热老化对TATB基高聚物粘结炸药力学性能的影响

对某TATB基高聚粘结炸药(PBX)进行了55～75℃加速老化试验,并对老化前后的样品进行了不同温度下压缩性能、拉伸性能和弯曲蠕变实验,用扫描电子显微镜对老化前后炸药高温拉伸断口形貌进行了观察。结果表明:长期高温贮存后,TATB基高聚物粘结炸药晶体与粘合剂仍具有良好的粘合界面,其模量、破坏强度、破坏应变和稳态蠕变速率等力学性能指标均未发生明显的变化。     

高温及机械应力对PBX力学行为的影响规律及机理分析

为了获得高温和机械应力对高聚物粘接炸药(PBX)力学行为的影响规律,基于材料试验机的结果获得了以HMX为基的PBX-1及以TATB为基的PBX-2在不同高温和机械应力作用下的力学响应规律,用动态热机械分析仪(DMA)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了它们的力学性能的变化机理。结果表明,在25~90℃高温-力耦合加载下,两种PBX的拉伸、压缩强度随温度升高而降低,但破坏应变在一些温度点产生突变,PBX-1的应变突变温度点约为65℃,PBX-2分别约为35、55℃和75℃;PBX-1的高温-力顺序加载响应规律包含两个温度段,25~150℃为第一阶段,该范围的高温作用下材料压缩强度和破坏应变几乎不会变化,150~200℃为第二阶段,破坏应变随温度升高而增大,压缩强度先减小后增大,在180℃最低。高温-力耦合作用下,粘结剂相态变化和粘弹特性改变是影响PBX高温软化和力学性能劣化的主要原因,其软化-流动-粘流化将引起PBX的变形行为特别是拉伸及压缩破坏应变的突变,同时导致PBX破坏模式由脆断向脱粘失效转变,PBX的突变温度与粘结剂的物态转变温度相对应。对于高温-力顺序加载,粘结剂弹性回复和炸药晶体无损伤是PBX-1在25~150℃力学性能不变的主要原因,炸药晶体在180℃附近会发生高温破碎,导致PBX-1的压缩强度在180℃附近达到最低值。     

TATB基PBX的单轴主特征破坏参数识别研究

高聚物粘结炸药(Polymer Bonded Explosive,PBX)的主特征破坏参数识别是强度准则建立和结构强度评估的基础。以TATB基PBX为研究对象,基于单轴拉伸和单轴压缩两种加载方式,考虑20℃、35℃及50℃三个温度点,设计了系列的直接破坏和不同初始应力水平的蠕变后破坏试验。依据获得的破坏参数数据,对比分析了环境温度、初始应力水平对破坏应力/破坏应变这两个典型破坏参数的影响。结果表明,不论是直接破坏还是蠕变后破坏,破坏应力随环境温度的升高而降低,破坏应变体现为拉伸时的增大和压缩时的减小;相同的环境温度下,初始应力水平的增加会导致破坏应力的降低和破坏应变的增大。进一步分析表明,破坏应力受环境温度、初始应力水平的影响较大,且无临界值,不宜作为主特征破坏参数;破坏应变作为主特征破坏参数则较为简便,可认为当一点应变达到临界应变时破坏,而不论该应变是载荷直接引起的还是时温诱发蠕变引起的,直接破坏的破坏应变可作为该温度点的临界破坏应变,20℃、35℃及50℃单轴拉伸临界破坏应变分别为0.1330%、0.1452%和0.1675%,单轴压缩时临界破坏应变分别为-1.4206%、-1.4159%和-1.1731%。     

温度对高聚物粘结炸药模拟材料拉伸性能的影响

采用标准巴西实验研究不同温度条件(从室温到90℃)下高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)模拟材料的准静态力学行为。采用电荷耦合器件相机和数字图像相关方法测量宏观变形场,测得PBX模拟材料的破坏载荷、拉伸强度等参数;采用平台巴西实验测量PBX模拟材料在不同温度下的平面应变断裂韧性,利用扫描电子显微镜观察巴西实验断面形貌。结果发现,拉伸强度和断裂韧性随温度的增加而降低,同时,随着温度的升高,PBX模拟材料脆性降低。其破坏模式主要由穿晶断裂向沿晶破坏转变,是温度产生的热损伤膨胀破坏和应力产生断裂的复合破裂模式。     

