双通道式电磁感应加热中间包冶金效果研究

双通道式电磁感应加热中间包不仅能够补偿浇铸过程中出现的热量损失，而且具有改善中间包内钢液流动、促进钢液中非金属夹杂物去除的作用。本研究在对双通道式电磁感应加热中间包内的电磁力和流场进行了数值模拟研究的基础上，通过工业试验研究，分析了电磁感应加热中间包通道内钢液流动和夹杂物的去除情况。结果表明，在电磁场作用下，连铸中间包通道内钢液在该电磁力作用下会呈螺旋式前进。随着感应加热时间的延长，夹杂物含量不断降低，夹杂物去除率不断提高，与无感应加热条件相比，在感应加热5、10、15 min时，夹杂物去除率分别达到6.9%、12.1%和22.4%。     

钢液精炼和连铸过程中物理去除夹杂物现状及展望

在钢液精炼过程中,夹杂物的去除工作是至关重要的。现阶段,常用的夹杂物去除工艺主要为:磁搅拌和钢包氩气底吹;RH及RH侧底复吹;中包-流速控制装置、气幕挡墙和磁感加热;结晶磁搅拌与磁制动和水口氩气底吹。文章中笔者综述了钢液精炼过程中去除夹杂物的方法及其原理,并探讨了影响夹杂物去除的相关要素,旨在为创新钢液精炼过程中夹杂物的清除方法提供相关的理论依据以及参考。     

通道式感应加热中间包的数值模拟

通道式感应加热中间包为精确控制结晶器内钢液的过热度提供了可能,有必要使用ANSYS和CFX软件计算通道式感应加热中间包电磁场、流场及温度场分布来揭示中间包内电磁冶金过程。计算结果表明:通道内的感生电流密度大于注入室和分配室内的感生电流密度;在中间包通道内磁场和电磁力的不均匀分布促使钢液旋转流动,且在通道内钢液出现双漩涡现象;但是感应加热中间包内钢液温度均匀,其中间包水口截面最高温度与最低温度仅差1 K;无感应加热装中间包进出口温降可达到7 K,采用感应加热技术能够使中间包温降得到补偿。     

通道式感应加热中间包的形状和内衬砌筑设计

通道式感应加热中间包的形状设计和内衬砌筑与传统中间包有着较大的区别,为获得最佳感应加热效率,提高金属收得率,减少耐火材料的消耗,对通道式感应加热中间包的形状设计中需特别注意的因素和砌筑特点进行浅议。设计实践表明,中间包的形状设计必须满足感应器位置的合理性,保证通道的最佳长度和多浇次使用;内衬砌筑需设置漏钢预报网线,保证感应器的安全使用。     

中间包感应加热的数值模拟

为了研究通道式感应加热中间包的加热效率和流场的分布情况,对通道式感应加热中间包进行电磁场、流场、温度场耦合计算分析,在此基础上提出了1种新的弧形通道设计方式。计算得出:直线型通道式感应加热中间包在加热功率1 000kW的情况下,升温速率可达2℃/min;而弧形通道的设计加热效率更高,平均升温幅度比直线型通道高2~5℃,且死区面积减小,浇铸区温度分布更加均匀。     

单流双通道板坯感应加热中间包的数值模拟及工业试验

以某钢铁企业单流双通道感应加热中间包为原型,通过数值模拟与工业试验的方法,研究感应加热中间包内钢液流动、传热及夹杂物的去除行为。结果表明,当加热功率为400 kW时,钢液高速流过通道,温度由1 846 K升高到1 862 K,升温幅度为16 K,流出通道后在浮力作用下向上流动,到达浇注区顶部后向底部流动;随着加热功率的升高,钢液流过通道的升温幅度逐渐增大;流出通道的钢液温度高于浇注区内钢液的平均温度,浇注区温度逐渐升高。对于直径为50μm的夹杂物,当加热功率为400 kW,有感应加热中间包时其去除率高于无感应加热中间包时,去除率升高19.01个百分点;且通道内夹杂物去除率也高于无感应加热中间包,去除率升高31.41个百分点。对于每种尺寸的夹杂物,有感应加热的去除率均高于无感应加热;加热功率由400 kW升高到500 kW,夹杂物去除率小幅升高;所有尺寸夹杂物同时从入口释放,也可以得到类似的结论。工业试验表明,随着加热功率的升高,中间包水口的温度随之升高。与未使用感应加热相比,加热功率为400 kW时,试样的全氧质量分数降低幅度为15.3个百分点;加热功率为500 kW时,试样的全氧质量...     

