微细化淀粉颗粒形貌及显微结构分析

采用真空球磨设备,以食用级马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉及玉米淀粉为原料,制备不同粒度的微细化淀粉,并对淀粉粒度变化、形貌及聚集态结构等进行表征。扫描电镜形貌分析表明,淀粉颗粒在球磨处理过程中,其形貌特征发生了明显的变化,淀粉颗粒破碎首先发生在颗粒的缺陷处、裂纹处、结晶区处等应力相对集中的区域,当球磨处理时间继续增加时,会呈现一种细化与团聚并存的动态平衡;研究中还发现,淀粉在微细化处理中,并不单是淀粉表面薄层逐渐剥落的过程,大多淀粉颗粒呈现出大块层破碎、淀粉核心崩解等现象。     

微细化马铃薯淀粉的生物降解性能研究

用机械球磨方法制备不同粒度的微细化马铃薯淀粉,采用半生物体内模型系统研究它们的生物降解性能。结果表明,颗粒的微细化有利于淀粉的生物降解微细化程度越高,淀粉越易被降解。超细马铃薯淀粉颗粒具有良好的生物降解性能。通过控制粒度大小可调节淀粉的生物降解速度和降解程度。     

Micronization and Hydrophobic Modification of Cassava Starch

In this study, the cassava starch was micronized in a vacuum ball-mill to make tiny granules of different particle sizes (the d ₅₀ value from 7.9 μm to 24.0 μm). The properties of the micronized cassava starch, such as granularity, gelatinization properties, and dispersibility in organic solvent, have been evaluated. Then the micronized cassava starch has also been modified using a dry-method to improve its hydrophobic property, with aluminate coupling agent (ACA). The results suggest that the granularity of the starch decreases sharply through micronization in the vacuum ball-mill. The d ₅₀ value of micronized starch was reduced from 24.0 μm to 7.9 μm with the milling time from 0 h to 54 h. The active sites increase as the size of the cassava starch is reduced. The micronized starch has been found to be more easily gelatinized, dispersed in organic solvent and modified. The gelatinization temperature of starch was reduced from 59°?C to 23°?C with the milling time from 0 to 54 h.     

Understanding the changes in particle size,structure, and functional properties of waxy maize starch after jet-milling treatments

Waxy maize starch was subjected to fluidized bed jet milling treatments at classifier frequencies of 2,400, 3,000, and 3,600 rpm. Changes in the structure and physicochemical properties of waxy maize starch after jet milling were investigated and compared with the untreated starch. With an increase in classifier frequency, the particle size of starch significantly (p < .05) decreased and showed bimodal distribution after jet milling. The microscopy analysis indicated that surface of starch granules became rough with irregular shapes after jet milling treatment compared to smooth and regular shape for the untreated starch. The birefringence and X-ray diffraction analyses showed that the jet milling destroyed the crystalline areas and decreased crystallinity of the starch. The micronized starch samples showed significantly lower (p < .05) gelatinization temperature, enthalpy, and viscosity than those of the untreated starch. However, an increase in special surface area, water solubility, swelling power, and pasting stability was found after jet milling of the waxy maize starch. Additionally, light transparency of the starch increased as temperature increased but decreased with storage time. The observed results showed that modified starch can be produced by jet milling.     

不同粒径分布对全籽粒玉米粉糊化特性的影响

分析不同粒径大小分布对不同淀粉含量全籽粒玉米粉糊化特性的影响,为其品质分析和加工提供参考依据。选取淀粉含量66%~77%的玉米,通过小型实验磨研磨得到不同粒径的全籽粒玉米粉,研究粒径大小分布、主要成分、损伤淀粉等指标对糊化特性的影响。结果表明,玉米粉的粒径大小和分布对其糊化能力、凝胶特性影响明显,特别是小颗粒粒径大小影响明显,但对回生老化特性影响不显著。平均粒径和小颗粒粒径越小、颗粒表面积越大时,越容易糊化,峰值黏度也越大,玉米粉间糊化能力差异越显著,总淀粉越多、脂肪和蛋白越少也越容易糊化,峰值黏度也越大;小颗粒粒径越小、比表面积越大,凝胶抗剪切能力越差,玉米粉间凝胶特性差异越明显,总淀粉和损伤淀粉含量升高、脂肪和蛋白质降低,也降低凝胶抗剪切能力;粒径大小与分布对玉米粉回生老化特性影响不显著,总淀粉和直链淀粉增加、脂肪减少,提高凝胶回生能力。     

