Preferred Orientations in Iodide Titanium

The wire textures for cold rolled and recrystallized iodide titanium and the sheet textures for this material produced by cold and hot rolling, and recrystallization at a series of temperatures were determined. The effect of the α → β transformation on the sheet texture was noted.     

Elasticity-based model of the variant selection observed in the β to α phase transformation of a Zircalloy-4 sample

The β→α texture inheritance of a Zircalloy-4 sample has been investigated after an α→β→α transformation cycle. The final inherited α texture has been determined from a crystal orientation map determined by electron back-scattering diffraction, whereas the texture of the high temperature β phase has been reconstructed by a method analysing the orientations and misorientations of α variants. The comparison of the α texture calculated from the parent β texture without variant selection with the experimental sharp α texture shows differences due to a strong variant selection mechanism occurring during the phase transformation at cooling.A model of a variant selection mechanism based on the elastic anisotropy of the parent β phase leads to a simulated inherited α texture with the main characteristics of the experimental texture.     

Microstructure,texture and grain boundaries character distribution evolution of ferritic stainless steel during rolling process

In order to better understand the texture, microstructure and grain boundaries character distribution evolution of ferritic stainless steel, the texture, microstructure and grain boundaries character distribution of ferritic stainless steel (hot rolled sheet, cold rolled sheet and annealing sheet) with 11 wt%Cr content were studied using X-ray diffraction and electron back scattered diffraction technique. The texture of the hot and cold rolled sheets has a through-thickness texture gradient. In the center layer of the hot and cold rolling sheet, α-fiber texture was observed which was attributed to ideal plane strain deformation. Close to the surface a Gross orientation was detected which was attributed to shear deformation. During annealing, the γ-fiber was formed attributed to recrystallization process. The microstructure of the hot and cold rolled sheets was non-homogeneous through the sheet thickness, while, the microstructure of annealing sheets was homogeneous through the sheet thickness. Grain boundaries character distribution results show that there are many low angle grain boundaries in hot and cold rolled sheets and many high angle grain boundaries and coincidence site lattice after annealing. The above results indicated that the changes in texture are closely related to the grain boundaries type.     

涂层导体用Ni9W合金基带再结晶及强立方织构的形成研究

采用X射线四环衍射技术对比分析了通过冷轧和轧制中间热处理制备的2种Ni-9.3at%W(Ni9W)合金基带的轧制织构和再结晶织构,研究了不同Ni9W合金基带在热处理过程中轧制织构向再结晶织构的演变。其次,采用背散射电子衍射(EBSD)技术对以上2种Ni9W合金基带的微观组织和立方织构进行了表征。结果表明,与传统冷轧Ni9W合金基带的轧制织构相比,经轧制中间热处理后其轧制织构中S取向和Copper取向的含量增加、Brass取向的含量减少,使其轧制织构的类型介于Brass型轧制织构与Copper型轧制织构之间。2种Ni9W合金基带经低温回复后,其轧制织构含量均有一定的增加;另外,再结晶过程中轧制织构的含量均迅速降低,但立方取向的含量并没有明显增加,而是出现大量的随机取向,Ni9W的再结晶具有了连续再结晶的特征,这也是导致Ni9W合金基带较难形成立方织构的一个主要原因。虽然经过轧制中间热处理后Ni9W合金基带在初始再结晶完成后并没有形成一定强度的立方织构,但其立方取向的含量仍然能在进一步热处理过程中通过立方取向晶粒的长大而得到加强。最后,采用轧制中间热处理制备的Ni9W合金基带经两步高温热处理后其立方织构的含量达到84.5%(15°)。     

超纯铁素体不锈钢织构演变与成形性能的研究

系统研究了超纯铁素体不锈钢(w(Cr)=17%)沿钢板厚度方向各层织构的演变规律和不同精轧温度对织构演变及成形性能的影响规律。采用X射线衍射仪分析了宏观织构演变。研究表明: 热轧及退火后, 钢板表层以剪切织构为主, 中心层由?和?纤维织构组成; 冷轧后, 各层均由较强的?纤维织构和较弱的?纤维织构组成; 冷轧退火后各层均形成?纤维再结晶织构。与高温精轧相比, 低温精轧有利于冷轧退火板?纤维再结晶织构的强化、偏离{111}<112>组分的程度降低, 从而显著改善冷轧退火板的成形性能。     

