高Al、Ti含量镍基高温合金激光、微弧火花表面熔焊处理研究进展及解决熔焊裂纹的途径

Al、Ti是镍基高温合金主要沉淀强化元素,随着Al、Ti含量的增加,镍基高温合金γ'-Ni3(Al,Ti)相体积百分数增加,高温强度增加,但是热裂纹敏感性也随之增加,如何利用熔焊工艺实现高Al、Ti镍基高温合金材料的表面无损伤熔焊处理一直是高Al、Ti镍基高温合金叶片与热端部件制造与再制造面临的难题.文中从高温合金表面熔焊修复与强化问题出发,着重介绍了高温合金焊接冶金问题及焊接性改善途径、激光与微弧火花两种低热输入熔焊工艺在高温合金表面修复与强化领域的研究与应用进展.分析表明:高Al、Ti镍基高温合金表面熔焊处理的主要难题是其高的热裂纹敏感性,主要表现在焊接或焊后热处理过程中容易产生凝固裂纹、液化裂纹、应变时效裂纹,采用惰性气体保护、改变基体组织状态、使用低强度的合金焊料、降低热输入等措施可有效改善其焊接性;激光、微弧火花等低热输入焊接工艺在解决高Al、Ti镍基高温合金表面熔焊问题方面具有极大的潜力.     

高温合金熔化焊焊接性的研究进展

综述镍基高温合金和钴基高温合金熔化焊的研究现状,并阐述了焊接裂纹形成机理以及焊接工艺和合金成分对其焊接性的影响.镍基高温合金可以通过调整合金成分、析出相和晶界形貌、焊接工艺等来提高其焊接性.与沉淀强化型镍基高温合金相比,固溶强化钴基合金焊接性能良好,展现出良好的界面熔合性和较高的抗裂纹敏感性.新型沉淀强化钴基合金中γ/...     

Research Progress on Surface Impact Strengthening Mechanisms and Application of Nickel-Based SuperalloysEI北大核心CSCD

为满足不断攀升的两机涡轮动力系统的快速发展,表面冲击强化技术在涡轮转子用高温合金表面强化的应用及相应机制的研究受到了广泛关注。然而,高温合金表面硬化层在高温服役环境下的回复、再结晶行为难以避免,由此引起的表面强韧化、抗疲劳效果的退化,成为制约表面冲击强化技术在先进高温合金关键部件深入应用的瓶颈。本文总结了近年来镍基高温合金表面冲击强化机制及应用研究进展,分析了表面冲击强化对镍基高温合金表面强韧性及抗疲劳的作用规律,探究了高温合金表面冲击硬化层在高温及长期时效过程中的显微组织、微结构演化及其对高温稳定性的作用机理。以期为发展镍基高温合金表面冲击强化、提高两机涡轮转子疲劳抗力提供基础。     

铸造镍基高温合金增材修复技术的研究现状

铸造镍基高温合金广泛用于燃气轮机与航空发动机叶片等高温部件,长时间运行过程中经常发生叶片局部损伤失效,其维修或更换成本极高.通过增材修复来恢复局部损伤叶片的性能,将极大地降低制造成本、缩短制造周期、节约资源,具有极大的社会效益和市场价值.本文针对燃气轮机与航空发动机用铸造镍基高温合金部件的服役工况与失效形式,结合铸造镍...     

镍基高温合金叶片焊接修复技术的研究进展

镍基高温合金在整个高温合金领域内占有特殊重要的地位,它广泛地用来制造航空喷气发动机、各种工业燃气轮机的最热端部件,尤其是发动机的叶片.随着国内航空业的飞速发展,镍基高温合金叶片的先进焊接修复技术有着非常广阔的应用前景.综述了镍基高温合金叶片焊接修复技术的研究状况,主要涉及激光熔覆、堆焊和钎焊等方法,指出了这些方法的特点、最新进展及适用性.     

镍基高温合金Al-Si渗层高温氧化表面形貌分析

采用无机盐料浆法在镍基高温合金表面制备了Al-Si渗层.依据GB/T13303-91<钢的抗高温氧化性能测定方法>标准,用静态增重的试验方法,对制备了Al-Si渗层和未制备渗层的镍基高温合金进行了1 000℃恒温抗氧化性能试验.利用带能谱分析的扫描电镜(SEM/EDX)进行了渗层表面形貌观察和成分测试并用XRD-6000对氧化后的渗层进行相组成分析.研究结果表明:制备了Al-Si渗层的镍基高温合金在高温氧化过程中,渗层表面已转变成致密完整的α-Al2O3氧化膜,且渗层与基体合金的附着性良好,其抗高温氧化性能明显优于未制备渗层的镍基高温合金.     

焊条电弧堆焊自熔性合金复合粉末的研究

采用焊条电弧焊堆焊技术,在Q235钢表面堆焊铁基、铁基和镍基复合粉末.研究添加自熔性合金粉末后堆焊层的性能状况.利用金相显微镜对堆焊层的金相组织进行了研究,通过硬度和磨损试验测试了堆焊层表面的硬度和耐磨性.结果表明,添加铁基自熔性合金或铁镍混合自熔性合金粉末均提高了堆焊层的硬度,并且随着添加量的增加,硬度和耐磨性也有相应的提高,且铁基和镍基复合自熔性粉末比铁基自熔性合金粉末强化效果好.     

