疲劳断裂失效分析与表面强化预防

对于航空航天零部件而言,随着结构设计不断使用高强度结构材料来制造承力构件,越来越多的零件以疲劳断裂的方式发生失效事故。因此,总结疲劳断裂的失效特征,分析其影响因素,探讨疲劳失效的预防措施一直是材料和力学等学科的研究工作者和工程师们所关心的课题。     

膨胀干燥机螺杆轴断裂失效分析

膨胀干燥机螺杆轴是一种呈悬臂状态工作的旋转轴,实际使用中常发生断裂事故。对该轴的断裂原因进行了失效分析。结果表明：螺杆轴断裂的主要原因是由于35CrMo材料承受介质的腐蚀和交变载荷作用而引起的腐蚀疲劳,而轴材料中的缺陷及其热处理工艺不当也是造成轴断裂的原因之一。在失效分析的基础上提出了解决问题的方法,经实际验证该方法可使轴的工作寿命得到大幅度提高。     

传动轴水帽的断裂失效分析与优化

针对传动轴水帽在现场应用过程中出现断裂失效的实际问题,对其断裂位置、特性及断裂失效原因等方面进行了初步总结与分析,分析得出:在验证其结构及材料的强度满足要求的前提下,水帽受到交变载荷及钻井液冲蚀等使用工况条件的多重作用,逐渐形成危险截面和应力集中区,从而增大疲劳断裂失效的风险.此外,对水帽在不同结构下的应力及流道特性进...     

304H板材焊接接头蠕变疲劳失效分析

通过具有保持时间的高温蠕变疲劳试验研究了不锈钢304H材料在相同条件下母材、焊接过程中超声波消应力以及不消应力的失效行为,并对失效后断口宏微观形貌进行分析。结果表明,断裂位置均发生在距离焊缝一定距离的母材上,失效寿命基本一致,焊接时超声波消应力处理不能提高蠕变疲劳寿命,加载过程中循环应力应变不稳定、不封闭且向右推移,从而造成材料延性耗竭而断裂,失效断口为穿晶韧窝断裂。     

焊接小管道疲劳试验与裂纹扩展数值仿真分析

在航天、核动力发电等工业中,小管道(直径小于2 in(约50 mm))的疲劳断裂失效已成为影响设备安全运行的主要因素之一.然而,在现有的设计与评估规范中,尚缺乏小管道疲劳断裂详细的评价方法与准则.采用管道疲劳性能测试和有限元数值仿真方法,对某焊接小管道进行了疲劳与断裂性能分析.研究结果表明,疲劳性能测试和有限元数值仿真方法获得的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命基本一致,分析案例中,裂纹的疲劳扩展寿命仅占整个疲劳断裂寿命的3％左右;管道的临界失效模式为塑性失稳失效,提高材料的屈服与抗拉强度可有效提高部件的临界裂纹尺寸.     

齿轮弯曲疲劳强度与寿命及计算机辅助计算

齿轮因工作环境不同而失效形式也复杂多变。针对齿轮齿根疲劳断裂这一最主要的失效方式理论及预测进行研究,重点分析了直圆柱齿轮的弯曲疲劳强度、疲劳寿命、疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的理论及计算。在此基础上通过计算机辅助计算,分析证实了理论计算的科学性和与实际情况的一致性。研究齿轮的疲劳强度和疲劳寿命在工业应用上有重要的意义和价值,疲劳试验成本较高,使用此理论计算方法对疲劳寿命和裂纹扩展进行模拟为实际应用和工业生产提供了重要参考。     

冷冲压模具失效形式以及对策研究

分析了模具由于过载、磨损、疲劳、断裂等失效的机理,从模具材料、机加工、热处理等方面分析模具失效的原因,并提出预防失效的措施。     

压缩机十字头断裂失效分析

采用宏观检验、化学成分分析、力学性能试验、金相检验、能谱分析和断口分析方法,对压缩机十字头断裂失效原因进行了分析。结果表明：结构设计不合理,铸造组织疏松,材料脆性严重等缺陷导致了此次压缩机十字头的疲劳断裂失效。     

