and the residual deformations after seismic events. Numerical study on multiple prototype bridge bents with single and multiple piers reinforced with super-elastic SMA or conventional steel bars in plastic hinge regions is conducted. Effects of replacement of the steel rebar by SMA rebar on the performance of the bridge bents are studied. This paper presents results of the parametrical analyses on the effects of various design and geometric parameters, such as the number and geometry of piers and reinforcement ratio of the RC SMA bridge bents on its performance.     

边缘配置高强纵筋装配式中高强再生混凝土剪力墙抗震性能研究#br#

为促进高性能绿色建筑结构发展,推动高强钢筋和中高强再生混凝土的工程应用,研发了边缘构件采用环筋扣合连接方式且配置高强纵筋的装配式中高强再生混凝土剪力墙,对6个剪跨比为2.2的装配式混凝土剪力墙进行了低周反复荷载试验。分析了不同再生粗骨料取代率、混凝土强度、边缘暗柱纵筋强度及搭接位置对装配式再生混凝土剪力墙的破坏形态、滞回性能、承载力、延性、刚度退化规律、耗能能力等抗震性能指标以及可恢复性能的影响。试验结果表明：边缘构件配置高强钢筋的装配式中高强再生混凝土剪力墙的破坏形态以弯曲破坏为主;再生粗骨料取代率对装配式中高强再生混凝土剪力墙的承载力、延性和耗能能力影响不大,各剪力墙均具有较好的抗震性能;边缘暗柱采用HRB600纵筋可有效提高装配式中高强再生混凝土剪力墙的承载力、耗能能力和可恢复性能;边缘暗柱纵筋在剪力墙底部塑性铰区搭接,会导致装配式中高强再生混凝土剪力墙的延性明显下降。给出了边缘配置HRB600纵筋的装配式中高强再生混凝土剪力墙水平承载力计算式,计算结果表明普通混凝土剪力墙的水平承载力计算模型同样适用于该装配式剪力墙结构。     

榫卯式接缝预制混凝土剪力墙受力性能试验研究

为研究榫卯式接缝预制混凝土剪力墙的受力性能,进行了1片现浇钢筋混凝土剪力墙和4片预制混凝土剪力墙在恒定轴力作用下的拟静力试验,分析了榫卯式接缝性能及墙体的抗震性能。结果表明：峰值荷载前,同一位置榫卯式接缝两侧水平钢筋应变基本相同,接缝两侧墙体基本无相对变形。破坏时水平、竖向相对变形仅为0.34、0.79mm,接缝连接可靠,保证了墙体的整体性能。榫卯式接缝预制混凝土剪力墙的受弯承载力、刚度与钢筋混凝土剪力墙基本相当,能够达到“等同现浇”的设计目标;破坏时墙体竖向接缝处混凝土剥落,减小了根部混凝土压溃区域面积,提高了墙体的变形能力;当顶点位移角为1/50时,预制混凝土剪力墙仍保持良好的竖向承载能力;提高边缘构件纵筋配筋率,墙体承载力提高,破坏区域更加集中在墙体的接缝处,延缓了根部混凝土的压溃。     

不同分布筋间距下型钢混凝土剪力墙抗震性能试验

为研究分布筋间距对型钢混凝土剪力墙抗震性能的影响,设计了4个矩形截面型钢混凝土剪力墙试件（其中1个为不带暗撑的普通剪力墙对比试件,3个为带X形暗撑的型钢混凝土剪力墙试件）,进行了低周反复荷载试验。结果表明:型钢混凝土剪力墙试件的承载力随着分布筋间距的增大而减小,其分布筋间距为100,150,200 mm的试件承载力较对比试件分别提高了66.8%,45.9%和41%;型钢混凝土剪力墙试件的延性随着分布筋间距的增大而呈线性降低趋势,其分布筋间距为100,150,200 mm的试件延性系数较对比试件分别提高了27.8%,29.2%和11.3%;试件的分布筋间距越小其裂缝越细密,沿暗支撑走向分布越明显,塑性铰范围越大,耗能能力越高,抗震性能越好。     

保温砌模混凝土网格墙抗震性能试验研究

介绍了8片剪跨比为1.96～3.06的保温砌模混凝土网格墙和1片实体墙在轴力和往复水平力作用下的试验,以及3片网格墙的轴压试验。结果表明,剪跨比较大的保温砌模网格墙在轴力和往复水平力共同作用下,墙端纵筋受拉屈服,边缘混凝土压碎,墙的中下部连梁剪切破坏;破坏时裂缝较分散;极限位移角大于1/100,位移延性系数大于3;截面长的网格墙的弹性刚度、屈服时的割线刚度和正截面承载力大,墙端组合柱对提高刚度和正截面承载力有显著作用;一般层高的网格墙在重力荷载作用下不会发生平面外失稳破坏。有限元计算表明,网格墙在轴力和水平力作用下的正应力分布与实体墙总体上一致;可按现行规范有地震作用组合的剪力墙正截面承载力公式计算网格墙的承载力。工程算例表明,保温砌模现浇承重墙体系可以满足8度抗震设防的9层住宅承载力要求和抗震墙结构小震时的层间位移角要求。在研究的基础上,提出了保温砌模现浇承重墙体系的抗震设计建议。