双粉法制备高性能Bi—2223／Ag多芯带材

采用主相为２２１２＋ＣａＣｕＯ所谓双粉作为前驱粉,用标准的粉末套管（ＰＩＴ）工艺制备了３７芯,６１芯和８５芯ＢＩ－２２２３银包套多芯带材,研究发现,采用双粉装管缩短了２２２３成相时间,仅用４０ｈ即获２２２３纯相,前驱粉中较大尺寸２２１２片状晶的存在益于Ｃａ,Ｃｕ传质和２２２３织构的提高,通过对加工工艺的精确控制,可有效防止芯丝的不均匀,清除防碍长带制备的芯丝“香肠”状现象,首次实现了双粉法制备高性     

利用槽轧改善Bi—2223带的相成分和Jc

高温超导有可能大规模应用于电机、发电机和传输电缆等工业应用项目上．在制备优质耐用导体方面，采用粉末套管法（Ｐｒｙ）可以使脆性陶瓷基的Ｂｉ—２２２３ 超导化合物制成有用的带材．工艺关键是选择适当的热处理并伴随合适的机械变形． 鉴于Ｂｉ—２２２３相复杂的反应动力学，为了生成Ｂｉ—２２２３相，必须进行长时间的热处理，而且 Ｂｉ— ２２２３／Ａｇ本身又是两种力学性质相差甚远的不同材料的复合体，为了最终获得好的微结构和导电性能，其中有一系列工艺参数，如芯丝密度、晶粒尺寸、氧分压、相含量、烧结温度、加热速度、烧…     

磁体用多芯Bi—2223／Ag超导带材的制备和性能

研究了用粉末装和技术制备磁体用多芯Ｂｉ－２２２３／Ａｇ超导带材的工艺性能。结果表明,得到的氧化物芯丝均匀的多芯Ｂｉ－２２２３／Ａｇ超导带材,其Ｂｉ－２２２３单相性较好且晶粒具有ｃ轴取向。在７７Ｋ,０Ｔ下,短带的临界电流密度ＪＣ达２．２×１０＾４Ａ／ｃｍ＾２（判据１μＶ／ｃｍ）。用此带制做的小型超导磁体（外径为８５ｍｍ,内径１０ｍｍ,高６０ｍｍ）,在４．２Ｋ和７７Ｋ下,磁体通过的临界电流ＩＣ分别为１     

Bi2223超导带的加压退火工艺

一般氧化物粉末套管法制备Ｂ１２２２３超导带的工艺总包括反复循环的机械变形以发展织构并减少孔隙，再伴之以退火热处理反应生成Ｂｉ２２２３相，松驰内应力并修复裂纹．其中织构变形硬化和开裂会限制单靠变形获得的所需晶粒织构，退火时超导带的氧化物芯丝密度也会变小，导致最终Ｊｃ退降． 为了克服上述问题，人们发明了如热压、热轧、烧结锻造、热等静压等种种热机械加工方法来制备Ｂｉ２２２３超导带，其总的特点是施加短时间的压力使带子变形，其中热压工艺（先在高压下施加短时间压力，再伴之以长时间无压力的退火）对改善织构提高…     

Bi—2223超导带的拉伸特性和芯丝断裂可能性

带状Ｂｉ－２２２３超导体有众多的用途,但条件是必须兼具高的临界电流密度和足够的强度．为此,日本东京大学和国立金属所等单位的研究者,采用类似弓形样品某装置,研究了Ｂｉ－２２２３超导带的机械性能． 实验是在粉末套管法制备的６１芯包银带上进行的,最终成形带子尺寸宽为３．４ｍｍ、厚０、２４ｍｍ,处理后带子的临界温度为１０８Ｋ．自场７７Ｋ下传输Ｊｃ为１８．５ｋＡ／ｃｍ２,应变试验样品长度７ｃｍ,在大口径磁体和不同温度（４．２Ｋ． ２０Ｋ和７７Ｋ）下试验．先用一般锡焊将Ｂｉ－２２２３超导带固定在Ｕ形黄铜弹簧架…     