部分糊化玉米淀粉浆液的性能

以玉米淀粉为原料,采用蒸汽升温法制备部分糊化淀粉浆液。运用光学显微镜、粒度分析仪、差示热分析仪、X射线衍射仪等对原淀粉和用蒸汽升温法于不同温度下制备的部分糊化淀粉浆液的形态结构、颗粒大小、膨胀势、糊化度、结晶度等进行了测试和比较。结果表明:随着制备温度的提高,部分糊化淀粉浆液的偏光十字逐渐消失,结晶度下降,而糊化度、粒径、膨胀势逐渐增大;64℃时制备的稳定性较好的部分糊化淀粉浆液的大部分偏光十字消失,但仍有结晶峰存在,糊化度为72.22%。     

种植密度对沿淮玉米籽粒淀粉粒度分布与糊化特性的影响

分析不同种植密度对沿淮玉米籽粒中淀粉粒度分布与糊化特性的影响。以豫单132、京科968等13个玉米杂交品种为材料,设置56 250 株/hm2、67 500 株/hm2、77 250 株/hm2等3个种植密度,分析不同种植密度对玉米籽粒品质、淀粉粒度分布与糊化特性的影响。结果表明,在种植密度56 250~77 250 株/hm2范围内,随着种植密度的增加,玉米籽粒的蛋白质和脂肪含量呈递减趋势,淀粉含量呈递增趋势,即淀粉/蛋白质比率增加。玉米籽粒大型淀粉粒体积和表面积百分比显著增加,小型淀粉粒却显著降低。增加种植密度后玉米淀粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度和稀懈值等黏度参数均呈显著升高。相关分析表明,玉米籽粒峰值黏度等黏度参数与小、大型淀粉粒体积百分比呈正相关,与中型淀粉粒体积百分比呈显著或极显著负相关。说明种植密度影响玉米籽粒淀粉粒度分布、淀粉黏度参数和组分含量。     

Hydration and physicochemical properties of small‐particle cassava starch

Acid hydrolysis followed by ball milling was applied to cassava starch in order to fracture the granules. Lintnerisation led to degradation first in the amorphous domains and increased the crystallinity. The resulting increase in internal defects and brittleness made the granules more susceptible to breakage upon milling. Ball milling, although leading to some degree of crystallinity loss, could effectively reduce the size of acid‐hydrolysed starch while the total double helix remained relatively unchanged. The resulting small‐particle starch was structurally more heterogeneous (wider T_m range). Swelling of small‐particle starch was accompanied by solubilisation of water‐soluble fragments at a temperature greater than 60 °C. The properties of individual granules are strongly influenced by the hydration and physicochemical properties of their amorphous and crystalline domains. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

海藻酸钠结合超低温冷冻处理对甘薯淀粉颗粒结构和性质的影响

为改善甘薯淀粉耐低温、耐热和抗剪切稳定性,通过测定甘薯淀粉颗粒的粒度分布、观察微观结构并测定结晶特性、热力学特性以及糊化特性,研究不同冷冻温度和添加海藻酸钠处理对甘薯淀粉颗粒尺寸、结晶结构、表面结构、糊化性质和热性质的影响.结果表明,冷冻温度由-20℃降至-80℃时,甘薯淀粉颗粒粒径减小,淀粉颗粒表面由数量少的大孔洞转...     

辛烯基琥珀酸马铃薯淀粉酯在冰淇淋中的应用研究

将辛烯基琥珀酸马铃薯淀粉酯作为脂肪替代品代替配方中的奶油,进行了冰淇淋的制备试验。结果表明,冰淇淋配方为奶粉14%、白砂糖13%、蛋黄2%和复合稳定剂0.2%时,添加3.0%(w/w)该淀粉酯的无奶油冰淇淋制品其融化率下降、膨胀率提高,口感更加清凉、细滑;其它不同替代程度的低脂冰淇淋制品品质也较优良,整体品质明显优于添加3.0%(w/w)马铃薯原淀粉作为脂肪替代品制得的冰淇淋制品。结论为高黏度辛烯基琥珀酸马铃薯淀粉酯可以作为脂肪替代品部分或全部代替冰淇淋配方中的奶油,但相应冰淇淋的硬度略有增加。     

