碱处理对农作物秸秆中木质素含量的影响

纤维素作为高吸水性树脂的制备原料,其在农作物秸秆中的含量与高吸水性树脂的吸水率密切相关。纤维素、半纤维素、木质素共存于农作物秸秆中,需通过碱处理除去木质素和半纤维素,以提高纤维素在农作物秸秆中的含量。为寻找合适的制备高吸水性树脂的原料,采用硫酸法(Klason法)测定了小麦秸秆、棉花秸秆和玉米秸秆碱处理前后的木质素含量。结果表明,碱处理可以显著降低农作物秸秆中木质素含量;未经碱处理的小麦秸秆、棉花秸秆、玉米秸秆中的木质素含量分别为15.97%、15.46%、19.34%,碱处理后的木质素含量分别为8.31%、12.45%、1.85%,较碱处理前分别减少了约50%、20%、90%;玉米秸秆中的木质素含量在碱处理后降低最明显,更适宜作为高吸水性树脂的制备原料。     

酸碱预处理对泥炭理化性质的影响

以草本泥炭、木本泥炭、藓类泥炭为研究对象,研究了酸、碱预处理对泥炭理化性质的影响,采用差重法和重铬酸钾容量法测定纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、有机质、总腐植酸和水溶性腐植酸含量,并对处理前后泥炭的紫外可见光谱、红外光谱、扫描电镜照片进行分析比较.结果表明,酸、碱预处理均能使泥炭的纤维素、半纤维素或木质素发生降解,继而转化为...     

好氧生物预处理时间对玉米秸秆水解酸化的影响

以玉米秸秆为原料,先经复合菌系进行好氧生物预处理,然后接种厌氧污泥进行厌氧发酵,考察了预处理时间对厌氧发酵的影响,并测定木质纤维素结构及含量变化、关键性酶活、微生物多样性和厌氧发酵酸化产量。研究结果表明：随着预处理时间的延长,玉米秸秆的结构逐渐被破坏,木质素过氧化物酶活性逐渐降低,木聚糖酶和纤维素酶活性逐渐升高,最高分别达0.879和0.025 7 U/mg。放线菌、芽孢杆菌和曲霉菌是秸秆好氧生物预处理中的优势菌群。玉米秸秆经好氧生物预处理2 d,厌氧发酵产酸效果最佳,乙醇和挥发性脂肪酸产量为249.3 mg/g,比未处理提高了46.73%;玉米秸秆经好氧生物预处理5 d,乙醇和挥发性脂肪酸产量为138.2 mg/g,比未处理降低了18.66%。过长的玉米秸秆好氧预处理时间会使玉米秸秆中半纤维素、纤维素过度降解,这是造成玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产酸量下降的主要原因。以能源化、资源化为目的的玉米秸秆厌氧发酵预处理时,利用复合菌系好氧生物处理作为其预处理方法,应严格控制预处理时间,避免因为纤维素、半纤维素过度降解导致的产品产率下降问题。     

氧气辅助湿热预处理对玉米秸秆酒精发酵的影响

为了解氧气（O₂）在玉米秸秆湿热预处理中的作用,优化玉米秸秆酒精生产工艺,本文采用三种不同湿热预处理条件处理玉米秸秆,即条件1（195℃,15min）、条件2（195℃,15min,12bar O₂）和条件3（195℃,15min,12bar O₂,2g/L Na₂CO₃）,并利用酿酒酵母对预处理后的玉米秸秆同步糖化发酵酒精工艺（SSF）进行了研究。实验结果表明：经过预处理,玉米秸秆分为固体滤饼与水解液两部分,其中绝大部分纤维素以固体形式保留在滤饼中,而半纤维素和木质素由于不稳定则发生了部分水解或降解。三种预处理条件下纤维素总体收率分别为91.2%、94.6%和95.9%,半纤维素总体收率分别为74.5%、50.3%和68.2%,固体滤饼中木质素质量分数分别为25.2%、17.5%和13.7%,纤维素酶解葡萄糖率分别为64.8%、65.8%和67.6%。表明氧气对纤维素收率影响不大,能够促进半纤维素的溶出。氧气主要与木质素发生反应,尤其与碱性物质碳酸钠（Na₂CO₃）结合,能够促进木质素降解,从而获得了较高的纤维素收率和纤维素酶解葡萄糖率。因此在底物质量分数8%,经过酿酒酵母142h发酵,经条件3处理的玉米秸秆获得的酒精浓度最高,最终酒精浓度达到25.0g/L,并且整个发酵过程没有明显的抑制作用产生。     