冷轧压下率对IF钢微结构、织构及深冲性能的影响

对不同冷轧压下率IF钢进行模拟连续退火试验,研究在冷轧-退火过程中冷轧压下率对微结构和织构演变及深冲性能的影响。结果表明:冷轧变形后原始晶粒拉长变形,样品具有强α取向线织构和γ取向线织构,α取向线织构的极密度最大值随压下率(65%、72%、80%)的增加从7.7逐渐增加至13.1。模拟连续退火后发生完全再结晶,在65%、72%、80%冷轧压下率下分别生成15.6、18.8和17.6 μm的均匀等轴晶。模拟连续退火后,α取向线织构被消除,γ取向线织构变化不大,极密度最大值转移到γ取向线,且随着压下率的增加从7.8略微增大到8.6。不同压下率样品模拟连续退火后,深冲性能良好,随着压下率的增加,r-从1.77 逐渐增大至2.17,Δr从0.54降低至0.02,n-从0.284减小到0.272。     

INFLUENCE OF COLD ROLLING TECHNOLOGY ON TEXTURE EVOLUTION OF IF STEEL

1．Illtroduct!onWhilst the metallurgy of*theurgy warm rolling ofIF steel In the ferrlte region has beenextensively studied 11,2],that ofcold rolling has not received the same amouM ofattentlon．This is probably because there has been less cold rolling tec…     

热轧组织对冷轧无取向硅钢退火织构及组织的影响

对不同加热温度处理的热轧低硅钢带进行了冷轧及退火实验,分析了热轧钢带的组织对冷轧无取向硅钢再结晶退火过程中的组织及织构的影响。结果表明:热轧组织对冷轧无取向电工钢冷轧板再结晶组织及织构演变有重要影响;等轴晶粒组织的热轧钢带比混晶组织的热轧钢带冷轧后再结晶退火快,且退火后晶粒尺寸均匀;随着等轴晶粒尺寸增加,冷轧退火后形成的冷轧硅钢{110}类型的织构增强,{100}类型的织构减弱;表明热轧组织为等轴晶粒时,不利于冷轧无取向硅钢磁性能的改善。     

轧制方向对Fe-3％Si合金织构演变规律的影响

形成锋锐的Goss织构是取向硅钢获得优异磁性能的关键, 初始样品表层中较强的Goss织构对最终的强Goss织构起重要作用. 本文通过改变硅钢冷轧方向获得不同的初始织构及初始组织, 考察热轧板表层及中心层不同的组织及织构的进一步变化对一次冷轧、中间退火、二次冷轧及脱碳退火、二次再结晶退火后的织构及组织变化规律的影响. 探讨了这些特殊方式制备的样品中Goss织构的形成条件. 结果表明, 强烈的初始组织及织构的差异随轧制及退火次数的增多逐渐消失; 最终二次再结晶都可顺利进行, Goss织构及磁性能差异并不大. 虽然初始样品中Goss织构的强弱差异很大, 但因各阶段都可以形成较强的 {111}<112>织构, 弥补了初始样品中Goss织构过弱的不足, 因此轧制方向及初始组织都对最终的织构影响不大. 研究还证实了立方织构的遗传性; 横向轧制是消除稳定的{112}<110>轧制织构的有效方法.     

Effect of Laser Texturing on the Microstructure and Textures of 1050 Aluminum Alloy

To improve the surface morphology, formability, and deep drawing properties of 1050 aluminum alloy sheets, laser-textured rolls were used in cold rolling process. Effects of laser-textured rolls, comparing with conventional ones, on microstructure and texture of aluminum alloys after rolling and following recrystallization were studied. In aluminum sheets processed by laser-textured rolls and conventional rolls, microstructure and texture were similar after rolling, but significantly different after recrystallization. Laser texturing process results in finer and inhomogeneous recrystallized grains. The recrystallization texture of the specimen rolled with conventional roll has a major cube component and a minor R component. The intensity of cube component increases with increasing annealing temperature. However, recrystallization texture of the specimen rolled with laser-textured roller is much more random. The specimen shows that recrystallization texture has only a weak cube orientation but strong rotated-cube orientation as well as a much higher fraction of random orientation.     

