含孔隙碳纤维复合材料对超声波相速度的影响

用透射法对两组不同的碳纤维复合材料试块进行超声测量,采用相位展开法求得试块的相速度,并验证了Kramers-Kroning(K-K)关系式.结果表明,在一定频率下,孔隙对超声波相速度的色散作用随孔隙率的增大而增大.当孔隙率一定时,孔隙的色散作用随着频率的增加而减小,高频成份具有更高的相速度.分析结果还表明,相速度的改变与试块的孔隙率之间存在着良好的线性关系,有助于建立碳纤维复合材料孔隙率的超声检测模型.     

碳纤维复合材料孔隙率超声衰减测试研究

探讨和分析了碳纤维复合材料孔隙率检测的各种方法以及理论方面的研究,指出材料内部孔隙形状与孔隙含量存在着相关性,孔隙含量超声衰减测量应考虑孔隙形貌因素,超声波频率因素对超声衰减孔隙含量测量存在着影响,不同频率超声波影响着超声衰减孔隙含量计算公式的具体形式,复合材料孔隙率检测的难点在于破坏性实验及孔隙特性不能与实测中超声信号充分点点对应,不能有效充分考虑孔隙特性,提出了一种基于孔隙特征的多分段拟合孔隙率超声衰减测试方法,并以一简单例子对多分段拟合结果进行了分析.     

基于超声背散射信号递归定量分析的CFRP局部孔隙缺陷识别方法

以碳纤维复合材料(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics, CFRP)的超声背散射信号为研究对象,创新性地提出运用递归定量分析(Recursive Quantitative Analysis,RQA)方法获得其信号特征,实现对材料局部孔隙缺陷的识别及评估。首先,对含有孔隙率为0.2%～5.92%的标准试块的超声背散射信号分别进行递归图分析和递归定量分析。结果表明,不同孔隙率试块所对应的递归图特征表现出明显差异,同时,RQA的特征量参数——递归率与递归熵均随孔隙率的增大而增大。然后,运用RQA方法对某未知孔隙率试块进行局部孔隙缺陷评估,基于上述结论,识别得到该试块中最有可能含有局部孔隙缺陷的区域。最后,剖开该未知孔隙率试块作微观形貌观察实验,实验发现该试块实际孔隙缺陷区域与RQA识别得到的结果相同,从而验证了递归定量分析方法用于CFRP局部孔隙缺陷识别的有效性。     

小波变换滤波在连铸坯材料超声检测中的应用

1引言 超声传感器接收到的信号总是伴有随机噪声,所以有用的信息难免会被其它噪声信号隐藏,在信噪比差的情况下,采用信号处理技术来提高信噪比使有用信息显示出来已经成为检测应用中不可缺少的一个环节.用信号处理技术来提高对缺陷回波的检测灵敏度也经过了许多年的发展,现代数字信号处理通过高速模数转换器件得到超声回波信号的数字形式,然后通过信号处理算法程序来实现有用信息的提取.目前,有许多中方法已经得到了广泛的应用,比如取平均值、阈值法、频谱分析、分离谱分析、倒谱分析等[1].但上述所有处理技术,信号总是独立地在时域或频域分析处理,而对于像缺陷检测中常用的超声脉冲方式检测到的信号,一般为对以探头检测频率为中心频率的宽带脉冲信号经缺陷调制而形成的,能够将时域和频域的分析结合进行二维的分析(如小波变换)要比分离地处理更为合理.     