球磨处理对3种淀粉特性的影响

以木薯淀粉、玉米淀粉、籼米淀粉为材料,调节水分含量为6%左右,采用行星式球磨机对淀粉进行球磨处理,研究球磨处理对淀粉理化性质的影响。结果表明:随着球磨时间的增加,淀粉颗粒逐渐破碎,淀粉粒度逐渐减小;3种淀粉的还原力、冷水溶解度、透明度均逐渐增加,淀粉的表观黏度、结晶度逐渐减小。在同样的球磨时间下,3种淀粉的冷水溶解度、透明度、表观黏度存在显著性差异(P<0.05);在75h以前,玉米淀粉和籼米淀粉的还原力无显著性差异,100h时,玉米淀粉和籼米淀粉的还原力存在显著性差异(P<0.05);其中,球磨处理对籼米淀粉的各项理化指标影响最大。     

微细化淀粉干法疏水化改性条件及其改性机理研究

应用现代先进粉体设备物理法制备4个粒径梯度且粒度分布相对集中的微细化淀粉。以偶联剂铝酸酯DL为改性剂,采用干法改性途径对不同粒度的微细化淀粉进行疏水亲脂化改性,研究改性反应条件和改性机理。结果表明,淀粉干法疏水化改性的最佳温度和时间分别为112℃和20min。随着淀粉粒度的降低,淀粉颗粒的比表面积增大,淀粉颗粒表面羟基数目增加,更多的表面羟基由于与DL偶联而被封闭,从而使微细化淀粉干法疏水亲脂化改性程度得到提高。     

球磨处理对鸡蛋清蛋白结构、性质及起泡性的影响

蛋清因具有优良的起泡性而在焙烤等食品加工领域中被广泛应用,因此,提升蛋清蛋白的起泡性有重要意义。本实验对鸡蛋清蛋白进行球磨处理,通过测定球磨处理后蛋清蛋白的游离巯基含量、表面疏水性、水解度、Zeta-电位和粒径,并分析其热力学性质、二级结构、起泡特性和微观结构,以研究球磨处理对蛋清蛋白结构性质及其起泡性的影响。结果表明：球磨处理后的蛋清蛋白粉随处理时间的延长起泡性无明显变化,泡沫稳定性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,且在球磨处理40 min时达到最大值（33.5 s）,比对照组提高近3 倍;此外,球磨处理可显著降低蛋清蛋白表面疏水性和热变性焓（ΔH）（P＜0.05）,显著提高水解度和降低Zeta-电位绝对值（P＜0.05）,并增大粒径,但对游离巯基含量和变性温度无显著影响（P＞0.05）;随着球磨时间的延长,蛋清蛋白β-折叠结构相对含量显著升高（P＜0.05）,α-螺旋结构相对含量先降低后升高,而β-转角结构相对含量先升高后降低;扫描电子显微镜结果显示球磨处理使蛋清蛋白呈现出零散碎片化和絮状。综上,适度球磨处理可以改变蛋清蛋白分子结构,进而提升其泡沫稳定性。     

酯化/球磨改性蜡质玉米淀粉及其皮克林乳液稳定与释放特性

针对酯化改性淀粉制备皮克林乳液稳定性较差的难题,以蜡质玉米淀粉为原料、辛烯基琥珀酸酐为酯化剂,对比研究酯化、酯化/球磨改性淀粉的理化性质以皮克林乳液的稳定性及释放性的差异。结果表明,酯化淀粉经球磨2～5 h改性淀粉制备的以大豆油为油相、以水为水相的O/W皮克林乳液具有长期稳定性,是由于酯化反应引入新基团赋予了两亲性、充分的球磨处理破坏淀粉的结晶结构从而改善了淀粉乳化性;酯化后再经球磨处理2 h的淀粉易消化,制备的皮克林乳液释放性好,所荷载的姜黄素生物可利用度高。     

球磨处理对藜麦淀粉结构和特性的影响

为了研究球磨处理对藜麦淀粉结构的影响,采用X-射线衍射仪、激光粒度仪及傅里叶红外光谱仪等对淀粉颗粒的结构进行分析,并对改性后的藜麦淀粉特性进行了进一步研究。结果表明,球磨处理可显著减小藜麦淀粉粒径,降低藜麦淀粉的结晶度,使淀粉无序化程度增加。球磨处理后,藜麦淀粉吸水指数由1.84%提高到3.13%,溶解度由8.50%提高到19.60%,膨胀度和凝胶强度也显著增大,而析水率由41.62%降低到30.10%。该研究可为藜麦淀粉的开发利用提供一定的参考。     