双通道感应加热中间包的三维磁流热耦合模型

 结合感应加热的中间包冶金是当前提升特殊钢连铸洁净度和质量稳定性的前沿技术。针对大方坯连铸用T型六流中间包,利用流动-传热耦合模型研究了控流装置对具有双感应加热通道中间包冶金行为的影响,首先获得了不开启感应加热工况下中间包的优化控流结构;进而通过对该结构进行电磁-流动-传热耦合模拟,研究了感应加热的控流和热补偿作用。结果表明,通过提高加热通道高度并配合双挡坝结构可进一步改善流体流动状况、提高各流一致性。其中,在不开启感应加热时,优化后中间包较原型死区比例由31.4%降低为17.6%,活塞区比例由19.1%提高为39.1%,平均停留时间标准差由99.6减小到40.3 s。开启感应加热后,中间包内流场有显著变化,通道出口钢液具有明显的上升流,这将有利于夹杂物的上浮去除。开启感应加热30 min后较未开启感应加热时中间包各出口平均温度由1 798.1升高为1 827.3 K,这表明感应加热可有效补偿钢水浇注过程中的热损失。这一功能有利于实现低过热度恒温浇铸,从而也有助于提高中间包控制铸坯洁净度和铸态组织一致性的综合冶金效果。     

敬业钢铁通道式电磁感应加热中间包生产实践

介绍了敬业钢铁有限公司通道式感应加热连铸中间包的工艺特征,综述了中间包电磁感应加热技术的应用情况,理论分析了连铸中间包在电磁感应作用下的升温特征.工业试验结果表明,在目标浇铸温度为1595℃时,不使用电磁感应加热条件下,连铸中间包内钢液的温度波动在±8℃,在使用电磁感应加热条件下,连铸中间包的温度保持在±3℃.在整个浇...     

中间包吹氩去除夹杂物的模拟研究

通过水模型模拟实验,选用苯胺模拟夹杂物,有机硅油模拟中间包渣,研究了中间包吹氩去除夹杂物的效果;通过刺激—响应法测定中间包吹氩RTD曲线,探讨了中间包吹氩去除夹杂物的过程和机理。研究结果表明:在中间包吹氩条件下,活塞区体积分数最大的吹氩位置不一定会得到最大的夹杂物去除效果,在注流区附近吹氩,不但可以提高气泡捕捉夹杂物颗粒的概率,而且促进了夹杂物颗粒相互碰撞长大,去除夹杂物效果更为明显。     

中间包气幕挡墙去除夹杂物的数值模拟

气幕挡墙技术是改善钢液洁净度的重要方法,吹入的气泡不仅可以改善中间包流场,还可以黏附去除夹杂物,大大提高夹杂物的去除率。采用Euler-Lagrange-Lagrange方法来研究钢液、气泡和夹杂物三相交互作用行为,该模型考虑了钢液与气泡、钢液与夹杂物、气泡与夹杂物之间的相互作用。在正常连铸条件下,研究了气泡黏附与吹气量对不同粒径夹杂物去除的影响。模拟结果表明,考虑气泡黏附的夹杂物去除率比不考虑黏附去除提高了19.12%～28.94%,气泡黏附夹杂物是去除夹杂物的重要方式之一,在气幕挡墙的研究中不可忽略。在本研究的吹气范围内,夹杂物的上浮去除率和黏附去除率都随着吹气量的增加而增大。与传统的挡墙挡坝中间包相比,使用气幕挡墙取代传统挡坝更有利于夹杂物的去除。     

Voices of fear and anxiety and sadness and depression: The effects of speech rate and loudness on fear and anxiety and sadness and depression.