含孔隙碳纤维复合材料的超声衰减模型

从碳纤维复合材料孔隙率的超声脉冲检测原理出发,在假设其它缺陷的影响已在定性分析中排除、或以当量及修正的方式引入的前提下,对于根据孔隙直径适当给定的检测频率,建立材料的超声衰减模型,并导出超声衰减系数与材料和孔隙缺陷的主要参数之间的理论与统计关系,为建立新的检测方法提供理论支撑,改变现有检测方法的检测结果与理论模型的不一致现象.其中作为中间结果之一所建立的碳纤维声衰减模型及相应导出的声衰减系数与碳纤维含量和碳纤维半径之间的关系,不仅可服务于本文的直接应用目标,而且对于基于超声衰减原理的纤维增强复合材料无损检测的其它方面也具意义.作为中间结果之二所建立的分布孔隙率超声衰减模型,考虑到材料中的孔隙按其半径分布,而不同半径范围的孔隙表现出相异的声衰减特性这一实际情况,在由单一半径孔隙率声衰减模型导出的理论关系中引入了孔隙率与孔隙半径相关关系的统计特征,由此给出了更符合材料实际情况的修正模型和求解关系式.     

C/SiC复合材料空气耦合超声检测数值模拟

针对高孔隙率C/SiC复合材料空气耦合超声检测,引入考虑孔隙形貌的随机孔隙模型开展数值模拟研究。结合力学和声学性能测试计算材料弹性刚度矩阵,借助组织分析建立考虑孔隙微观形貌、孔隙率分别为5%、10%、15%的随机孔隙有限元模型,研究了空气耦合超声透射法检测过程中超声波传播特征及典型缺陷的响应规律。结果表明:材料纵波声速约2830 m/s,横观各向同性五个独立弹性常数分别为158.149、88.589、34.141、15.288和13.793 GPa。孔隙呈长条状,随孔隙率增加,超声衰减逐渐增大;孔隙尺寸与波长的比值约在0.05~0.22范围,主要为瑞利散射机制。高孔隙率、复杂孔隙形貌显著影响超声波的传播过程,导致个别条件下声场指向性发生偏转,影响缺陷检测。当分层缺陷长度由0增加到25 mm时,接收信号幅值衰减增大,与无分层模型相比最大衰减增加33.9 dB。随着复合材料层板厚度的增加,超声衰减进一步增强,声场也将产生一定偏转,主要体现孔隙和分层的共同作用。计算结果与实验吻合较好,为高孔隙率C/SiC复合材料的高质量无损检测提供支撑。      

基于经验模式分解和主元分析的滚动轴承故障诊断方法研究

提出了一种融合经验模式分解和多元统计的轴承故障诊断新方法,主要包括基于信号Hilbert-Huang变换的特征提取和对故障特征集的主成分分析:首先运用EMD将振动信号分解成不同特征时间尺度的单分量固有模态函数,采取Hilbert-Huang变换获取分解信号的瞬时频率,计算基本模式分量与瞬时频率的统计特征集;之后对统计特征集进行主成分分析,大幅降低特征向量的维数,获取主元特征集;最后利用支持向量机,完成了对于滚动轴承常见三类故障的分类,并分析了振动信号时域频域的统计特征值与故障模式之间的联系。     

20~#钢不同晶粒度试件非线性超声特性实验研究

传统的线性超声检测技术对微观缺陷的检测不敏感,而非线性超声检测是利用信号的频域特征来进行缺陷判别,具有独特的优势。采用RAM-5000 SNAP非线性超声检测系统,对不同晶粒度20#钢试件进行非线性超声检测实验。通过测量不同试件在相同激励条件下的基波与二次谐波幅值,得到其相关非线性系数,分析材料不同晶粒度对非线性超声特性的影响。结果表明:随着材料晶粒度的增大,超声非线性效应增强,非线性系数值不断增加。因此,利用非线性系数可以表征材料微观晶粒度的变化情况,验证非线性超声检测技术在判别材料微观组织变化中的有效性。     

一种改进的窄带信号降噪算法及其应用

提出一种改进的基于FFT窄带信号频域降噪算法,并研究了其在宽带信号分段滤波中的应用。针对传统的基于FFT窄带信号频域去噪方法的不足,首先估计出信号频率与量化频率点的偏离程度,然后对信号进行频移,使信号频率尽量接近量化频率点,再进行频域滤波,并对滤波后信号逆向频移恢复原信号。最后,采用这种基于频移的窄带信号降噪算法对宽带信号进行分段滤波处理。Matlab仿真表明,改进的算法在不同的频率段内性能,且明显优于传统的窄带信号频域去噪算法。     