玉米秸秆稀酸蒸汽爆破协同作用机制研究

以玉米秸秆原料,进行蒸汽爆破处理,比较了水蒸气蒸爆、稀酸和稀酸蒸爆3种预处理方法,通过对3种预处理过程中米秸秆纤维组分变化、纤维素和半纤维素降解产物和玉米秸秆结构分析以及酶解试验,探讨稀酸蒸汽爆破的协同作用机制.结果表明,稀酸蒸爆协同作用包括稀酸的软化和蒸汽爆破的活化两种机制:一是通过稀酸脱除大部分的半纤维素破坏了半纤...     

NaOH处理对杨树木质特性的影响

用不同浓度NaOH对杨树进行预处理,分析经过处理后不同品种杨树的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素含量的变化。结果表明,经NaOH处理后杨树中的纤维素含量明显增加,半纤维素和木质素含量明显减少。2%的NaOH溶液处理效果最好。NaOH溶液处理可以显著促进杨树木质素和半纤维素向纤维素的转化,是一种较为有效的以杨树为原料制取燃料乙醇的预处理方法。     

秸秆预处理方法的筛选

农作物秸秆组分结构特殊,秸秆中的木质纤维素很难被酸和酶降解。解决了木质素的降解问题,就能提高秸秆的降解性能。研究开发适宜的预处理技术是一种重要的降解木质素方法。通过预处理技术,使木质纤维素首先降解成简单成分,从而有利于随后的厌氧消化过程。通过试验,分析了不同的预处理方法对秸秆组分降解率的影响和污泥预处理方法的筛选,最终得出：最佳预处理方法为稀硫酸预处理法,处理条件如下：硫酸浓度：0．7％;处理温度：121℃;预处理时间：1h。     

秸秆及其主要组分的催化热解及动力学研究

利用热重分析法考察了农作物大豆、高粱、玉米、水稻秸秆及其主要成分半纤维素、纤维素和木质素等以碳酸钠为催化剂时的热解行为．结果表明，秸秆的主要热解区间为200℃～400℃，此温度区挥发分析出量约占整个温度区析出量的80％～90％．半纤维素、纤维素和木质素3种组分的热解特性差异很大，其中半纤维素热解主要集中在250℃～340℃范围，纤维素在300℃～400℃范围，而木质素的热解发生在一个相当宽的范围内．热解温度为600℃时，纤维素的热解转化率最高，半纤维素次之，木质素最低．催化剂使秸秆及半纤维素的主要热解区向低温区间移动．催化剂的加入可使半纤维素转化率略有提高，而对纤维素的作用与对半纤维素的作用正好相反．催化剂对木质素的影响最为显著，其DTG曲线由无催化剂时的单峰变为一大一小两个峰，主要热解区间向低温区移动较大，转化率也有所提高．动力学研究结果表明：秸秆、半纤维素和纤维素的热解在主要热解区间都可以用单段一级反应过程描述，而木质素为两段连续一级反应过程．     

瞬间弹射蒸汽爆破联用化学法预处理玉米秸秆的组分和酶解分析

以瞬间弹射蒸汽爆破(instant catapult steam explosion, ICSE)为基础,联用稀酸法、碱法、氨水法、有机溶剂法以及离子液体法进行预处理,对不同方法采用组分和酶解分析,以探索出一种绿色和高效的预处理方法.ICSE处理后的物料能够显著促进传统的化学预处理过程,其中ICSE与碱法联用预处理的糖收率最高,达到了77.54%,而ICSE与离子液体联用预处理后糖收率比单纯使用离子液体提高了7.78倍,达到了60.04%.选取ICSE与离子液体联用预处理过程作为最优预处理方法,并对其采用傅里叶-红外光谱、X射线晶体衍射和扫描电镜进行表征,经ICSE处理后玉米秸秆变得蓬松且不完整,半纤维素组分减少,促进离子液体对于纤维素的溶解;而与离子液体联用预处理后,物料纤维素和木质素相应官能团吸收峰增强,纤维素结晶构型由纤维素-Ⅰ型转变为纤维素-Ⅱ型,结晶指数降低.     