TATB基PBX及其改性配方的蠕变性能

为探讨粘结剂组成对TATB基高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)蠕变性能的影响,用电子万能试验机和动态力学分析仪分别研究了TATB基PBX及其改性配方的拉伸、压缩和三点弯曲蠕变行为。结果表明,加入高玻璃化转变温度和高力学强度的增强剂苯乙烯共聚物可改善TATB基PBX的抗蠕变性能。改性配方的蠕变应变降低,蠕变破坏时间延长。由50 ℃/3 MPa下拉伸蠕变、70 ℃/10 MPa下压缩蠕变以及70 ℃/6 MPa下三点弯曲蠕变试验所得原配方的破坏时间分别为14,12.7,12 min,而同样条件下,改性配方未发生蠕变破坏。根据时温等效原理,获得TATB基PBX及其改性配方在参考温度60 ℃下的蠕变柔量主曲线。与原配方相比,TATB基PBX改性配方的蠕变柔量主曲线向下偏移,抗蠕变性能提高。     

温度对压装RDX基含铝炸药力学性能的影响

为了分析温度对压装RDX基含铝炸药的性能变化规律,对该炸药在不同温度下的抗压、抗拉性能及泊松比进行了测试,并对拉伸试验后的样品进行了形貌观察。结果表明:在高温下,压装RDX基含铝炸药粘结剂软化,炸药颗粒与高分子粘结剂界面作用减弱,其拉伸强度和抗压强度性能均随温度升高而降低;在拉伸试验中,从低温到高温状态,该炸药的泊松比随温度升高却变化不大;高温下,炸药断面损伤形式表现为炸药颗粒与粘结剂脱粘。     

基于SVM算法的TATB基PBX单轴准静态应力应变关系

以1,3,5?三氨基?2,4,6?三硝基苯(TATB)基高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)材料为研究对象,在-40～75℃下开展了准静态的单轴拉伸、压缩试验,获得了预设17个温度点下的应力应变关系数据;以温度、应变为自变量,应力为因变量,基于支持向量机(SVM)算法对拉伸压缩条件下的应力应变关系进行了描述,并对构建的关系式进行了误差分析。结果表明,在-40～75℃内,材料的拉伸强度和压缩强度均随温度的升高而劣化,应力应变曲线的非线性和拉压非对称性特征变化明显;同时,采用一组参数基于SVM算法实现了不同温度下TATB基PBX拉伸压缩应力应变关系的描述,解决了模型参数常随温度变化的问题,构建的关系式平均绝对百分比误差不超过7.77%,相关系数均大于0.998,表现出了良好的适用性。     

TATB基高聚物粘结炸药的蠕变特性研究

研究了一种含TATB的高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)的蠕变性能及其蠕变柔量函数形式。不同温度下的压缩破坏实验表明，其力学性能与温度强烈相关，实验中得到一个明显的转变温度区间(40-60℃)。多个温度条件下的压缩蠕变实验表明，高聚物粘结炸药可以视为简单热流变材料，符合时温等效原理。选取55℃作为参考温度，获得长时蠕变主曲线和柔量曲线。利用7级Prony级数模拟的蠕变柔量函数与试验叠合主曲线能很好地吻合。     

固化温度对PBX炸药结构和力学性能的影响研究

PBX(高聚物粘结炸药)固化后的内部结构直接影响其安全性,影响PBX结构形成的外界因素成为控制PBX安全性的主要条件。本文研究了不同固化温度下PBX的粘结强度、压缩强度和微观结构。结果表明:固化温度从60℃逐渐增加至100℃时,分子量为1 500的HTPB的粘结强度从342k Pa降为280k Pa;分子量为2 800的HTPB的粘结强度从389k Pa降为310k Pa;分子量为3 400的HTPB的粘结强度从399k Pa降为352k Pa;分子量为4 000的HTPB的粘结强度从390k Pa降为354k Pa。在此温度区间内,随着温度的增加,固化后PBX沿径向的压缩强度梯度增加,PBX粘结剂出现鼓包和裂纹及固体颗粒的裸露现象。从PBX内部性能的均匀性和安全性考虑,选取固化温度为60℃的固化工艺。     

F2314氟树脂在老化过程中的结晶度变化及其对力学性能的影响研究

对F2314氟树脂及以F2314为粘结剂的高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)进行了老化试验,老化前后检测了F2314的结晶度、贮存模量、损耗因子及以F2314为粘结剂的PBX的力学性能.结果表明F2314氟树脂在老化后结晶度升高,进而导致F2314在老化后贮存模量升高,损耗因子降低,以F2314为粘结剂的PBX在老化后其压缩强度和压缩模量也略有升高;但以F2314为粘结剂的PBX在老化后其拉伸强度和拉伸模量呈现下降的趋势,这也有可能是由于F2314结晶后其粘结性能变差导致界面作用减弱引起的.     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.