基于时频信息融合网络的非干扰呼吸检测方法

为了能够克服复杂环境中的噪声影响,实现基于多普勒雷达的鲁棒呼吸信号检测,本文提出了一种基于时频信息融合网络的非干扰呼吸信号检测方法。该方法利用多普勒雷达采集用户的胸腔运动信息,提取双通道混频信号(I和Q通道),从时域和频域2个维度,构建时频信息融合网络进行呼吸频率的识别。针对时域信号,使用长短期记忆(LSTM)网络提取信号的有效周期信息;针对频域信息,使用选带傅里叶变换(ZoomFFT)实现细粒度的频域特征计算,并结合卷积神经网络(CNN)提取频域特征的有效信息;最后,融合2个层面的信息,通过Lowess平滑方法,实现对用户呼吸频率的精准检测。实验表明,该方法比其他常用信号处理方法识别平均误差、标准差更小,对不同距离、不同朝向的呼吸都可以进行有效识别。     

Velocity dispersion of acoustic waves in cancellous bone

Measurement of ultrasonic attenuation and velocity in cancellous bone are being applied to aid diagnosis of women with high fracture risk due to osteoporosis. However, velocity dispersion in cancellous bone has received little attention up to now. The overall goal of this research was to characterize the velocity dispersion of human cancellous bone based on a spectral analysis of ultrasound transmitted through the bone specimens. We have followed a systematic approach, beginning with the investigation of a test material, moving on to the investigation of bone specimens. Particular attention is given to diffraction effect, a potential source of artifacts. Parametric images of phase velocity (measured at the center frequency of the pulse spectrum), slope of attenuation coefficient (dB/cm/MHz) and velocity dispersion were obtained by scanning 15 bone specimens. We have demonstrated that the diffraction effect is negligible in the useful frequency bandwidth, and that the ultrasonic parameters reflect intrinsic acoustic properties of bone tissue. The measured attenuation showed approximately linear behavior over the frequency range 200 to 600 kHz. Velocity dispersion of cancellous bone in the frequency range 200 to 600 kHz was unexpectedly found to be either negative or positive and not correlated with the slope of attenuation coefficient. There was a highly significant correlation between the slope of attenuation coefficient and phase velocity at the center frequency of the spectrum. This behavior contrasts with other biological or nonbiological materials where the local form of the Kramers-Kronig relationship provides accurate prediction of velocity dispersion from the experimental frequency dependent-attenuation for unbounded waves.     

Mechanisms for attenuation in cancellous-bone-mimicking phantoms

Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) in cancellous bone is useful for prediction of osteoporotic fracture risk, but its causes are not well understood. To investigate attenuation mechanisms, 9 cancellous-bone-mimicking phantoms containing nylon filaments (simulating bone trabeculae) embedded within soft-tissue-mimicking fluid (simulating marrow) were interrogated. The measurements of frequency-dependent attenuation coefficient had 3 separable components: 1) a linear (with frequency) component attributable to absorption in the soft-tissue-mimicking fluid, 2) a quasilinear (with frequency) component, which may include absorption in and longitudinal-shear mode conversion by the nylon filaments, and 3) a nonlinear (with frequency) component, which may be attributable to longitudinal-longitudinal scattering by the nylon filaments. The slope of total linear (with frequency) attenuation coefficient (sum of components #1 and #2) versus frequency was found to increase linearly with volume fraction, consistent with reported measurements on cancellous bone. Backscatter coefficient measurements in the 9 phantoms supported the claim that the nonlinear (with frequency) component of attenuation coefficient (component #3) was closely associated with longitudinal-longitudinal scattering. This work represents the first experimental separation of these 3 components of attenuation in cancellous bone-mimicking phantoms.     