高温合金微晶涂层上氧化膜的修复性

本文研究了一种镍基高温合金K38G的微晶涂层上保护性氧化膜的修复性。结果表明,溅射微晶涂层上的氧化膜有优良的修复性,氧化膜剥落后,涂层仍具有优良的抗高温氧化性能。氧化膜局部小范围剥落后,表面仍能生成单一的Al_2O_3,氧化膜。氧化膜大面积剥落后,虽然生成由(Al、Cr)_2O_3与TiO_2组成的复合外氧化膜,但它具有优良的防护性和粘附性。     

镍基高温合金氧化膜焊前激光清洗工艺研究

利用激光清洗技术对镍基高温合金表面氧化膜实施焊前清洗,研究了镍基高温合金的氧化膜激光清洗工艺,通过扫描电镜、EDS能谱分析了清洗后表面的微观形貌及元素含量,测试了清洗前后基材的耐腐蚀性能及力学性能.结果表明,选用优化后的50W,150 kHz,30 mm/s,250 ns的脉冲激光清洗工艺参数能有效地去除合金表面原生氧...     

TiAl合金与镍基高温合金钎焊连接研究现状

Ni基高温合金以其优异的性能，如较高的强度、良好的抗氧化及抗腐蚀能力等，在飞行器领域得到了广泛应用。TiAl系高温合金因其熔点高、比强度高、密度低、抗蠕变性能好等优点，被认为是制造航天器和飞机发动机最有前途的工程材料之一。采用TiAl合金与Ni基高温合金钎焊构件取代部分Ni基高温合金，能更好地满足飞行器高速化、轻量化的发展要求。综述了TiAl合金与镍基高温合金的钎焊技术研究现状，通过对现有TiAl合金与镍基高温合金焊接性研究的分析，介绍了包括Ti基钎料、Ni基钎料等钎焊材料的选取，阐述不同钎焊材料与钎焊工艺接头界面物相形成机理，指出TiAl合金与镍基高温合金钎焊技术研究与发展过程中存在的不足，并展望了TiAl合金与镍基高温合金钎焊技术未来发展方向，为TiAl合金与镍基高温合金钎焊连接的相关研究和工程应用提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

超声振动对激光修复镍基高温合金晶粒特征及其缺陷的影响

目的 研究超声振动对激光修复镍基高温合金梯形槽修复区显微组织及力学性能的影响,为实现高温合金的高质量激光增材修复提供参考。方法 以镍基高温合金为基体和修复材料,并将超声振动引入激光增材修复过程中。采用光学显微镜,对比分析有无超声振动时梯形槽修复区的显微组织结构;采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等设备,表征不同超声功率下梯形槽修复区的晶粒取向、析出相分布和元素组成;结合试验研究与机理分析,揭示超声振动对修复区晶粒特征和缺陷的影响规律。结果 超声振动减少了梯形槽修复区底角的缺陷,修复区一次枝晶间距平均值由6.74 μm减至3.38 μm,晶粒平均尺寸由58.4 μm降至50.2 μm,等轴晶占比由46.6%增至63.4%,Laves相析出含量减少。当超声功率为4 000 W时,梯形槽修复区的平均显微硬度为256.2HV0.2,相较于无超声振动时提高了17.7HV0.2。结论 在超声振动作用下,梯形槽底角的熔合不良缺陷得到抑制,一次枝晶间距减小,长条状Laves相转变为颗粒状Laves相,且随着超声功率的增大,梯形槽修复区的平均显微硬度逐渐增大。     

Additive Manufacturing of Nickel-Based Superalloy Single Crystals with IN-738 Alloy

The production of non-weldable nickel-based superalloys, especially single-crystal superalloys, is important for additive manufacturing. Single-crystal specimens of non-weldable nickel-based superalloys were produced by electron beam selective melting using an IN-738 alloy. In this study, single-crystal nickel-based superalloy specimens of different sizes were prepared by a multiple preheating process and tight control of the melting parameters without the need for a grain selector or single-crystal seed for the first time. Electron backscattered diffraction measurements were performed to confirm the presence of a single crystal. The transition boundaries between the polycrystalline and single-crystal regions at the edges and bottom of the samples were characterized to analyze the formation of single crystals.     