球磨微细化处理在植物性原料微粉制备中的应用研究

球磨微细化处理在植物性原料微粉制备中的研究和应用日益广泛。介绍了球磨微细化处理对植物性原料微粉品质特性的影响,以及微粉制备过程中工艺参数的优化。研究颗粒形貌变化与粒径大小、粒度分布的关系以及形貌的变化,对能耗的影响具有重要意义;采用前期剪切粉碎后期球磨处理的组合方式,可缩短原料的球磨时间,降低能耗。     

高交联马铃薯淀粉非晶化特性研究

研究了以三氯氧磷为交联剂的高交联马铃薯淀粉的制备方法,报道了高交联马铃闰随反应承代度增加而逐渐非晶化的现象,同时,采用偏光显生镜和广角Ｘ－射线衍射对其由多晶态向非晶态的渐变过程进行了研究,提出主交联马铃薯淀粉存在着不同于原淀粉多晶颗粒态的只含无定形结构的非晶颗态。对非晶颗粒态高交联马铃薯淀粉颗粒的粒度分布的进一步研究还表明,此时的淀粉颗粒发生了轻度有限的膨胀。     

Preparation and structural properties of small‐particle cassava starch

Acid and enzyme hydrolyses followed by ball milling were applied to fracture cassava starch granules. Microscopic and chromatographic evidence suggested different mechanisms of the two hydrolyses. Using the enzyme process, granules with a sponge‐like structure and shells with the interior hydrolysed were produced. Amylose and amylopectin were subjected equally to multiple attacks by enzymes, with no significant change in granule crystallinity. The hydrolysed residues could not be effectively broken down by ball milling, although the crystallinity was destroyed. In contrast, the acid treatment caused superficial external corrosion, mainly at the amorphous lamellae, ie the branch points of amylopectin. Acid‐lintnerised starch granules were mostly of Degree of polymerization, DP 10–15 and exhibited increased crystallinity and brittleness, making them more susceptible to breakdown upon milling. Ball milling, although destroying some degree of crystallinity, could effectively reduce the size of acid‐hydrolysed starch, with no further degradation of amylodextrin molecules. By a combination of lintnerisation and ball milling, smaller particle starch (3–8 µm compared with 3–30 µm for native starch) could be produced. It is clear that removal of the amorphous phase prior to milling is critical for effective rupture of the granules. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

半干法磨制对小米粉及面条品质特性的影响

为实现小米在传统主食中的多样化应用,研究半干法磨制工艺对小米粉和小米面条品质特性的影响。通过 损伤淀粉测定仪、激光粒度分析仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、混合实验仪等测定小米粉的物理特性和功能 特性;通过低场核磁共振仪、蒸煮实验、质构仪测定小米面条的品质特性,并进行感官评价。结果表明：与干法 磨制相比,润米水分质量分数22%和26%的半干磨小米粉淀粉损伤程度低,平均粒径较小（P＜0.05）,表现出较 高的淀粉结晶性和较好的结构完整性,由其制备的面团吸水率高,稳定时间长（P＜0.05）。胶凝特性方面,润米 水分质量分数26%的半干磨小米粉在加热过程中吸水能力强,具有较好的溶胀能力（P＞0.05）,表现为峰值黏度 增加,而且对淀粉回生具有更大的抗性（P＜0.05）。此外,半干磨小米粉增强了小米面条中水分与其他组分的结 合能力,且使小米面条在质构上富有弹性、低黏性,有口劲,蒸煮损失小（P＜0.05）。偏最小二乘回归法分析表 明,小米磨制过程中造成的淀粉损伤水平比粒径大小对小米粉及其加工制品具有更为重要的影响。由于淀粉损伤程 度最低,润米水分质量分数26%的小米半干法磨制后可获得品质优良的小米粉与小米面条,这为小米的工业化深加 工提供了一种可行的磨制方法。     

高交联玉米淀粉的非晶化特性

研究了以三氯氧磷为交联剂的高交联玉米淀粉的制备方法,报道了高交联玉米淀粉颗粒随反应取代度增加而逐渐非晶化的现象.采用偏光显微镜和广角X-射线衍射对其由多晶态向非晶态的渐变过程进行了研究,提出高交联玉米淀粉中存在不同于原淀粉多晶颗粒态的只含无定形结构的非晶颗粒态。对非晶颗粒态高交联玉米淀粉颗粒的粒度分布的进一步研究结果还表明,此时的淀粉颗粒发生了轻度的膨胀。