苎麻麻骨掺杂餐厨垃圾堆肥对典型气体排放的影响

以纯餐厨垃圾为对照,向餐厨垃圾中掺杂20%(鲜重比)苎麻麻骨进行堆肥试验,比较掺杂前后有害气体排放的规律,并结合堆体中元素的形态转化对其机理进行初步讨论。结果表明,堆肥30 d中,苎麻麻骨掺杂使餐厨垃圾腐熟速度显著提高,且对各种气体的排放均有不同影响。(1)有害气体方面,掺杂苎麻麻骨,可使H_2S的排放量显著降低,日均减少排放量1.036 mg/m³;而NH_3与N_2O的排放量,与堆体中的N元素形态有关,在不同时期,NH_3/N_2O呈不同值;(2)温室气体方面:掺杂苎麻麻骨,CH_4和CO_2排放的最高浓度分别出现于第12 d和第4 d,堆肥全程CH_4的排放降低了62 mg/m3;而NH_3与N_2O的排放量,与堆体中的N元素形态有关,在不同时期,NH_3/N_2O呈不同值;(2)温室气体方面:掺杂苎麻麻骨,CH_4和CO_2排放的最高浓度分别出现于第12 d和第4 d,堆肥全程CH_4的排放降低了62 mg/m³,而CO_2增加了2.76 mg/m3,而CO_2增加了2.76 mg/m³;(3)养分元素保留方面,掺杂苎麻麻骨,对TN和TS的保留能力分别提高了5.48%和3.87%。主要原因在于苎麻麻骨掺杂后显著改善了堆体的物理结构,如使堆体孔隙增加,C/N增加,促进了堆体的含氧率和气体扩散速率,使堆体中的好养菌种活性显著强于厌氧菌种。此外,苎麻麻骨自身具有的较强吸附性,也是其能保留养分元素的重要因素之一。     

苎麻麻骨掺杂餐厨垃圾堆肥对典型气体排放的影响

以纯餐厨垃圾为对照,向餐厨垃圾中掺杂20%(鲜重比)苎麻麻骨进行堆肥试验,比较掺杂前后有害气体排放的规律,并结合堆体中元素的形态转化对其机理进行初步讨论。结果表明,堆肥30 d中,苎麻麻骨掺杂使餐厨垃圾腐熟速度显著提高,且对各种气体的排放均有不同影响。(1)有害气体方面,掺杂苎麻麻骨,可使H_2S的排放量显著降低,日均减少排放量1.036 mg/m~3;而NH_3与N_2O的排放量,与堆体中的N元素形态有关,在不同时期,NH_3/N_2O呈不同值;(2)温室气体方面:掺杂苎麻麻骨,CH_4和CO_2排放的最高浓度分别出现于第12 d和第4 d,堆肥全程CH_4的排放降低了62 mg/m~3,而CO_2增加了2.76 mg/m~3;(3)养分元素保留方面,掺杂苎麻麻骨,对TN和TS的保留能力分别提高了5.48%和3.87%。主要原因在于苎麻麻骨掺杂后显著改善了堆体的物理结构,如使堆体孔隙增加,C/N增加,促进了堆体的含氧率和气体扩散速率,使堆体中的好养菌种活性显著强于厌氧菌种。此外,苎麻麻骨自身具有的较强吸附性,也是其能保留养分元素的重要因素之一。     

接种生物菌剂对菌糠堆肥过程中腐植酸变化的影响

以食用菌菌糠为原料,进行堆肥试验,堆肥持续时间为36天。测定堆肥过程中的温度、p H以及腐植酸含量的变化规律。试验结果表明:接种生物菌剂可以加快堆体的升温速度并延长高温期;堆体中黄腐酸含量、p H值呈先上升后下降的趋势;游离腐植酸含量呈先上升再下降后上升的趋势,而总腐植酸含量呈先下降后上升的趋势,水溶性腐植酸的含量一直上升直到堆肥结束。堆肥结束后,处理组的各种形态的腐植酸含量显著高于对照组。表明接种生物菌剂有利于加快堆肥进程,提高堆肥品质。     

堆肥法处理含油河道沉积物的研究

通过使用秸秆与两种有机肥的混合物处理受原油污染河道沉积物,探讨了堆肥法处理含油河道沉积物的可行性。堆肥全程120天,动态监测了堆制过程当中总石油烃含量、温度、C/N/P比例及功能微生物数量变化,测定了堆制前后石油组分变化。结果表明,堆肥组石油烃总含量从(26.83±1)g/kg降至(17.22±0.74)g/kg,降解率达到36%;堆体于第50天达到最高温52℃;C/N/P比例呈现下降趋势;堆肥全程功能微生物活性高,烃降解菌和芳烃降解菌与堆制前比较增加了近4个数量级。堆肥处理后,沉积物中各理化指标均达到《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置农用泥质》(CJ-T309-2009)中施用标准。     

