钨铼热电偶在空气中的热电动热稳定性及其特性研究

为了解决钨铼热电偶在实际使用中遇到的问题，本文探讨了钨铼热电偶在空气中的高温稳定性规律。研究结果发现：钨铼热电偶由于某一极完全氧化而导致材料性质发生了质变，从而引发了与之相应的热电性性质的根本改变；     

同名极比较法在钨铼热电偶丝热电势检测中的应用

文章对同名极比较法在快速测量钢液温度用钨铼热电偶丝热电势检测中的应用进行了探讨。结果表明:同名极比较法适用于钨铼热电偶丝的热电势检测,具有工作效率高、检测成本低、操作简单及测试环境要求低等优势,建立微差热电势数据库后,可以提高钨铼热电偶丝精度等级和配对效率。     

钨铼快速测温热电偶在炼钢中的使用

钨铼快速测温热电偶,是国内科研部门和生产厂家近两年来所研制生产出来的一种新型热电偶。它可以广泛用于金属液体的温度测量。特别适用于炼钢过程的温度测量。与铂铑快速测温热电偶相比,有着测温范围广、资源丰富、价格低廉等优点。无论是对企业还是对社会,都有着明显的经济效益。因此,钨铼快速测温热电偶在我国将有着广阔的发展前景。     

钨—铼热电偶测温经验

前几年，我厂逐步在电炉炼钢过程中试行推广了快速测温，开始我们采用的是单铂铑型快速测温偶头进行测量，但实施一段时间以后，统计测成率比较低，经总结发现其中的主要原因是由于单铂铑型热电偶头反应速度比较慢，从测温枪插入到读取数据，一般需要４～６秒的时间，而在...     

钨铼热电偶的失效分析

文章采用热力学计算和实验检测(EDS)相结合的方法,探讨了钨铼热电偶在氮气、高温含碳环境中可能发生的反应以及反应进行的条件。研究表明,在高温时,氮气、石墨、石英砂、钨铼之间发生的复杂的化学反应是导致钨铼热电偶失效的主要原因;在装配过程中不宜用SiC做钨铼热电偶的绝缘材料,应避免石墨、石英砂、钨铼之间的交叉污染。     

钨铼热电偶元件小型化技术研究

本文研究采用电泳涂层法制作小型钨铼热电偶高温测温元件的可能性和工艺过程，研制的热电偶元件外φ≤1.2mm，测温温度t≥1800℃，全面进行了元件的性能检测。包括热电性能，抗热冲击性能，稳定性和时间响应性能等，并在模拟宇航和核场条件下进行了实际温度测量。此外，作为钨铼热电偶用于高技术领域的一项基础性研究，对高温热电偶制作过程中的材料选配和制作工艺等问题进行了探讨。     

快速钨铼热电偶的测温误差

文章用热电偶误差计算的通用方法（极限误差表达法），分析了构成快速钨铼热电偶测温误差的因素，从量的角度探讨了各因素对总的误差的影响，对如何认识快速钨铼热电偶的测温精度，提出了可供参考的观点。     

钨铼热电偶高温分度及其不确定度

钨铼热电偶广泛应用于高温测量.本文论述用光学高温计分度钨铼热电偶的方法及其测量不确定度.     

快速钨铼热电偶的测温误差

本文用热电偶误差计算的通用方法（极限误差表达法）分析了构成快速钨铼热电偶测温误差的因素，从量的角度探讨了各因素对总的误差的影响，对如何认识快速钨铼热电偶的测温精度，提出了可供参考的观点。     

Overcoming Inhomogeneity and Hysteresis Limitations of Type R Thermocouples in an International Comparison

Type R thermocouples are widely used and convenient high-temperature transfer standards; however, the achievable accuracy is limited by the effects of inhomogeneity and hysteresis. In this article, we summarize the results of the recent international comparison APMP-T-S1-04 and discuss the results of the thermoelectric scanning, spatially resolved over the length of the thermocouples. The thermoelectric signatures show both reversible (hysteresis) and irreversible inhomogeneities introduced by the calibration processes used by the participants. The results demonstrate that although the reversible hysteresis of Type R thermocouples limits their performance as a transfer standard in thermometry, this can be managed by appropriate design of the comparison protocol. By performing all calibrations from lower to higher temperatures from an initial 450°C anneal state, a pilot laboratory reproducibility of typically 0.03°C (k = 2) and a reference value uncertainty of 0.03–0.06°C (at k = 2) over 0–1,100°C were achieved. This allowed statistically significant testing of the calibration capabilities of all the participants.     

Intercomparison of Copper Fixed-Point Cells by Using Pt/Pd Thermocouples

The objective of the EUROMET Project No. 844 in the field of thermometry was the intercomparison of the freezing temperatures of the copper fixed-point cells (t ₉₀ = 1084.62°C) of the participating laboratories by using Pt/Pd thermocouples. For most of the 13 participating laboratories, agreement of the freezing temperatures of the different copper fixed points within ±0.06 K was found. Furthermore, the results of the intercomparison show that Pt/Pd thermocouples are suitable for use as transfer standards for the dissemination of temperatures and to approximate the ITS-90, at least up to the freezing point of copper.     

