水生生物栖息地适宜性指标的模糊综合评判

针对河流水生生物栖息地数学模型PHABSIM,分析现有确定栖息地适宜性指标方法的不足之处,在此基础上给出用模糊综合评判方法,确定水生生物栖息地适宜性指标。模糊综合评判方法考虑了栖息地质量因素之间的相互作用,得到的栖息地适宜性指标准确度较高。     

模糊综合评判水利水电工程质量的研究

模糊综合评判水利水电工程质量的研究张树明（湖州市水利农机局）一、现行水利水电工程质量评定方法及其缺陷目前，我国水利水电工程建设单位和质量监督机构在评定工程质量时，通常采用合格品率法。根据我们实际应用中的体会，合格品率法在一定的前提和条件下确实能够较客...     

集雨灌溉工程规划方案的模糊综合评判

根据集雨灌溉工程的特点,建立了由4个一级指标、14个二级指标组成的评价指标体系,提出了集雨灌溉工程规划方案模糊综合评判的数学模型,并结合工程实例说明了二级模糊综合评判的方法和步骤,应用表明该模型是可行、有效的。     

输水管道规模选优模糊综合评判

1 引言随着城市建设和工业的发展,需水量大幅度地增长。我国北方地区不少城市或工业区附近的水源濒于枯竭,已不能满足需要。因此,一些新的供水项目,不得不根据水资源条件到较远的地方取水,所以长距离的输水管道工程日趋增多。考虑到这类工程重要性,管径大、距离长,不仅要耗费巨资兴建,在运行中还要为克服管道的摩阻损失耗费大量电能。合理确定管道规模可以降低工程造价,减少运行费用,使安装、运行、管理更加有利,更好地为经济建设服务。     

渠系建筑物老化与模糊综合评判

在提出建筑物老化定义的同时，强调指出人为因素虽然不是老化的必要条件，但它却是加速或延缓老化的关键条件，以水闸水例，对其老化分级进行了模糊综合评判，结果表明，用多级模糊综合评判法评定渠系建筑物的老化级别是适宜的，对评判指标的宜采用“综合比较法”。     

监理队伍管理的模糊综合评判探讨

针对水电监理队伍管理的实际和存在的问题，将模糊数学中的模糊综合评判原理应用于监理单位的监理水平评估和监理工程师的评优工作，并提出了详细的应用步骤和方法。应用实例表明，这种方法更为科学、公平和合理。     

水库岸坡稳定性模糊综合评判

水库岸坡具有呈带状分布、数量大、受库水作用影响明显等特点,根据水库岸坡的变形破坏机制,将影响水库岸坡稳定性的因素归纳为地质环境条件和诱发条件两方面,选取合理的岸坡稳定性评价指标,建立岸坡稳定性两级模糊综合评判模型,并运用层次分析法确定指标权重。运用该评判体系对新疆莫勒切河石门水库94个岸坡进行了模糊综合分级评判,评判结果与实际岸坡失稳情况基本吻合,表明模糊综合评判模型用于水库岸坡稳定性评价是合理可行的。     

用广义模糊综合二级评价法评价城市环境质量

采用邯郸市2000年环境监测数据,以3种模糊综合评价模型对该地区单环境因素进行了一级评价。在对比的基础上,采用广义模糊综合评价模型对邯郸市整体的环境状况进行了二级评价。结果表明,大气和噪声环境为轻度污染,地下水污染最为严重,邯郸市总体环境属轻度污染级。     

城市干旱多层次模糊综合评价方法

运用模糊数学理论建立浙江省城市干旱多层次模糊综合评价模型,模型综合考虑了气象、城市供水、城市节水、城市抗旱非工程措施等影响城市干旱的因素,并以杭州市区为例进行实例评价,模型评价结果符合实际情况,可用于城市干旱的综合评判.     