不同堆置措施对园林废弃物堆肥的影响

通过对堆肥采取不同的堆置措施,研究了调节C/N和添加复合菌剂对园林废弃物堆肥理化性质的影响.结果表明,C/N的调节和复合菌剂的添加均有利于堆肥养分含量的增加和品质的提高.C/N的调节有利于堆肥中全K和有效N的累积,并对pH和EC以及堆肥的C/N有较大影响.复合菌剂的添加还有利于堆肥中全N的增加和有机质的降解.两种措施均...     

农业固体废物堆肥影响因素研究进展

农业生产生活排放了大量的农业固体废物,不合理的处理方法会造成严重的环境污染。好氧堆肥技术利用微生物降解有机固体废物中的有机质并转化肥料,是农业固体废物的资源化处理的一种有效方法。好氧堆肥过程通常受堆料性质(含水率、颗粒度、C/N比)和堆肥条件(通风条件、温度及微生物菌剂)等因素的影响,目前已有较多相关研究。本文介绍了农业固体废物堆肥技术各影响因素的相关研究进展。     

两种微生物菌种对园林废弃物高温堆肥影响的研究

以园林废弃物为主要原料,采用高温好氧堆肥工艺,研究了园林废弃物堆肥体系中加入两种微生物菌剂(大华酵素菌速腐剂、金葵子腐杆剂)后温度、物理、化学性质的变化及其对园林废弃物堆肥品质的影响。结果表明,两种微生物菌剂中大华酵素菌对园林废弃物高温腐熟效果较优。添加微生物菌剂的堆肥处理都在堆肥3d后进入高温分解阶段,其中大华酵素菌的堆肥处理温度提高快,温度高且持续时间长,高温(65℃)持续时间可达10d。添加大华酵素菌的处理,腐熟后粒径较小,总养分高于金葵籽腐杆剂,改善了堆肥产品的品质。     

食用菌废菌棒堆肥生产有机肥的研究

研究以食用菌废菌棒、猪粪、农作物秸秆为原料堆肥生产有机肥的工艺条件.为期50d的堆垛式高温堆肥试验结果表明,接种芽孢杆菌后,堆垛温度可达到50℃以上,并持续15～20 d,w(N+P2O5+K2O)为5.30％,pH为7.8～8.2,w(H2O)为38％～40％,w(有机质)为45.58％,为堆肥效果较好.     

接种菌剂对鸡粪堆肥腐殖酸的影响

以鸡粪和稻草为原料进行条垛式堆肥,接种芽孢杆菌菌剂,堆肥共持续42d。堆肥过程中接种菌剂处理和对照的总腐殖酸含量呈现出先下降然后上升趋势。堆肥前3d接种菌剂处理和对照的总腐殖酸含量基本相同,第7天接种菌剂处理总腐殖酸含量开始大于对照,堆肥结束时接种菌剂堆肥的总腐殖酸含量为23．1％,而对照的为17．2％。     

生活垃圾和粪便堆肥温度变化及物质组分转化特性研究

以哈尔滨市生活垃圾和脱水后的新鲜粪便为原料进行好氧堆肥,实现其无害化和资源化。探讨含水率、初始温度和翻堆作用对堆体温度动态变化的影响规律,并分析水溶性有机碳、氨态氮、硝态氮以及耗氧速率等组分在好氧堆肥化过程中的转化特性。结果表明,初始含水率对堆体升温影响较大,其值以53.5%~60.0%为宜。堆料初始温度和堆肥初期翻堆对堆肥过程影响较小,经高温堆腐后翻堆对堆体温度影响较大。堆肥过程中堆体含水率和水溶性有机碳变化呈先降后升再降的变化规律,而氨氮和硝态氮转化趋势相反;此外,堆体耗氧速率呈先升后降的趋势,其最大值为1.58 mg O_2·gvss~(-1)·h~(-1),堆肥过程中嗜温和嗜热微生物种群是顺序演替的。     

Nitrate accumulation and greenhouse gas emissions during compost storage

Greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O) are emitted during livestock manure handling, including composting, storage and land application. However, published data on emission rates of these gases during storage are sparse. In this study, the levels of GHG emissions and N levels during compost storage were investigated. The compost materials were produced by composting livestock manure for 133 d with 0, 10, 20 and 30% phosphogypsum (PG) or 10, 20 and 30% sand amendment. These compost materials were then stored on a clay pad for 233 d. Results from this study indicated that TN content did not change but mineral N content increased significantly during the 233 d storage for all treatments. The higher mineral N content in compost increases its agronomic value. There were only trace amounts of CH₄ and N₂O emissions. The C loss during storage was mainly as CO₂ and accounted for about 2.9 to 10% of total C initially in the compost. This information is vital to livestock manure life cycle analysis, and can be used to develop best manure management strategies that reduce GHG emissions from livestock production. The LRC Contribution No. 387-06006.     