基于高温黑体炉的钨铼热电偶校准方法研究

基于中国计量科学研究院的高温黑体炉设计了一种适用于钨铼偶等高温热电偶的校准方法。优化设计的均温块测温孔轴向均匀性20mm范围内小于0.5℃,优选的测温孔与中心孔的辐射温度差异可达到小于0.5℃。经铂铑10-铂热电偶验证了基于高温黑体炉的校准方法,在800~1300℃与S型热电偶标准热电势间差异小于0.5℃,不确定度评估为0.8~1.5℃,k=2。在800~1900℃范围内,测试了多只不同来源的C型钨铼偶热电势并考核了偶丝校准前后的均匀性,实验结果表明,钨铼偶丝与国际标准钨铼偶热电势的差异基本保持在1%以内,校准不确定度为3.7~13.0℃,相对不确定度为0.7%t (t为温度),k=2。     

浅析NADCAP认证中热电偶的技术要求

AMS2750标准规定了热处理过程热加工设备的高温测量要求,它包括温度传感器(一般指热电偶)、仪器、热加工设备、系统精度测试和温度均匀型测试五个部分。而热电偶技术要求是高温测量的最重要的内容,本文就热电偶的技术要求对NADCAP认证过程中以及日常使用维护中容易存在和忽视的问题进行了剖析。     

Construction and Investigation of Pt/Pd Thermocouples in the Framework of the Euromet Project 857

The objective of the EUROMET Project 857 in the field of thermometry, “High-temperature fixed points for improved thermocouple calibrations,” is the development of robust high-temperature fixed points based on metal-carbon eutectic alloys for the calibration of thermocouples above 1,084°C. This paper describes the construction and investigation of Pt/Pd thermocouples to be used to compare different cobalt–carbon (Co–C) fixed-point cells constructed by the three participants of this project. A set of three Pt/Pd thermocouples was prepared by PTB and NPL and a set of four by LNE. Their metrological performances in terms of thermoelectric stability and homogeneity were assessed in different ways. The results of these investigations, as well as the results of first measurements of local Co–C eutectic fixed-point cells by using Pt/Pd thermocouples, are presented.     

校准短型廉金属热电偶相关问题的研究

短型廉金属热电偶是一类电极长度较短的可拆卸式廉金属热电偶和廉金属铠装偶的统称。传统的测量设备和测量方法在高温温区往往无法准确测量其示值偏差。通过实验找到其测不准的原因,设计研发接线端恒温器解决这一问题,降低了短型偶示值偏差的扩展不确定度。     

Polyynes Production in a Solvent-Submerged Electric Arc Between Graphite Electrodes. III. Chemical Reactivity and Stability Toward Air, Ozone, and Light

Since polyynes are easily accessible with the submerged electric arc synthesis between graphite electrodes, the chemical behavior of polyynes solutions in different solvents has been explored. It has been found that surprisingly the polyynes solutions, with polyynes having up to 16 carbon atoms arranged in a chain, are stable in air over 1 week time in the dark. These solutions react relatively slowly with ozone while add rapidly and completely bromine. The polyynes solutions are instead quite easily photolyzed under the action of UV radiation both in air and under N₂. Two different light sources were used in the study: a low pressure mercury lamp emitting almost a monochromatic radiation at 254 nm and an high pressure mercury lamp emitting in a broad wavelength range in the ultraviolet. With the former monochromatic light source, it has been demonstrated the possibility to perform a selective photolysis of selected polyynes in a mixture of homologous series.     

IrRh40-IrRh10高温热电偶热电性能及应用研究

针对常规铱铑-铱热电偶负极铱在测试过程容易断裂的问题,提出了采用双铱铑合金热电偶改善其机械性能的方法,并用高温热电偶校准装置对IrRh40-IrRh10热电偶的热电特性进行了研究和验证,表明其热电特性线有良好的线性,灵敏度约为3μV/℃。利用该类型热电偶制作的气流温度传感器,适用于发动机及导弹等武器装备研制试验中高温气流温度的测量。     

Consideration of the Nonlinearity of the Calibration Characteristic of an Ordinary Thermometer when Measuring Temperature Drops with Differential Thermocouples

The formula for calculating the temperature drop using differential thermocouples is analyzed. A more accurate formula for calculating the drop is derived, which describes the relation between the measured temperature drop, the mean temperature of the measurement and the nonlinearity of the calibration characteristic of an ordinary thermocouple. A comparative estimate of the calculation of the drop from the known formula and the proposed formula when using an ordinary TPP10 thermocouple is made.     

铠装热电偶分流误差模型与实验

铠装热电偶在高温使用时,常出现电分流而影响测量精度,本工作进行了以下研究：（１）热电偶分流模拟实验;（２）分流误差数学模型及计算公式;（３）影响分流误差因素分析。