Two studies investigated the role of expressive vocal behavior (specifically, speech rate and loudness) in fear and anxiety and in sadness and depression. In the 1st study, participants spoke about personally experienced fear and anxiety-arousing and neutral events using 3 different voice styles: fast and loud, normal, and slow and soft. In the 2nd study, participants spoke about personally experienced sad or depressing and neutral events using the same 3 voice styles. In both studies, the participants' highest levels of subjective affective and cardiovascular (CV) arousal occurred when they spoke about the emotional events in a mood-congruent voice style: fast and loud in the case of fear and anxiety, and slow and soft in the case of sadness or depression. Mood-incongruent voice styles canceled the heightened levels of CV arousal normally associated with these negative emotions. The voice-style manipulation had no significant effect on the participants' levels of CV arousal during the neutral discussions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Synthesis and analysis of mixed chlorinated-fluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and assessment of formation and occurrence of the fluorinated and chlorinated-fluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans

Despite the use of multimodal therapy, higher-grade glioma is still uniformly fatal in the adult population. There is a considerable difference between the length of survival in each given patient, even within the same tumor type and malignancy grade group, suggesting that there are factors that might differentially influence outcome. To identify such factors, 107 patients with anaplastic or malignant glioma were retrospectively investigated. Clinical parameters and paraclinical data on the p53, mdm2, and EGFR genes at the DNA or protein level were evaluated by univariate analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling. Kaplan-Meier survival estimation demonstrated that immunohistochemical positivity for mdm2 protein in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or with glioblastoma multiforme was associated with a shorter survival time (p = 0.02). P53 gene mutations and immunopositivity for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein were not significantly related to poor prognosis. The Cox proportional hazards model revealed immunohistochemical positivity for p53, mdm2, or for both of them, the presence of postoperative irradiation, and the extent of surgical resection of tumor to be variables significantly associated with prolonged survival. EGFR overexpression, age over 60 years, and Karnofsky performance score below 40 points did not significantly shorten survival time. In conclusion, the present study identified immunohistochemically detected mdm2-protein overexpression as a statistically significant negative prognostic parameter in patients bearing anaplastic or malignant glioma. Association analysis of variables revealed a possible correlation between mdm2 and p53, which is also consistent with the biological interaction mode of both proteins in vivo.     

Sexuality and aging--usual and successful

BACKGROUND: As aging research increasingly reflects an effort to dissociate true time-driven changes from those that can be improved, sexuality in later life remains largely unexplored. Several problems are evident. There is a lack of normative data, a lack of a conceptual framework relating to the biology, psychology, and sociology of sex, and an attitudinal resistance that obscures the entire topic. METHODS: We conducted a three-part instructional series on major topics involved with sexuality and aging. We surveyed our group of attendees (n 158, average age 68 for males, 65 for females) before and after the series. RESULTS: A remarkably robust sex life was evidenced by both the men and the women, even until advanced old age. Yet, a substantially decreased involvement was reported from 10 years earlier. Despite current activities, people of both sexes wished they were participating even more than they currently were. Impotency was identified as the major negative feature for the men; relationship problems were for the women. A questionnaire 6 months after the series reported improved sexual attitudes, but no change in sexual activities from the earlier survey. CONCLUSION: Sexuality is a major quality-of-life issue which persists into old age. Our study showed that the usual sexual practices reported by our group were not considered by them to be ideal. The intervention of this instructional series provided improved sexual attitudes but not performance. Additional studies are encouraged.     

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis and sports

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis occur predominantly in the lower lumbar spine. Besides congenital defects such as predisposition of spondylolysis the correlation between competitive sports activities and an increased incidence of spondylolysis is proved. In early stages, complete healing can be achieved by conservative treatment (abstinence from sports activities for 3 months, orthesis). Persistence of pain, neurologic symptoms and progression of vertebral slipping are indications for operative treatment (reconstruction of the isthmus, dorso-ventral spondylodesis). The exercise tolerance depends on the extent of instability, progression of vertebral slipping and clinical symptoms. The limits of exercise tolerance vary among the individual athletes and require the decision of the physician. Backstroke swimming, abdominal and back muscle strengthening exercises, and types of sport involving smooth movements are advisable. Sports education in school is possible without restriction in patients with stable spondylolysis and in those with spondylolisthesis without unfavourable concomitant factors.     