Experimental verification of the Kramers-Kronig relationship for acoustic waves

A spectral technique for effectively and accurately measuring acoustic attenuation over a wide frequency range is reported. The spectral technique for phase measurement developed by W. Sachse and Y.H. Pao (1978) was used to determine the acoustic dispersion. For acoustic waves, a very simple and useful Kramers-Kronig relationship was previously derived by M. O'Donnell, E.T. Jaynes, and J.G. Miller (1981). The attenuation was calculated, using this relationship, from the measured dispersion and then compared with the attenuation that was measured independently. Dispersion was deduced from the measured attenuation and compared with the measured dispersion. The results of two highly attenuative specimens are presented. The agreement between the calculated attenuation and measured attenuation is excellent. The deduced dispersion also agrees well with the measured one. This agreement verifies the simple Kramers-Kronig relationship used. It further shows the accuracy of the spectral techniques for attenuation and dispersion measurements over a wide frequency range.     

内埋中空纤维法制备复合材料孔隙率标准试块的超声衰减特性

采用50D中空涤纶长丝埋入复合材料,模拟复合材料的孔隙,制备孔隙率标准试块。通过制备三种厚度(1.5,3.0和5.0mm)和五种孔隙率(0~5.76%)的碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料,采用超声C扫描测定不同孔隙率下复合材料的超声衰减,并和波音公司的标准试块进行了对比。研究了涤纶排列密度和在厚度方向上的排列位置对复合材料超声衰减的影响。结果表明,制备的标准试块和波音公司标准试块具有良好的一致性,用涤纶中空纤维模拟复合材料的孔隙率是可行的;随着涤纶排列密度的增加,孔隙率增加,超声衰减增加;在孔隙率不变的情况下,涤纶分布在不同的厚度位置上时,其复合材料的超声衰减基本一致。     

玻璃纤维复合材料孔隙率对超声衰减系数及力学性能的影响

在0.1~0.6 MPa热压压力条件下, 制备了不同孔隙率含量的玻璃纤维布/618环氧树脂层压板试件。采用超声C扫描及烧蚀密度法测定了试件的超声衰减系数与平均孔隙率, 并通过金相显微分析对孔隙的分布、 形状及尺寸进行了表征。讨论了孔隙率对层压板拉伸、 弯曲和层间剪切性能及超声衰减系数的影响规律, 获得了使力学性能下降的临界孔隙率及衰减系数值。结果表明, 随着固化压力减小, 孔隙率从0.976%增加到5.268%, 抗拉强度、 弯曲强度和层间剪切强度均下降, 衰减系数由1.460 dB·mm^-1增加到2.150 dB·mm^-1, 使力学性能下降的临界衰减系数约为1.5 dB·mm^-1。     

碳纤维复合材料分布孔隙率的超声衰减检测方法

文中提出一种基于理论建模与实验标定的碳纤维复合材料孔隙率超声衰减检测方法.此方法对包含超声波频率、树脂、碳纤维、按尺寸分布孔隙等的多种衰减影响作用在内的理论模型进行分析简化,而建立起检测模型,较好地解决了前人的理论模型与检测结果不一致问题,并使其方法本身具有适用意义.对相应导出的检测关系式通过破坏性实验标定,保证了本方法检测结果的可靠性.给出了一种标定检测关系式的实验方法,并对其精度进行了分析.通过实验分析,对所提出的方法进行了示例性实现,以表明此方法的可行性.     