The influence of rolling temperature on texture evolution and variant selection during α → β → α phase transformation in Ti–6Al–4V

The role of starting texture in variant selection has been studied during α → β → α transformation in Ti–6Al–4V. By hot rolling at different temperatures followed by recrystallization, material with either a strong basal texture or a strong transverse texture was generated. Subsequently, both conditions were heat-treated above the β transus followed by slow cooling. The degree of variant selection was assessed by comparing the strength of the measured and predicted α texture from high temperature β texture, assuming equal occurrence of all possible variants during β → α transformation. It was found that, even though the material rolled originally at 800 °C displayed a stronger α texture after β heat treatment, it was the material rolled originally at 950 °C that showed greater variant selection. The variant selection mechanism is discussed in terms of the generated β texture and common 〈1 1 0〉 poles in neighbouring β grains selecting a similar α variant on both sides of the prior β grain boundary. Predictions of possible 〈1 1 0〉 pole misorientation distributions for the two investigated β textures showed that the combination of texture components generated during rolling Ti–6Al–4V at 950 °C increases the likelihood of having β grain pairs with closely aligned (1 1 0) planes compared to rolling at 800 °C. Therefore, it can be proposed that avoiding the generation of certain combinations of β texture components during thermomechanical processing has the potential for reducing variant selection during subsequent β heat treatment.     

铌对取向硅钢冷轧组织织构的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)等研究了铌对取向硅钢冷轧过程中的组织与织构的影响。结果表明:含铌正火板和不含铌正火板经冷轧后都是条带状组织,但含铌冷轧板在宽度方向更窄。铌元素的存在对织构也具有优化作用,经过中间退火后,含铌冷轧板二次冷轧织构得到明显改善,相较于不含铌二次冷轧板拥有强度较低的旋转立方织构以及强度较高的{111}<112>织构,其取向密度最高可达12.460。     

Texture inheritance and variant selection through an hcp–bcc–hcp phase transformation

In situ phase transformation experiments have been carried out using neutron diffraction to monitor the texture evolution during the α → β → α phase transformation in a common zirconium alloy. In contrast to recently reported results by other authors, there is clear evidence of a strong variant selection occurring during the α → β transformation and a weaker variant selection during the β → α transformation. Modeling of the texture change associated with the phase transformation has been successful in describing the variant selection occurring during the α → β transformation, and gives insights into the selection occurring during the β → α transformation. The results are relevant to processing of both zirconium and titanium.     

Microstructure and texture formation in high strength cold rolled and annealed sheet and their correlation with formability property

A comprehensive understanding was developed on the evolution of microstructure and texture during annealing of Nb bearing microalloyed drawing quality high strength cold rolled (HSCR) sheet with specific reference to cold rolling and annealing practices. Further, this study aimed at establishing the best combination of these processing parameters to achieve an YET value of 1.4 min. For a hot rolled microstructure of moderately coarse ferrite grain of size 16 μm, it was observed that 70% cold reduction guaranteed high intensity of (222) component accompanied with minimum intensity of (200) component. Further, investigation was carried out to understand the influence of annealing time on recrystallization behavior and texture development during intermediate annealing of 60% and 70% cold reduced specimens at 550 °C. It was found that recrystallization ceased after 12 h of intermediate annealing at 550 °C. The textures and microstructures produced during final annealing of 70% cold rolled specimens at various temperatures like 670, 690, 710, and 730 °C with varied duration of soaking (12–18 h) were critically examined. An YET value of ∼1.5 was achieved in HSCR microalloyed steel when 70% cold rolled specimens were intermediately annealed at 550 °C for 12 h followed by final annealing at 710 °C for 12 h.     

Strain-induced selective growth in an ultra low carbon steel after a small rolling reduction

Recently, a consensus about the occurrence of selective growth during the final stages of recrystallization after severe cold rolling has been reached. The possible role of variant selection during this selective growth mechanism is still questioned. For this reason, a rolling and annealing experiment was carried out in which a ULC-steel after a first recrystallization treatment was submitted to three additional rolling passes with an accumulated reduction of 4.5%. In these three passes, the rolling direction was inclined at 0, 90 and 45°, respectively, with respect to the hot rolling direction in order to randomise the nucleation of recrystallization during a second annealing treatment.During this treatment, explosive grain growth occurred, which was associated with a texture evolution that promoted orientations that display the well-known <110>26.5° orientation relationship with respect to the initial texture. Almost all variants displaying this characteristic misorientation with respect to the parent component could be identified among the coarsened grains.     

Effect of hot and cold deformation on the P {0 1 1}4 5 5 recrystallization texture in a continuous cast Al–Mn–Mg aluminum alloy

The effect of different relative amounts of hot and cold deformation on the P {0 1 1}4 5 5 recrystallization texture in a continuous cast Al–Mn–Mg aluminum alloy was investigated by X-ray diffraction. The results show that at a given total rolling strain the sheet with a high hot rolling strain exhibits a significantly stronger P texture than the sheet with a low hot rolling strain. Hot deformation strongly promotes the formation of the P texture during recrystallization annealing.     