History and review of the habitat suitability criteria curve in applied aquatic ecology

Hydraulic microhabitat assessment is a category of environmental flow tools (e.g., Physical Habitat Simulation system and other methodologically similar software) that, at its core, uses habitat suitability criteria (HSC) to link values of point hydraulic variables (usually depth, velocity, and substrate/cover) to habitat values for target life stages. Although this assessment tool has been used worldwide for decades, the history of the HSC curve is relatively unknown because the foundational information is predominantly contained in obscure and often unpublished reports. We review the history of the HSC concept in applied aquatic ecology to clarify its scientific pedigree, ensure its proper use, and build a foundation for future research. We begin the review with the formative decades of the 1950's through the 1970's, when consumptive‐based western USA water law conflicted with conservation traditions and natural resource management objectives, although water allocation issues date back at least to the 19th century. By analysing the history of the HSC concept, we aim to establish the biological, hydrologic, and geomorphological conditions that must be met for the HSC concept to be successfully employed. In spite of its documented assumptions and limitations, the HSC concept will likely continue to be a useful tool to help address water resources allocation issues in defined hydrologic and geomorphic settings. We conclude that HSC‐based methodologies should be considered as one of several environmental flow approaches involved in sustainable water resources management.     

基于主成分分析的水库移民生活水平综合评价

水库移民搬迁后的生活水平是评估国家后期扶持政策实施效果的重要标准之一。基于2015年江西省抚州市金溪县、南城县、南丰县、黎川县等4个县475户水库移民监测评估调查数据,通过主成分分析方法,提出了评估移民生活水平的绩效评价指标体系,并对以上4县水库移民生活水平进行了综合评价。结果表明:影响水库移民生活水平的主要因子分别为常规性经济收入、转移性经济支出与基本生活需求、常规性经济支出水平与基本生活保障等因素。根据数据分析结果提出了相关政策建议,达到了合理评估并优化后期扶持政策实施效果的目的。     

A review of statistical methods for the evaluation of aquatic habitat suitability for instream flow assessment

Habitat models serve three main purposes: First, to predict species occurrences on the basis of abiotic and biotic variables, second to improve the understanding of species‐habitat relationships and third, to quantify habitat requirements. The use of statistical models to predict the likely occurrence or distribution of species based on relevant variables is becoming an increasingly important tool in conservation planning and wildlife management. This article aims to provide an overview of the current status of development and application of statistical methodologies for analysing the species‐environment association, with a clear emphasis on aquatic habitat. It describes the main types of univariate and multivariate techniques available for analysis of species‐environment association, and specifically focuses on the assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the available statistical methods to estimate habitat suitability. A second objective of this article is to propose new approaches using existing statistical methods. A wide array of habitat statistical models has been developed to analyse habitat‐species relationship. Generally, physical habitat is dependent on more than one variable (e.g. depth, velocity, substrate, cover) and several suitability indices must be combined to define a composite index. Multivariate approaches are more appropriate for the analysis of aquatic habitat as they inherently consider the interrelation and correlation structure of the environmental variables. Ordinary multiple linear regression and logistic regression are popular methods often used for modelling of species and their relationships with environment. Ridge regression and Principal component regression are particularly useful when the independent variables are highly correlated. More recent regression modelling paradigms like generalized linear models (GLMs) present advantages in dealing with non‐normal environmental variables. Generalized additive models (GAMs) and artificial neural networks are better suited for analysis of non‐linear relationships between species distribution and environmental variables. The fuzzy logic approach presents advantages in dealing with uncertainties that often exist in habitat modelling. Appropriate methods for analysis of multi‐species data are also presented. Finally, the few existing comparative studies for predictive modelling are reviewed, and advantages and disadvantages of different methods are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于模糊逻辑的裂腹鱼幼鱼生境适宜度指数分析

通过模糊逻辑的方法建立了雅砻江裂腹鱼幼鱼时期的生境适宜度指数模型。根据野外调查和室内实验结果,结合有经验的鱼类学专家的模糊知识建立了关于生境因子和幼鱼生境适宜度模糊集合的隶属度函数和模糊推理规则。模糊集合根据水温、流速和溶解氧3个变量因子,以“if-then”的规则语句实现了生境特性和适宜度的联系。根据模型分析,得出溶解氧是裂腹鱼幼鱼重要的生境因子,其次是温度和流速。单因子变化引起的相对极端环境对鱼类适宜度有显著影响。裂腹鱼对水温、溶解氧和流速的最适范围分别为11 ℃~19 ℃,5.75~10 mg/L和0.1~0.65 m/s。     