Φ700mm轧机轧辊断裂失效分析

根据Φ700mm轧机用H11轧辊的工况,采用化学成分分析、力学性能检测、显微组织和断口观察等方法对其断裂失效原因进行了分析。结果表明:轧辊断裂性质是弯曲-扭转疲劳断裂;其断口上有多个疲劳源,疲劳源位于轧辊的表面或次表面;由于轧辊材料部分元素含量超标,轧辊表面硬度比标准规定的低,而且材料中存在较多弥散分布的Al2O3、MnS等氧化物和硫化物夹杂,这些都是产生疲劳裂纹的内因;在扭转和弯曲应力共同作用下,疲劳裂纹从轧辊轴径过渡圆角处等应力集中区域开始萌生,并沿与轴径呈约45°的方向扩展,最终导致轧辊断裂失效。     

不锈钢泵轴断裂失效分析

本文对减压机不锈钢泵轴断裂进行了失效分析,泵轴材料为双相不锈钢。采用化学成分分析、宏微观组织分析、显微硬度测试等手段,分析了泵轴断裂失效的原因,结果表明,不锈钢泵轴的断裂属于疲劳断裂,键槽强度不足以及键槽加工所导致的材料硬化是导致该不锈钢泵轴发生快速断裂的主要原因。     

滚动轴承径向游隙的研究与优化

滚动轴承径向游隙直接影响轴承疲劳寿命。通过经验公式整理、试验数据总结等方法,旨在找到径向游隙的优化方法。分析结果显示,轴承内、外圈的过盈配合,轴承内、外圈的温差,材料线膨胀率,工作载荷,表面粗糙度都对轴承径向游隙有重要影响。通过径向游隙的优化计算,保证了轴承处于最佳工作状态。     

离心泵轴承的失效分析

对某离心泵轴承的失效进行了分析,结果表明:在内、外温差较大的环境下长年使用,带冷却装置的中空轴承座会产生较大的变形,使轴承工作时外圈受到较大的异常载荷,导致沟道局部的实际载荷远远大于所能承受的设计载荷,引起轴承过早失效.     

考虑温度影响的角接触球轴承疲劳寿命仿真研究

针对承受热应力和结构应力共同作用下的角接触球轴承,利用ANSYS Workbench软件对其进行疲劳寿命分析。在三维软件Pro/E中建立轴承模型,导入有限元软件ANSYS Workbench中得到轴承的有限元模型,进行热-应力耦合分析,得到轴承温度分布和应力分布;根据零件的材料属性,利用ANSYS Workbench的Fatigue模块分析了轴承的疲劳寿命。根据软件模拟计算得到轴承寿命情况,为机床主轴轴承寿命的预测奠定基础。     

A New Statistical Model of Contact Fatigue

A detailed derivation of a new statistical model of contact fatigue life followed by its qualitative and quantitative analysis are presented. The model is based on contact and fracture mechanics and statistical treatment of the initial distribution of material defect. The model assumptions and their validation as well as the model properties are discussed. A parametric study of the model is performed. A generalization of the model for the case of stochastic residual stress or other contact parameters is proposed. Some analytical formulas for calculation of contact fatigue are proposed and analyzed. The validation of the model and its applicability to calculation of bearing fatigue life and some particular data are considered. A reflection of the quality of bearing manufacturing process on the contact fatigue model is discussed.     

Effects of extreme pressure additive chemistry on rolling element bearing surface durability

Lubricant additives have been known to affect rolling element bearing surface durability for many years. Tapered roller bearings were used in fatigue testing of lubricants formulated with gear oil type additive systems. These systems have sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds used for gear protection as well as bearing lubrication. Several variations of a commercially available base additive formulation were tested having modified sulfur components. The variations represent a range of “active” extreme pressure (EP) chemistries. The bearing fatigue test results were compared with respect to EP formulation and test conditions. Inner ring near-surface material in selected test bearings was evaluated on two scales: the micrometer scale using optical metallography and the nanometer scale using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Focused-ion beam (FIB) techniques were used for TEM specimen preparation. Imaging and chemical analysis of the bearing samples revealed near-surface material and tribofilm characteristics. These results are discussed with respect to the relative fatigue lives.     