Issues with Combining Road Elevation Spectral Models and Vehicle Vibration Response to Estimate Vehicle Dynamic Characteristics

The research presented in this paper focuses on issues associated with the development of an experimental technique to estimate the dynamic characteristics of wheeled vehicles (namely, the frequency response function) using only in‐service response data. To validate the approach and eliminate complexities associated with multi‐wheel vehicles, a single‐wheeled prototype vehicle was designed and commissioned. The vertical vibration acceleration of the prototype vehicle's sprung mass was measured during normal operation. The power spectral density function was computed and used to estimate the frequency response function of the vehicle. A number of experiments using various configurations of the single‐wheeled prototype vehicle were undertaken, along with a series of vibration table experiments to provide a comparison with the estimated frequency response functions. The results show that the best estimate of the frequency response function using the vehicle response data provides reasonable agreement with the measured laboratory experiments when the value of the slope of the spectral function is not set to the value suggested by the International Organisation for Standardisation. Another technique was further developed to estimate the value of the pavement spectral slope using only in‐service response data; however, this technique does not yield consistent and accurate estimates. Interestingly, the main resonance of the vehicle is in agreement between the vibration table and response data around the sprung mass of all three vehicle configurations when inspected using linear scales (regardless of the variation in the spectral shape of the excitation), although the additional modes (including the unsprung mass) differs for all vehicles. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of the spectral fit algorithm as functions of frequency range and deltakaeff.

Considerable effort has been directed at quantifying the properties of the tissue microstructure (i.e., scatterer correlation length) to diagnose disease and monitor treatment. In vivo assessments have had limited success due to frequency-dependent attenuation along the propagation path (i.e., total attenuation) masking the frequency dependence of the scattering from the tissue microstructure. Previously, both total attenuation and scatterer correlation length, given by the effective radius, were solved simultaneously by a two-parameter minimization of the mean squared error between a reference spectrum, modified by the attenuation and scatterer effective radius, and the backscattered waveforms using an algorithm termed the spectral fit algorithm. Herein, the impact of frequency range (largest frequency minus smallest frequency) and deltakaeff (largest kaeff value minus smallest kaeff value; k is wave number and aeff is scatterer effective radius) used by the spectral fit algorithm on estimating the scatterer effective radius, and total attenuation was assessed by computer simulations while excluding frequencies of the backscattered power spectrum dominated by electronic noise. The simulations varied the effective radius of the scatterers (5 microm to 150 microm), the attenuation of the region (0 to 1 dB/cm-MHz), the bandwidth of the source, and the amount of electronic noise added to the radio frequency (rf) waveforms. The center frequency of the source was maintained at 8 MHz. Comparable accuracy and precision of the scatterer effective radius were obtained for all the simulations whenever the same deltakaeff was used to obtain the estimates. A deltakaeff of 1 gave an accuracy and precision of approximately 15% +/- 35%, and a width of 1.5 gave an accuracy and precision of approximately 5% +/- 15% consistently for all of the simulations. Similarly, the accuracy and precision of the total attenuation estimate were improved by increasing the frequency range used by the spectral fit algorithm.     

Application of autoregressive spectral analysis for ultrasoundattenuation estimation: interest in highly attenuating medium

The authors deal with the application of parametric spectral analysis for attenuation estimation on the reflected ultrasound signal of biological tissues. A second-order autoregressive (AR2) model, whose parameters are estimated with the Burg algorithm, is used to estimate the center frequency on echo signals and its evolution versus depth. Data simulation of independent A-lines backscattered by a homogeneous medium of scatterers are generated by a computer model with attenuation values ranging from 1 to 5 dB/cmMHz, an ultrasonic frequency of 5 MHz and different pulse durations. The performance of the estimator is evaluated for time windows ranging from 5 to 0.3 μs. The comparison is made with the classical short time Fourier analysis using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). It is found that the AR2 model provides a better estimation of attenuation than the Fourier technique: the relative error of attenuation is below 5% for windows between 0.6 to 2.5 μs, while the one obtained with the Fourier technique lies between 3 and 16% for the same window sizes. However, the variance of attenuation estimate is the same with the two techniques. These results offer promises for determining attenuation in highly attenuating medium (material or biological tissue) either because of their structure or because high frequencies are used