三峡库区“农转非”移民市民化适应性分析

为探讨三峡库区“农转非”移民适应性,通过社区走访、向专家咨询,设计了主要涵盖移民生活适应性问题的17个变量,并运用市民化因子分析方法和回归模型进行定量描述。结果表明,“农转非”移民适应性与社会保障、移民心理、人际关系、技能培训有重要关联。研究认为,需进一步完善移民保障制度,创新职业培训模式,增加移民社会资本,完善社区工作机制,努力实现移民可持续发展。     

基于二级模糊综合评判的航母编队防护训练评估

通过探讨航母编队防护训练评估的方法,给出航母编队防护训练评价的指标体系;针对评价对象的复杂性及其指标的模糊性,采用模糊数学的理论与技术,通过单因素模糊评价,给出二级模糊综合评价模型及某型常规动力航母编队的评估示例。     

Effect of aquatic mosses on juvenile fish density and habitat use in the regulated River Suldalslågen,western Norway

Two morphologically distinct moss communities were found in the River Suldalslågen. The liver moss community consists of species which form a dense mat on the bottom, while the river moss (Fontinalis) community forms long tufts. Moss growth has increased since hydropower regulations due to reduced floods and increased winter flows. Increased moss cover affects the bottom structure, as well as intra‐gravel and near‐bottom hydraulics. We studied densities of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) by electrofishing and habitat selection by direct underwater observation, in areas with natural moss cover compared with areas where mosses were experimentally removed. Areas with dense mats of liver mosses held lower densities of young of year (YoY) and older salmon parr than areas where liver moss had been removed. No differences in densities of YoY salmon were found between areas with and without Fontinalis. For older salmon, parr results were inconclusive. In some samples more and in others fewer fish were found in areas with Fontinalis moss removed. For trout, densities were higher in areas with Fontinalis, while results for liver moss were inconclusive. No major differences were found with regard to microhabitat selection between areas with and without river moss, suggesting that habitat quality in these areas was similar during summer, except with respect to substrate. Salmon held more exposed positions in areas without liver moss, but this is mainly attributed to different habitat availabilities. It is concluded that the relative increase in liver mosses in the River Suldalslågen has a negative impact on juvenile Atlantic salmon fish density. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrology and aquatic habitat characteristics of a riverine swamp: I. Influence of flow on water temperature and chemistry

We monitored water temperature, air temperature, hydrologic characteristics, and chemical variables for 25 months in a 254‐km² portion of the Atchafalaya Basin, Louisiana, USA, a distributary swamp of the Mississippi River. We related observed trends in thermal and chemical variables to characteristics of the flood pulse, available channel types, and paths of water flow within the study area. Dissolved oxygen (range 0.05–13.05 mg L⁻¹), percent oxygen saturation (range 0.6–142.4%), and pH (range 6.31–8.52) increased as river stages decreased, and water temperatures (range 4.75–32.25°C), specific conductance (range 207.8–931.5 μmhos), and the top–bottom difference in dissolved oxygen (−7.5–12.05 mg L⁻¹) increased as air temperatures rose. The maximum variance observed for all chemical and thermal habitat characteristics occurred during periods when air temperatures exceeded, and river stages were less than, their respective medians observed during the study. At any point in time, thermal and chemical variables varied most among stations in water courses with no visible water turbulence (low‐energy channels), and these channels consistently had lower dissolved oxygen, percent oxygen saturation, and pH than turbulent water courses (high‐energy channels) or lakes contained. Water was directed from the river into one region of the study area from two opposing directions, thereby impeding water flow through the region. Low‐energy channels in this region consistently exhibited lower dissolved oxygen concentrations, percent oxygen saturation, and pH than was observed in low‐energy channels of regions where water flow was unimpeded. The quantity and quality of aquatic habitat characteristics in riverine swamps can be manipulated by controlling the timing and magnitude of the flood pulse, relative availability of different water courses, and internal paths of water flow through the swamp. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.