基于显微红外成像技术的碱处理丝瓜络纤维的研究

为了更好地研究碱处理浓度对丝瓜络成分的影响,采用显微红外成像技术对不同浓度碱处理后的丝瓜络进行表征。研究结果表明,碱处理可有效去除丝瓜络中的半纤维素,从而使纤维素含量增加。碱处理2 h条件下,5%的碱溶液即可去除丝瓜络中绝大部分的半纤维素,对于木质素去除也有一定效果;继续提高碱处理浓度并不会进一步降低半纤维素含量,且对木质素去除也没有明显效果,木质素相对含量反而有所上升。与传统的红外光谱法相比,采用显微红外成像技术可研究不同碱处理后丝瓜络中的半纤维素、木质素和纤维素在各扫描微区的组分分布情况,使丝瓜络纤维在碱处理前后形貌及其含量分析表达更加直观,具有图谱合一、可视性、高灵敏度等优点。     

Pretreatment Strategies to Enhance Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Cellulosic Ethanol Production for Biorefinery of Corn Stover

There is a rising interest in bioethanol production from lignocellulose such as corn stover to decrease the need for fossil fuels, but most research mainly focuses on how to improve ethanol yield and pays less attention to the biorefinery of corn stover. To realize the utilization of different components of corn stover in this study, different pretreatment strategies were used to fractionate corn stover while enhancing enzymatic digestibility and cellulosic ethanol production. It was found that the pretreatment process combining dilute acid (DA) and alkaline sodium sulfite (ASS) could effectively fractionate the three main components of corn stover, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, that xylose recovery reached 93.0%, and that removal rate of lignin was 85.0%. After the joint pretreatment of DA and ASS, the conversion of cellulose at 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis reached 85.4%, and ethanol concentration reached 48.5 g/L through fed-batch semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (S-SSF) process when the final concentration of substrate was 18% (w/v). Pretreatment with ammonium sulfite resulted in 83.8% of lignin removal, and the conversion of cellulose and ethanol concentration reached 86.6% and 50 g/L after enzymatic hydrolysis of 72 h and fed-batch S-SSF, respectively. The results provided a reference for effectively separating hemicellulose and lignin from corn stover and producing cellulosic ethanol for the biorefinery of corn stover.     

水热预处理工艺参数对玉米秸秆组分与酶解效率的影响

采用间歇式水热预处理方法,考察了不同水热预处理温度和处理时间对玉米秸秆主要成分变化的影响以及水热预处理后的纤维素酶解效率。在180～220℃,10～25 min范围内,随温度升高和时间延长预处理后半纤维素移除率和纤维素损失率也随之增大,但木质素质量并未减少反而有所增加。在210℃,25 min时得到最大半纤维素移除率为86.0%。以半纤维素移除率、木质素移除率和纤维素损失率为因变量,处理温度和处理时间为自变量通过多元线性回归分析或二次方程(多元线性回归方程拟合度不佳时)拟合分别获得回归模型。模型显示处理温度和处理时间对三者均具有显著影响。分析敏感性显示处理温度对三种因变量的影响均大于处理时间。经210℃,20 min处理后,纤维素酶解率最高为76.2%,继续提高处理温度和延长处理时间半纤维素移除率提高,但纤维素酶解率下降。     