Interactions and coupling between emissions of methane and nitrous oxide from animal husbandry

The gases methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) contribute to global warming, while N₂O also affects the ozone layer. Sources of greenhouse gas emissions in animal husbandry include animals, animal houses (indoor storage of animal excreta), outdoor storage, manure and slurry treatment (e.g., composting, anaerobic treatment), land application and chemical fertilisers. Although in many countries emphasis is put on reduction of environmental pollution by nutrients, ammonia emission and odour nuisance, reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases will become equally important in the near future to meet integrated sustainability criteria (1997 Kyoto protocol). Emissions of greenhouse gases differ in origin. Methane from animal husbandry is for a large part endogenous, and may be hard to reduce in intensive animal production. Methane emission reduction strategies should focus on its use as fuel or preventing its formation, mainly during on-farm storage (indoor, outside) or treatment through control of critical processes (degradation of organic matter) and critical factors (e.g., temperature). Nitrous oxide is mainly produced during the aerobic storage and treatment of animal excreta, as well as after land spreading. As N₂O basically is an intermediate product of complex biochemical processes (nitrification, denitrification), optimal process conditions are the key issues in N₂O emission reduction strategies from animal husbandry. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Greenhouse gas emissions when composting manure from cattle fed wheat dried distillers’ grains with solubles

Dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) are a co-product of ethanol production that is increasingly available for use as a livestock feed. Including DDGS in diets could affect animal manure properties and impact manure management strategies. The objectives of this study were to investigate changes in the rate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during composting and final properties of manure compost when DDGS is included in feedlot cattle diets. Treatments were: (1) Control; manure from cattle fed a typical finishing diet containing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain and silage and (2) DDGS; manure from cattle fed a finishing diet with 60% DDGS from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the dietary ration. Manure, consisting of feces, urine and wood shavings, was composted in open windrows. Samples were collected for analysis at initiation and completion of composting. Greenhouse gas surface fluxes were collected weekly during the first 4 weeks and every 2–3 weeks for the remainder of the composting period. The DDGS compost had lower total C, but similar total N (TN) content relative to Control, reflecting the initial manure conditions. The DDGS compost also had higher moisture, higher water-extractable NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻, a greater fraction of TN in available form, and a lower pH than the Control. The O₂ consumption and N₂O emission from DDGS compost were higher, whereas CO₂ and CH₄ emissions were similar to Control. The higher N₂O emissions from DDGS compost were likely related to the high water-extractable N content in DDGS manure. Increased use of DDGS in feedlot diets may have environmental repercussions that include greater emissions of GHG (N₂O) during manure composting. From an end user perspective, enhanced availability of N could increase the nutrient value of the compost for crop production.     

牛粪与稻草混合堆肥理化性质转变特征

以奶牛粪便和稻草秸秆为原料,进行高温好氧堆肥过程中物料理化特性转变的研究。研究结果表明,堆肥物料先后经历了升温期、高温期和降温期。高温阶段堆体温度达到57℃,高温期维持9d;经降温期充分腐熟,堆肥物料中的有机质含量明显降低。堆肥过程结束后,堆肥产品中的TN、NO3--N、TP和速效磷等含量均有增加,增幅分别为22.45%、41.46%、68.98%和13.60%;堆肥物料中营养元素的植物利用有效性得到提高。经过高温好氧堆肥处理后,牛粪可实现无害化、稳定化和资源化。     

Reducing ammonia emission from poultry manure composting via struvite formation

Composting can provide a viable alternative for poultry manure management in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia, Canada. However, it has a high potential for ammonia emission because of the high nitrogen content of poultry litter. The objective of this study was to reduce ammonia emission by precipitating ammonia into struvite before it can volatilize from the composting matrix. Nitrogen transformation occurs during composting, but struvite formation can help to conserve nitrogen, and does not allow a large amount of nitrogen to be released into the environment as ammonia or nitrate, because ammonium‐nitrogen becomes bound in struvite. It would also be possible to remove phosphorus from the manure. A laboratory‐scale experiment was conducted to examine the feasibility of struvite formation during poultry manure composting. Magnesium and phosphate salts were supplemented to create favorable conditions to form struvite. Results indicated that ammonia emission was reduced by 40% to 84%, while the nitrogen retention in compost was enhanced. The struvite formed in compost was confirmed by means of X‐ray diffraction; and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