高纯铝箔在异步轧制和再结晶过程中取向的演变

采用不同速比的异步轧制技术对99.99%的高纯铝板进行不同形变量的冷轧,并对冷轧样品进行不同温度和时间的再结晶退火.利用X射线衍射技术和TEM观测探讨了异步轧制条件下高纯铝箔中变形织构和再结晶织构的演变.结果表明:高速比的异步轧制(i=1.28)在样品中产生相对较强的旋转立方织构{001}(110).异步轧制后退火的高纯铝箔样品中,立方{001}(100)织构组分的再结晶晶核的形成和长大存在一个临界转变温度,此温度与异步轧制的速比成反比.异步轧制有利于降低高纯铝箔的再结晶温度,这与异步轧制提高高纯铝箔的形变储能有关.异步轧制有利于在低温时形成强的立方{001}(100)织构组分,但此时漫散较大;随着退火温度的升高,漫散范围明显缩至8°-10°.     

退火对海绵钛/电解钛熔炼TC4合金铸锭轧制板材组织性能的影响

以海绵钛和电解钛分别作为熔炼TC4钛合金的原材料,将熔炼后的铸锭进行热轧并退火处理,研究不同原料铸锭轧制的TC4合金板材退火处理后的组织与力学性能。结果表明:去应力退火对电解钛与海绵钛TC4合金板材组织的影响不大。再结晶退火后,电解钛与海绵钛TC4合金板材均有再结晶的等轴α相,而电解钛TC4合金的等轴化程度更高,内部组织更均匀。海绵钛TC4合金板材在经550 ℃退火处理后的应力去除效果比电解钛TC4合金的好,其强度略微降低,而塑性提升更为明显。电解钛TC4合金板材在经过800 ℃退火处理后的再结晶效果比海绵钛TC4合金好,其强度略微降低,而塑性得到极大的提升。两种钛合金板材退火后板材的断裂方式皆为韧性断裂。海绵钛TC4合金板材经退火后硬度降低,而电解钛TC4合金板材经退火后硬度增加。     

退火工艺对采暖系统用耐沟状腐蚀钢带性能的影响

通过对耐沟状腐蚀现象的研究,结合生产设备能力,设计了6种成分钢带和6种退火工艺。借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜、拉伸试验、中性盐雾试验等手段,研究了采暖系统用耐沟状腐蚀钢带生产过程中冷轧退火工艺对其性能的影响。结果发现:低于Ac₁温度(650、700 ℃)的退火不可能改变原来冷轧铁素体晶界的遗传结构,冷轧α相的再结晶长大不充分,碳化物的聚合和长大过程也不充分;当退火温度达到Ac₁左右(750 ℃),由于碳元素的固溶加剧,导致α相再结晶和析出物的聚合长大,得到极优的延展性,对深冲非常有利;退火温度位于Ac₁~Ac₃之间(850 ℃),发生α→γ相再结晶,可以取得最好的软化效果。对于含Ti的试验钢,随着退火温度的降低,其塑性应变比r值呈下降趋势。Cr的加入不利于耐沟状腐蚀性能,但是Al的加入有利于耐沟状腐蚀性能。采用两段式退火工艺进行工业化生产,可以得到外观和性能优良的采暖系统用耐沟状腐蚀产品。     

Texture and mechanical properties of Al-0.5Mg-1.0Si-0.5Cu alloy sheets manufactured via a cross rolling method

The relationship between the texture and mechanical properties of 6xxx aluminum alloy sheets processed via cross rolling was investigated. The microstructures of the conventional rolled and cross rolled sheets after annealing were analyzed using optical micrographs (OM). The texture distribution across the thickness in the Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy, conventional rolled sheets, and cross rolled sheets both before and after annealing was investigated via X-ray texture measurements. The texture was analyzed in three layers from the surface to the center of the sheet. The β-fiber texture of the conventional rolled sheet was typical of the texture obtained using aluminumoll ring. After annealing, the typical β-fiber orientations were changed to recrystallization textures: cube{001}〈100〉 and normal direction (ND)-rotated cubes. However, the texture of the cross rolled sheet was composed of an asymmetrical, rolling direction (RD)-rotated cubes. After annealing, the asymmetrical orientations in the cross rolled sheet were changed to a randomized texture. The average R-value of the annealed cross rolled sheets was higher than that of the conventional rolled sheets. The limit dome height (LDH) test results demonstrated that cross rolling is effective in improving the formability of the Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy sheets.