Hollow rolling elements

Hollow rolling elements produced by electrodeposition on a removable substrate compared favourably in rolling contact fatigue resistance with conventional ball bearing material. They appear potentially attractive as lightweight rolling elements to reduce centrifugal forces and increase the fatigue life of high speed bearings. The background of the problem is briefly reviewed and the results of preliminary development work reported.     

基于线性疲劳累计损伤橡胶悬置疲劳寿命预测研究

橡胶元件疲劳寿命的有效预测是其设计开发过程中的重要环节。引入橡胶元件线性疲劳累计损伤原理,提出张量形式橡胶疲劳寿命公式,且根据橡胶材料的实际承载工况提出其失效标准。依据橡胶材料的承载变形可简化为单轴拉伸及简单切应变,设计用于承载拉伸载荷的哑铃型橡胶试柱和承载剪切载荷的环形橡胶试柱,并实测疲劳寿命数据,以最小二乘法原理拟合拉伸与剪切的疲劳寿命函数公式。以车用变速箱悬置与发动机后悬置为疲劳寿命预测研究对象,通过分析其承载位移载荷时的应变张量,利用张量形式的疲劳寿命预测公式预测两种悬置在两种典型工况下的疲劳寿命。结果发现,橡胶材料的拉伸疲劳寿命曲线与简单剪切疲劳寿命曲线的变化趋势一致、形状类似、拟合函数幂指数十分接近;张量形式的疲劳寿命预测公式可有效地预测橡胶悬置的疲劳寿命。     

Rolling element bearings absolute life prediction using modal analysis

In this paper, the authors introduce an experimental procedure for predicting the fatigue life of each individual rolling element bearing separately using vibration modal analysis. The experimental procedure was developed based on a statistical analysis. A statistical analysis was performed to find an empirical model that correlates the dynamic load capacity of rolling bearings to their dynamic characteristics (Natural frequencies and damping). These dynamic characteristics are obtained from the frequency response function of each individual bearing that results from vibration modal analysis. A modified formula to the already known Lundberg-Palmgren life formula is proposed for rolling element bearings. Given the modified formula, one can predict the fatigue life of each individual rolling element bearing based on its dynamic characteristics. The paper compares the results from the modified formula with those from Lundberg-Palmgren formula. The modified formula provides an accurate prediction for the fatigue life of each individual bearing based on its dynamic characteristics. The experimental validation of the modified formula is considered for future work. Therefore, it can be used in various applications of rolling element bearings in machinery systems.     

基于多重因素的滚动轴承寿命计算新方法

基于L-P轴承寿命理论,对当前滚动轴承主要的寿命预测模型进行了定性分析。通过经验公式整理、试验数据总结和图形数据处理等方法,重点研究失效概率系数、材料系数、润滑系数、负荷系数、温度系数和清洁系数对轴承疲劳寿命的影响,并建立了多重因素作用下轴承寿命预估模型。基于此模型,利用Matlab和VB的混合编程,开发了轴承疲劳寿命图谱软件,实现了轴承寿命与影响因素的四维可视化显示,并分析各修正系数对滚动轴承寿命的影响规律,确保轴承处于最佳工作状态。     

Magnetooptical Analysis of the Subsurface Region in a Bearing Ring Subjected to Rolling Contact Fatigue

It has been known for decades that high contact load in bearings leads to fatigue alterations of subsurface material, which can be optically visualized on etched samples. In the literature, these alterations are termed dark etching regions and white etching bands, due to their peculiar patterns and contrast. In the current work, it is proposed to study these alterations by the magnetooptical Kerr effect, expecting that the material changes associated with rolling contact fatigue also affect the magnetic properties of bearing steel. The advantage of this method is that it has good spatial resolution, allowing recording of magnetic properties on microscopic scales. Samples containing dark etching regions and white etching bands were compared in the magnetooptical test with the reference sample containing no optically visible changes. It was found that the coercive force of material reduces as result of microstructural changes caused by rolling contact fatigue.