堆肥过程中的微生物研究

堆肥是由群落结构演替非常迅速的多个微生物群体共同作用而实现固体废物无害化的动态过程。作者通过分析相关研究结果,在文章介绍了开发和研究微生物堆肥的一些微观过程。微生物群落演替,在降解有机材料中对微生物的选择和应用,堆肥微生物研究方向中微生物的应用被用来研究堆肥中的微生物。得出结论是,在研究堆肥中微生物时应把重点放在分子生物学方法的利用和能降解多种有机材料的高效率的,复杂的和稳定的微生物群落。微生物群落应在构建系微生物的基础上提高其适应复杂条件的能力以求达到群落优势度。     

Emission of carbon monoxide during composting of dung and green waste

Emissions of CO were observed during composting of green waste from landscape care, during windrow composting of livestock waste, and on a laboratory scale, during biodegradation of biomass in a temperature and ventilation controlled substrate container. An FT-IR spectrometer was utilised for gas analysis. The maximum concentrations of CO were about 120 ppm in compost piles of green waste, about 10 ppm during composting of livestock waste, and about 160 ppm during laboratory experiments. The total flux ratio of CO-C to CO₂-C was for composting of green waste 5 10⁻⁴. For windrow composting, the ratio of CO-C to CO₂-C was 4.7 10⁻⁴ and the mean total flux of CO was 2.8 g m⁻². By laboratory studies, the ratio between CO-C and CO₂-C was in the range between 2.9 10⁻⁵ and 2.7 10⁻⁴. The emission of CO depends on temperature. Physical-chemical processes in connection with microbial activities are assumed to be the source for the temperature-time dependence of the CO-emissions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于生物炭强化有机固废好氧堆肥资源化的研究进展

好氧堆肥是实现有机固体废物无害化、稳定化以及资源化的有效手段。近年来,生物炭作为一种堆肥调理剂在优化堆肥环境参数、加速堆肥进程与提升堆肥品质等方面显示出广阔的前景。生物炭具有丰富的多孔结构和巨大的比表面积以及高效的持水能力、阳离子交换能力和吸附能力,这些性质对促进堆肥进程有巨大优势,比如强化微生物群落活性、促进有机物降解与腐殖质形成、减少臭气和温室气体排放、降低重金属和抗生素以及其他污染物的生物有效性等。本文综述了生物炭在不同类型有机废弃物好氧堆肥过程中的作用,总结了基于生物炭的强化手段在堆肥中的应用,并提出了生物炭未来研究的发展方向,旨在从功能材料方面优化好氧堆肥工艺,并为生物炭在好氧堆肥中的应用提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

低氧条件下生物反硝化过程中N2O的产量

利用SBR反应器,控制曝气量为0.3 L·min-1,通过改变N2∶O2比例,调节反硝化过程中DO浓度,以连续投加乙醇作为反硝化碳源,考察了低氧条件下NO-3N反硝化过程及N2O的产量。结果表明,DO对反硝化菌的活性具有明显的抑制作用。DO由0增至0.7 mg·L-1,NO-3N还原速率由18.12 mg N·(g MLSS)-1·h-1降至11.37 mg N·( gMLSS)-1·h-1,系统N2O产量由0.23 mg·L-1增至1.74 mg·L-1。其原因为：(1)较高的NO-2N浓度导致系统反硝化速率降低,N2O积累并释放;（2）DO对N2O还原酶活性具有明显的抑制作用。降低缺氧-好氧生物脱氮过程中缺氧反应器内部DO含量,是减少生物脱氮过程中N2O产量的关键因素。     

电场增强低温等离子催化合成C_2烃

引　言目前 ,将甲烷直接转化为乙烷、乙烯、乙炔等碳二烃的主要方法有常规催化氧化偶联、膜催化、电化学反应、微波热裂解和等离子体反应[1] .大多数甲烷直接转化主要集中在氧化偶联反应 ,如催化转化甲烷和氧气合成乙烷和水 ,乙烷进一步生成乙烯和少量高碳烃 .生成的烃类 (乙烷、乙烯、乙炔和高碳烃 )常被称为Ｃ2 +.因为乙烯的市场需求大和价格高 ,所以乙烯是主要的目的产物 .除碳二烃外 ,还常易生成ＣＯ和ＣＯ2 .这不仅减少碳二烃的生成 ,而且是强放热反应 ,移出反应热是工业生产中很困难的工程问题 ,不利于反应进行 .甲烷偶联反应的目标是…