含铅铋系2212相生长动力学研究

从生长动力学角度研究了（Ｂｉ,Ｐｂ）２Ｓｒ２ＣａＣｕ２Ｏｚｘ超导相反应历程及成相规律。应用差示热分析（ＤＴＡ）,Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）,扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）,能量色散谱仪（ＥＤＳ）等手段详细分析了所得样品的成分、成分改变过程和微观形貌。结果表明：（Ｂｉ,Ｐｂ）２２１２相基层符合按成核生长机理进行的固相反应动力学关系。较大的过度下,长时间的退火处理过程有利于有织构的（Ｂｉ,Ｐｂ）－２２１２相形成。     

一种制备Bi—2223长带的浸涂工艺

粉末套管法的Ｂｉ－ ２２２３短带Ｊｃ可达７．３８ ×１０４Ａ／ｃｍ２（７７,０Ｔ）,但带材制备以及热机械处理的工艺参数极其复杂,只有对这些变量进行严格控制,以形成排列整齐连接良好的２２２３晶粒,并使氧化物芯和银或银合金包皮之间界面尽可能光滑,氧化物芯尽可能细小,才有可能获得高Ｊｃ。除充分的机械变形外．热处理的热力学和动力学变量的严格控制,包括温度、时间、氧分压、加热冷却速率等,也至关重要．在制备长带方面,氧化物粉末套管法（ＯＰＩＴ）已成为制备Ｂｉ－２２２３的有效方法,而浸涂工艺（ＤＣ）成为制备Ｂｉ…     

层状Bi—2212／Ag多芯带的制造

人们普遍认为，Ｂｉ－２２１２超导线和带是高场（＞２０Ｔ）应用最优良的候选材料．导体由多芯组成也很重要，因为多芯可以沿整个长度均分性能的变化．多芯导体还可通过较大的断面缩减使氧化物芯密实，从而增强沿银－氧化物界面的晶粒排列．上述因素是采用Ａｇ／Ｂｉ－２２１２材料获得高场磁体的关键． 在Ｂｉ－２２２３多芯带的研究中，观察到与银层相邻的Ｂｉ－２２２３晶粒是高临界电流密度区．最近的研究又表明，Ｂｉ－２２１２带中光滑的银－氧化物界面对于获得所需要的Ｊｃ值是很重要的，因为光滑的银－氧化物界面会产生均匀的和高…     

液相烧结制备织构（123＋211）的YBa2Cu3O7—x超导体

用液相烧结法研究了制备名义组成（１２３＋２１１）织构的ＹＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ７－ｘ超导体。在１２３（ＹＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ７－ｘ）粉中掺适量的２１１（Ｙ２ＢａＣｕＯ５）粉消除ＢａＣｕＯ２在晶界上沉积。在包晶转变温度附近降低冷却速率允许有足够时间沿ａ－ｂ面进行质量转移，ａ－ｂ面是最快的生长面，晶粒长度受质量转移速率控制。ＸＲＤ，ＳＥＭ，ＥＤＸＡ分析指出，晶粒是长条形，取向垂直于ｃ轴，平行于表面。样品１２３具有强     

冷等静压与热压结合制造Bi-2223电流引线

由于高温超导氧化物在低于Ｔｃ的温度下热导低,因此,高温超导电流引线引起了人们的广泛注意．Ｖ．Ｐｌｅｃｈａｃｅｋ和Ｊ．Ｈｅｊｔａｍａｎｅｋ曾报道过冷等静压（ＣＩＰ）制造的Ｂｉ－２２２３管状电流引线,其临界电流密度（Ｊｃ）在７７Ｋ下为１０００Ａ／ｃｍ２．澳大利亚学者Ｖ． Ｒｏｕｅｓｓａｃ等人采用单轴压制的方法制造了织构良好的Ｂｉ－２２２３圆片,其Ｊｃ为１０ ０００Ａ／ｃｍ２．到目前为止,管状电流引线在７７Ｋ和自场中的最高Ｊｃ超过了１０００Ａ／ｃｍ２,而采用ＣＩＰ法制造的棒状电流引线在７７Ｋ和自场中的Ｊ…     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.