Larks and owls and health, wealth, and wisdom

OBJECTIVE: To test the validity of Benjamin Franklin's maxim "early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." DESIGN: Cross sectional analysis of sleeping patterns in a nationally representative group of elderly people, and longitudinal investigation of mortality. SETTING: Eight areas in Britain (five in England, two in Scotland, and one in Wales). SUBJECTS: 1229 men and women aged 65 and over who in 1973-4 had taken part in a survey funded by the Department of Health and Social Security and for whom data on sleeping patterns, health, socioeconomic circumstances, and cognitive function had been recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self reported income, access to a car, standard of accommodation, performance on a test of cognitive function, state of health and mortality during 23 years of follow up. RESULTS: 356 people (29%) were defined as larks (to bed before 11 pm and up before 8 am) and 318 (26%) were defined as owls (to bed at or after 11 pm and up at or after 8 am). There was no indication that larks were richer than those with other sleeping patterns. On the contrary, owls had the largest mean income and were more likely to have access to a car. There was also no evidence that larks were superior to those with other sleeping patterns with regard to their cognitive performance or their state of health. Both larks and owls had a slightly reduced risk of death compared with the rest of the study sample, but this was accounted for by the fact that they spent less time in bed at night. In the study sample as a whole, longer periods of time in bed were associated with increased mortality. After adjustment for age, sex, the presence of illness, and other risk factors, people who spent 12 or more hours in bed had a relative risk of death of 1.7 (1.2 to 2.5) compared with those who were in bed for 9 hours. The lowest risk occurred in people who spent 8 hours in bed (adjusted relative risk 0.8; 0.7 to 1.0). CONCLUSION: These findings do not support Franklin's claim. A "late to bed and late to rise" lifestyle does not seem to lead to socioeconomic, cognitive, or health disadvantage, but a longer time spent in bed may be associated with increased mortality.     

Craniometaphyseal and craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, head and neck manifestations and management

Mechanical allodynia (MA) following hand injury is a well-documented clinical problem. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the relationship between hand MA and the upper limb tension test (ULTT). The ULTT mechanically stresses the neural structures from the C5/6/7 neural foramina to the median nerve distally. This study examined 29 subjects with unilateral hand MA before and after a 2-week neural self-mobilization programme. There was a significant difference between the subjects' affected and unaffected sides when tested using the ULTT, both in reproduction of symptoms and in reduced range of motion of the ULTT. Following the self-mobilization program, there was an improvement in the range of the ULTT, and subjects reported a reduction in their symptoms. Complete recovery was not obtained in all cases. The results of this study suggest that the ULTT is a useful tool both in assessment and treatment of subjects with hand MA.     

深云立交桥梁检测及加固改造

根据深云立交桥梁的检测结果，对该桥目前的整体状况、工作状态，及其使用情况做出综合评价，对桥的病害原因进行了分析，并提出合理的加固方案。     

关于摩尔浓度及其与硬度转换关系问题的讨论

众所周知，国际单位制物质的量采用摩尔(mol)表示，近几年出版的给排水专业书籍，为了与国际单位制接轨，逐渐将摩尔的使用频率不断提高，被给排水技术人员广泛应用的新版给排水设计手册，将表示物质浓度的单位“当量／升”或“毫克当量／升”．改为mol／l或mmol／l，虽然编者对其基本单元定义作了说明，但在实际运用上仍会出现误解，     

《儿子与情人》的语码转换与男女二元对立

劳伦斯小说《儿子与情人》一个鲜明的语言特色就是标准英语和当地方言频繁的语码转换。莫瑞尔用方言来对抗妻子,而妻子坚持用标准英语,偶尔也用方言来讽刺、挖苦丈夫。语码转换反映了劳伦斯男女二元对立的哲学思想。