NaOH/AQ预处理对玉米秸秆脱木质素及酶解性能的影响

对玉米秸秆进行氢氧化钠/蒽醌（NaOH/AQ）去木质化预处理,考察了预处理温度、时间和NaOH用量对玉米秸秆脱木质素程度的影响,并探讨了脱木质素程度对提高预处理后物料酶解性能的影响。L₉（3⁴）正交试验得出较适宜预处理工艺条件为：温度160℃,时间60 min,NaOH用量（以绝干原料质量计）2.8%;其他条件为AQ用量0.05%,固液比1：5（g：mL）,此时木质素脱除率为75%,酶解后聚糖转化率达到73.79%。随着物料脱木质素程度的提高,其酶解效率相应增加;当木质素脱除率达到一定程度后,预处理后的聚糖转化率达到最大值,继续提高木质素脱除率,聚糖转化率反而降低。响应面优化的酶水解工艺条件为纤维素酶用量30 FPU/g,β-葡萄糖苷酶10 IU/g,反应时间72 h,温度50℃,底物质量分数2.5%,此时还原糖得率为85.62%。对酶解液进行HPLC分析,酶解液中的葡萄糖质量浓度为14.83 g/L,木糖质量浓度为4.83 g/L。XRD分析显示,预处理前后纤维素的晶型没有变化,而结晶度由31.40%提高至46.91%,表明物料中木质素和半纤维素发生了不同程度的溶出。     

电解水预处理对玉米秸秆和柳枝稷酶解产糖的研究

预处理是利用生物质原料制备燃料乙醇的工艺过程中至关重要的一步。以电解水为介质对玉米秸秆和柳枝稷进行预处理,考察了不同预处理条件对这两种生物质酶催化水解性能的影响。玉米秸秆预处理试验条件为:165、180和195℃;10、20和30 min。柳枝稷预处理试验条件为:170、185和200℃;5、15和25 min。结果表明,电解水预处理法针对不同的生物质有较好的处理效果,在玉米秸秆和柳枝稷的试验中,分别获得了83%和67%的纤维素转化率。同时,电解水预处理过程中,木糖只有在较高温度(195℃和200℃)时,才发生明显的降解。HPLC检测表明预处理过程中生成的发酵抑制物较少。     

Pretreatment of Corn Stover Using Supercritical CO2 with Water-Ethanol as Co-solvent

Supercritical carbon dioxide, with water-ethanol as co-solvent, was applied to pretreat corn stover to enhance its enzymatic hydrolysis. The efficiency of pretreatment was evaluated by the final reducing sugar yield obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Under the operation conditions of pretreatment pressure 15 MPa, temperature 180 ℃ and time 1 h, the optimal sugar yield of 77.8℅ was obtained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical composition analysis were applied to the pretreated corn stover. The results showed that the surface morphology and microscopic structure of pretreated corn stover were greatly changed. After the pretreatment, the contents of hemicellulose and lignin were reduced obviously. Thus more cellulose was exposed, increasing the sugar yield.     

甘蔗渣的酸催化常压甘油有机溶剂预处理及其酶解

预处理可以打破木质纤维素原料纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三大组分间的顽抗结构,从而提升纤维素基质可酶解性。本文针对目前常压甘油有机溶剂预处理花费时间过长的问题,尝试开展酸催化的常压甘油有机溶剂预处理研究以缩短预处理时间。实验通过单因素选择和响应面Box-Behnken设计优化,获得酸催化常压甘油有机溶剂预处理的最佳条件为：预处理温度245℃,预处理时间38min,硫酸添加质量0.1%。在此条件下获得基质48h酶解率的响应面预测值为94.0%,实际值为91.4%。结果表明响应面优化方案和回归模型适用于本实验,预处理显著提高了基质可酶解性。高浓度基质（15%～20%）酶解进一步证明了预处理后基质具有突出的可酶解性,20%浓度基质在酶载量5FPU/g干基质条件下批次酶解72h,酶解率达60%,葡萄糖浓度达83.4g/L。酸催化常压甘油有机溶剂酸预处理在明显缩短预处理时间的同时,能显著提高木质纤维素基质可酶解性,使后续工业化意义的浓醪酶解糖化成为可能。     