Research Progress on the Crack Formation Mechanism and Cracking-Free Design of gamma' Phase Strengthened Nickel-Based Superalloys Fabricated by Selective Laser MeltingEI北大核心CSCD

传统牌号高强镍基高温合金具有较宽的凝固温度区间、较高比例的低熔点共晶相,在增材制造快速非平衡凝固过程中易产生裂纹等缺陷;同时,热处理过程中残余应力释放和γ’相快速析出导致应变时效裂纹的形成,严重限制了其在激光增材制造领域的应用与推广。基于此,本文综述了近年来国内外研究组及作者团队在选区激光熔化高强镍基高温合金裂纹形成机理与抗裂纹设计(成形工艺参数优化、热处理制度调控以及合金成分设计)领域相关的研究进展,并对激光增材制造γ’相强化镍基高温合金裂纹调控的研究进行了展望。     

Grain size based low cycle fatigue life prediction model for nickel-based superalloy

Nickel-based superalloys are easy to produce low cycle fatigue (LCF) damage when they are subjected to high temperature and mechanical stresses. Fatigue life prediction of nickel-based superalloys is of great importance for their reliable practical application. To investigate the effects of total strain and grain size on LCF behavior, the high temperature LCF tests were carried out for a nickel-based superalloy. The results show that the fatigue lives decreased with the increase of strain amplitude and grain size. A new LCF life prediction model was established considering the effect of grain size on fatigue life. Error analyses indicate that the prediction accuracy of the new LCF life model is higher than those of Manson-Coffin relationship and Ostergren energy method.     

Precision Cast vs. Wrought Superalloys

The advancement of jet engine technology has traditionally given wrought superalloys eminence when design calls for both reasonable high temperature strength and dynamic fracture reliability. Despite the attractiveness of cast superalloys for their improved buy-to-fly ratios and higher strengthening γ volume fractions, the expansion of polycrystalline castings into the more critical of the superalloy applications has been prevented by a lack of sufficient micro structural control in casting technology. Recently, however, advances in casting technology are making possible the production of defect tolerant superalloy castings with improved fracture reliability. This new generation of superalloy castings now offers serious competition to wrought superalloys. Never before have wrought superalloys been so seriously threatened by their cast counterparts.     

Tool wear characteristics in machining of nickel-based superalloys

Nickel-based superalloy is widely employed in aircraft engines and the hot end components of various types of gas turbines with its high strength, strong corrosion resistance and excellent thermal fatigue properties and thermal stability. However, nickel-based superalloy is one of the extremely difficult-to-cut materials. During the machining process, the interaction between the tool and the workpiece causes the severe plastic deformation in the local area of workpiece, and the intense friction at the tool–workpiece interface. The resulting cutting heat coupled with the serious work hardening leads to a series of flaws, such as excessive tool wear, frequent tool change, short tool life, low productivity, and large amount of power consumption etc., in which the excessive tool wear has become one of the main bottlenecks that constraints the machinability of nickel-based superalloys and its wide range of applications.In this article, attention is mainly focused on the tool wear characteristics in the machining of nickel-based superalloys, and the state of the art in the fields of failure mechanism, monitoring and prediction, and control of tool wear are reviewed. The survey of existing works has revealed several gaps in the aspects of tool self-organizing process based on the non-equilibrium thermodynamics, tool wear considering the tool nose radius, thermal diffusion layer in coated tools, tool life prediction based on the thermal–mechanical coupling, and industrial application of tool wear online monitoring devices. The review aims at providing an insight into the tool wear characteristics in the machining of nickel-based superalloys and shows the great potential for further investigations and innovation in the field of tool wear.     

搅拌摩擦固相修复技术研究现状及发展方向

金属结构件在生产和使用过程中易出现裂纹、孔洞和沟槽等缺陷,搅拌摩擦焊具有热输入量小、焊接变形小和焊接效率高等优点,在金属材料修复领域具有巨大的发展潜力。首先总结了搅拌摩擦焊修复的修复性能和特点。由于搅拌摩擦焊修复仅能修复裂纹及体积较小的沟槽等缺陷,对于其他类型缺陷难以有效修复。针对搅拌摩擦焊修复的局限性,介绍了基于搅拌摩擦焊原理的搅拌摩擦点焊修复和搅拌摩擦增材修复。搅拌摩擦点焊修复分为回填式搅拌摩擦点焊修复、填充搅拌摩擦焊修复和摩擦塞焊修复,主要用于匙孔等孔洞类缺陷的修复。阐述了各类搅拌摩擦点焊修复的工作原理、修复接头性能和强化方式,并对比分析了各类工艺的不足之处。搅拌摩擦增材修复分为复合增材修复和增材搅拌摩擦沉积修复,主要用于大面积、大体积类表面缺陷的修复,论述了各类搅拌摩擦增材修复的作用机制、沉积层性能和工艺特点。最后对搅拌摩擦点焊修复和搅拌摩擦增材修复存在的问题及未来发展方向进行了展望。     

激光成形修复技术在航空铸件修复中的应用

航空用结构钢、不锈钢、高温合金、钛合金等铸件多为复杂薄壁结构，铸件质量控制难度大，导致成本增加，加工周期往往难于保证。对于铸造过程中的冶金缺陷、铸件误加工缺陷以及零件服役过程中形成的损伤缺陷，采用激光成形修复技术进行修复是恢复零件使用性能，降低制造成本，缩短交货周期，延长使用寿命，节约能源和资源的有效途径。本文结合作者的研究成果，介绍激光成形修复技术及其发展现状。