重载列车纵向冲动动力学分析及试验研究

构建基于货车冲击试验数据的缓冲器修正模型模拟缓冲器动力学特性,该模型包含附加阻尼和黏滞摩擦;建立列车空气制动系统多参数数学简化模型表征重载列车空气制动特性;建立以缓冲器动力学模型及空气制动系统模型为基础的列车纵向冲动动力学模型,分析重载组合列车在不同线路条件和制动作用下的纵向动力学行为。结果表明:缓冲器动力学修正模型能较为真实地反映出冲击试验中缓冲器的磁滞特性、尖峰现象及过渡曲线的平稳连接;列车空气制动系统模型能够仿真获得与试验结果相近的制动缸充气特性曲线;采用列车纵向冲动动力学模型仿真获得的大秦线重载组合列车纵向车钩力分布与列车试验值相符。     

典型线路下重载机车胶泥缓冲器泄漏故障分析

针对典型线路下重载机车使用的缓冲器QKX100出现的胶泥泄漏现象,使用铁科院纵向动力学计算软件进行典型线路下重载货运列车的纵向动力学计算;结合胶泥芯子的结构原理,分析钩缓系统故障产生的原因。分析结果表明:在持续的陡坡线路上,变坡度会引起车钩力的剧烈变化,而在进行循环制动时,列车的中后部出现较大纵向冲动;而在此种线路条件下,QKX100弹性胶泥缓冲器的作用也越频繁,因此缓冲器动密封圈的磨损就会加大,胶泥泄漏的也就越大。为了改善缓冲器工作状态,应采用适当的机车操作、合理的列车编组以及更严格的缓冲器生产管控。     

货车连挂方式对万吨重载列车循环制动过程纵向冲动影响分析

基于纵向动力学理论,分析了货车连挂分别采用车钩、两连挂和三连挂的3种万吨重载列车编组在长大下坡道上循环制动过程中的纵向冲动特征,结果表明:3种列车编组循环制动周期内车钩力和加速度沿列车方向分布规律一致,其最大拉钩力和最大压钩力均出现在列车中部,最大加速度出现在列车端部;列车循环制动过程中的最大车钩力出现在制动缓解后,车钩力呈现出"先拉后压"的趋势;制动初速对循环制动过程中的纵向冲动影响较小,其纵向车钩力和加速度均随车钩间隙增大而增大。实际运用中应根据线路条件合理搭配使用牵引杆,兼顾其启动和曲线通过能力。     

重载列车安全运行非稳态冲动模型研究

在列车空气制动与纵向动力学联合仿真模型基础上,建立以车辆质点运行轨迹为自然坐标系的纵向作用力传递模型。建立线路模型求得连挂车辆处在线路中的位置坐标,应用双向逼近法求解心盘处坐标。将车体与车钩位置坐标构造成矢量,采用数量积与矢量积方法分别求解车钩摆角的大小和方向。再基于缓冲器与车钩间力的作用关系,求解车钩横向和垂向分力。应用力矩平衡原理建立准静态车辆模型,参考单轮对脱轨评价指标对列车运行安全性进行评估。对运行在大秦铁路上单编万吨列车进行仿真,分析列车制动、线路条件、列车运行速度等综合因素对安全指标的影响。着重分析列车冲动的机理,为列车安全平稳操纵提供参考。该系统实现了同步仿真计算列车操纵中制动、纵向冲动、线路运行条件及脱轨安全性指标等与列车运行相关的重要数据,并能够同步显示。     

列车纵向冲动仿真建模的研究

列车纵向动力学性能是影响列车运行质量和运行安全的重要因素。制动工况变换则是导致列车冲动的主要原因。针对列车在制动工况下的纵向动力学分析，详细论述了列车纵向冲动仿真建模的过程。在Matlab／Simulink仿真模块中，可以计算出每节车体的加速度及车钩力大小，为进一步分析并减轻列车纵向冲动提供了理论基础。     

3万吨列车编组方案车钩力研究

重载列车事故多与车钩力过大相关，降低车钩力是重载列车最需优先考虑的因素。本文利用列车纵向动力学仿真系统，仿真分析了3万吨列车各种编组模式的车钩力水平。根据列车运行使用常用制动和可能的最大车钩力发生工况，选择常用制动减压50 kPa制动停车、常用制动减压170 kPa、紧急制动和常用制动减压50k Pa后缓解四种工况分析各种编组列车车钩力水平。计算结果表明，3万吨重载列车车钩力最优编组方案为1+108+1+108+1+108+1，常用制动减压50 kPa、170 kPa和紧急制动最大压钩力分别为-426 kN、-900 kN、-1447 kN，常用制动减压50 kPa后缓解最大拉钩力为446 kN。1+162+1+162+1编组方案次之，1+1+1+324编组方案不适合3万吨列车。     

牵引杆连接重载重联机车可行性研究

与钩缓装置相比,牵引杆制造简单、检修方便,如能采用牵引杆代替钩缓装置连接重载重联电力机车,重联机车的制造和运用维护成本将显著降低。利用TDEAS列车纵向动力学软件建立‘1+1’编组牵引2万吨列车模型,分析重联机车采用牵引杆连接对列车纵向冲动的影响,再利用SIMPACK多体动力学软件建立了1台重联机车及2节简化货车组成的列车模型,重联机车分别采用13A型钩缓装置和牵引杆连接。通过机车的轮轴横向力、脱轨系数和轮重减载率等动力学性能指标对比分析牵引杆和钩缓装置的承压能力。结果表明:重联机车采用牵引杆连接对减少列车纵向冲动的影响很小;13A型车钩缓冲器能在直线上承受2500kN的纵向压力,而采用牵引杆连接的重联机车承受同样大小的纵向压力是非常危险的。因此,用牵引杆代替重联机车钩缓装置是不可行的。     

考虑压钩力作用的重载铁路曲线钢轨磨耗研究

为研究重载列车在曲线上由纵向冲动产生的压钩力对曲线钢轨磨耗的影响,基于车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论和轮轨磨耗理论,建立车辆动力学模型和轮轨磨耗模型,分析了不同压钩力作用下重载列车运行安全性及小半径曲线钢轨的磨耗规律.计算结果表明,小于400 kN的压钩力对钢轨磨耗和车辆运行安全影响不大,当压钩力大于800 kN后会导致车钩...     

浅谈朔黄铁路2万吨重载列车操纵优化及应对措施

朔黄铁路2万吨重载列车自开行以来,随着列车编组方式不同、车体制动力、线路坡道、自然环境、曲线、分相等条件的限制。运行中受纵向力影响而导致停车的问题日趋凸显。因此,为了保证2万吨重载列车平稳运行,减少列车纵向受力对运输的干扰是一直需要攻克的重点课题。本文通过对试验数据进行分析、梳理循环制动受力点、优化操纵提示卡等方法,减少2万吨重载列车纵向受力,提高列车的安全运行品质。     

朔黄铁路重载列车电控空气制动试验研究

重载列车的制动技术是重载运输发展的关键。针对国内朔黄铁路,对重载列车电控空气制动系统进行试验研究,比较分析有无电控空气制动系统作用下列车制动系统的性能指标。实验结果显示：电控空气制动系统性能指标达到设计要求,在缓解车钩作用力、同步列车管及制动缸压力和缩短制动距离等方面具有明显的优势,该电控空气制动系统能够保证重载长、大列车运行的安全性。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.