Evaluation of enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw pretreated by atmospheric glycerol autocatalysis

BACKGROUND: Because ethanol organosolv pulping requires high pressure and is highly volatile, an atmospheric autocatalytic glycerol organosolv pretreatment process has been investigated. Enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw pretreated using this method was evaluated to explore a novel, economically competitive and environmentally friendly pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The method also provides economical utilization of industrial glycerol, helping to cope with the challenge of the excess production of glycerol and to further defray the cost of biodiesel production. RESULTS: With preliminary optimization of the parameters in the pretreatment process, pretreatment performed at 240 °C for 4 h with the glycerol addition of 15 g g^?1 dry feedstock and wash at 80 °C led to high recovery of cellulose (95%) and good removal of lignin (>70%), which formed, respectively, 80% and 10% of the pulp. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated wheat straw yielded 90% of theoretically achievable sugar after 24 h and 92% after 48 h. CONCLUSION: Atmospheric autocatalytic glycerol organosolv pretreatment removed significant amounts of hemicellulose and lignin without affecting good cellulose recovery. The proposed novel strategy increased the susceptible of wheat straw to enzyme attack and led to enzymatic hydrolysis that was comparable with that achieved using ethanol organosolv pretreatment. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Catalytic organosolv fractionation of willow wood and wheat straw as pretreatment for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis

BACKGROUND: Ethanol‐based organosolv fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass is an effective pretreatment technology for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis to produce sugars and lignin within a biorefinery. This study focuses on the catalytic effect of H₂SO₄, HCl, and MgCl₂ on organosolv pretreatment of willow wood and wheat straw. RESULTS: The use of catalysts improved fractionation of both feedstocks. The maximum enzymatic cellulose digestibility obtained was 87% for willow wood (using 0.01 mol L^?1 H₂SO₄ as catalyst) and 99% for wheat straw (0.02 mol L^?1 HCl). Non‐catalytic organosolv fractionation at identical conditions resulted in 74% (willow wood) and 44% (wheat straw) glucose yield by enzymatic hydrolysis. Application of catalysts in organosolv pretreatment was particularly effective for wheat straw. The influence of the acid catalysts was found to be primarily due to their effect on the pH of the organosolv liquor. Acid catalysts particularly promoted xylan hydrolysis. MgCl₂ was less effective than the acid catalysts, but it seemed to more selectively improve delignification of willow wood. CONCLUSION: Application of catalysts in organosolv pretreatment of willow wood and wheat straw was found to substantially improve fractionation and enzymatic digestibility. The use of catalysts can contribute to achieving maximum utilization of lignocellulosic biomass in organosolv‐based biorefineries. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparison of atmospheric aqueous glycerol and steam explosion pretreatments of wheat straw for enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis

BACKGROUND: The oversupply of cheap glycerol by the oleochemicals industry together with problems occurring in low‐boiling‐point organosolv pretreatments, has generated an interest in the use of glycerol in the organosolv pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Atmospheric aqueous glycerol autocatalytic organosolv pretreatment (AAGAOP) is a promising strategy that can effectively enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. As a cost‐effective technique, steam explosion pretreatment (SEP) is being adopted in industrial applications. Accordingly, work has been carried out to investigate how AAGAOP enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass compares with the SEP method. RESULTS: Under controlled laboratory conditions, based on ≥ 90% cellulose recovery, AAGAOP removed ≥ 60% hemicellulose and ≥ 60% lignin from wheat straw while SEP led to ～80% hemicellulose and 10% lignin removal. Enzymatic hydrolysis yields of AAGAOP and SEP reached ～90% and ～70%, respectively. Physical‐chemical structural characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), helped explain the above results. The two methods gave priority to dissociating the guaiacyl lignin and had a relatively small effect on syringyl units. However, AAGAOP exhibited a superior performance. CONCLUSION: The two methods enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass by removing and/or altering physical‐chemical structural impediments. The AAGAOP technique, with some special advantages, was more effective than SEP in enhancing the recovery and enzymatic digestibility of cellulose. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry