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1.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses and sources of dietary γ-linolenic acid (GLA) on the tissue
phospholipid fatty acid composition. Rats fed four different levels of GLA (2.3, 4.6, 6.4 and 16.2 g of GLA/kg diet) in the
form of either borage oil or evening primrose oil during 6 wk were compared with animals fed corn oil. The levels of dihomo-γ-linolenic
acid (DHLA) and GLA showed a significant dose-related increase in liver, erythrocyte and aorta phospholipids. Moreover, the
arachidonic acid/DHLA ratios in tissues decreased with increasing intake of dietary GLA. There was no significant difference
in tissue GLA and DHLA levels within groups given equal amounts of dietary GLA either as borage oil or evening primrose oil.
The amount of dietary GLA administered did not significantly influence prostaglandin E2 production in stimulated aortic rings and thromboxane B2 levels in serum; however, an increase in prostaglandin E1 derived from DHLA was observed in the supernatants of stimulated aorta. 相似文献
2.
The triacylglycerol stereospecific structure was determined for the major plant oils containing ψ-linolenic acid (GLA): evening
primrose oil (EPO), black currant oil (BCO), borage oil (BO), andMucor javanicus fungal oil (MJO). It was found that GLA, although not α-linolenic acid, resisted pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. Therefore,
the 2-position analysis was determined using phospholipase C-generated 1,2-diacylglycerol and phospholipase A2-generated lysophosphatidylcholine. GLA was found to be concentrated in the 3-position of EPO and BCO, the 2-position of BO,
and the 2- and 3-positions of MJO. In BCO, octadecatetraenoic acid (n−3), also a †-6 fatty acid, was distributed similarly
to GLA, but α-linolenic acid was found predominantly in the 1-position. Linoleic acid was nearly evenly distributed in all
positions of EPO and BCO but was concentrated in the 1-position of BO and the 2-position of MJO. Both palmitic and stearic
acids were found predominantly in the 1-position of all of the oils. The results demonstrate similarities and differences
in the positional distribution of fatty acids in GLA-containing oils. 相似文献
3.
Guinea pigs were fed one of three diets containing 10% black currant seed oil (a source of gamma-linolenic (18∶3 n−6) and
stearidonic (18∶4 n−3) acids), walnut oil or lard for 40 days. The fatty acid composition of liver triglycerides, free fatty
acids, cholesteryl esters, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, cardiolipin, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine
were determined.
Dietary n−3 fatty acids found esterified in liver lipids had been desaturated and elongated to longer chain analogues, notably
docosapentaenoic acid (22∶5 n−3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6 n−3). When the diet contained low amounts of n−6 fatty acids,
proportionately more of the n−3 fatty acids were transformed. Significantly more eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20∶5 n−3) was
incorporated into triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine of the black currant
seed oil group compared with the walnut oil group.
Feeding black currant seed oil resulted in significant increases of dihomogamma-linolenic acid (20∶3 n−6) in all liver lipid
classes examined, whereas the levels of arachidonic acid (20∶4 n−6) remained relatively stable. The ratio dihomo-gamma-linolenic
acid/arachidonic acid was significantly (2.5-fold in PI to 17-fold in cholesteryl esters) higher in all lipid classes from
the black currant seed oil fed group. 相似文献
4.
Edward Mascioli Lorraine Leader Enrique Flores Susan Trimbo Bruce Bistrian George Blackburn 《Lipids》1988,23(6):623-625
Improved survival to endotoxin has been demonstrated in rats pretreated with cyclooxygenase inhibitors or made essential fatty
acid deficient, implying that excessive ω6 fatty acids, possibly through their eicosanoid products, contribute to mortality.
Following endotoxin administration, we also have shown improvement in survival with oral diets supplemented with fish oil.
This study sought to explore whether parenteral fish oil ameliorates the adverse impact of endotoxin.
Male Hartley-strain guinea pigs were obtained at a body weight of 500 g and fed a normal laboratory diet. Central venous lines
through which the animals received either a 10% safflower oil emulsion (n=11) or a 10% fish oil emulsion (n=11) during two,
24-hr periods separated by two days were inserted. Two days after the second infusion, endotoxin (0.35 mg/100 g b.w.), was
given intraperitoneally, and survival was noted. The animals received a total of 25.4 g of IV fat per kg b.w., including 5.3
g of eicosapentaenoic acid per kg b.w., for the fish oil group.
From six hr after endotoxin through four days, there was better survival in the fish oil group (p<.006). Final mortality showed
7/11 fish-fed vs 2/11 safflower-fed animals surviving. We conclude that the administration of parenteral fish oil, even for
a brief time, can have a profound effect on subsequent survival to endotoxin. 相似文献
5.
Gary Dobson Marie Shrestha Hauke Hilz Reijo Karjalainen Gordon McDougall Derek Stewart 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2012,114(5):575-582
The nature of the fatty acids and other lipophilic components in extracts from black currant seed and pomace (containing seed) were investigated, with a view to highlighting any potential uses. The same non‐hydroxylated fatty acids were the major components in both types of extract, but total levels were less in pomace (75 582 mg 100 g?1 oil) than in seed alone (90 972 mg 100 g?1 oil) and there were less unsaturated fatty acids, including GLA (8653 and 12 625 mg 100 g?1 oil, respectively), but long chain n‐20:0 – n‐30:0 fatty acids (4080 and 437 mg 100 g?1 oil, respectively) were greatly increased in pomace. Phytosterols (mainly β‐sitosterol), saturated n‐20:0 – n‐30:0 policosanols, ω‐hydroxy fatty acids (mainly 16‐hydroxy 16:0) and 2‐hydroxy fatty acids (mainly 2‐hydroxy 24:0) were present at much greater levels in pomace (2496, 2097, 958 and 46 mg 100 g?1 oil, respectively) than in seed (553, 108, 161, and 1 mg 100 g?1 oil, respectively). The pomace extract is a useful source of fatty acids, phytosterols and policosanols with potential functional properties. Practical applications: The study investigated the lipophilic components in isohexane extracts from black currant seed and pomace (containing seed). Only pomace extracts had substantial amounts of phytosterols and policosanols that have potential as cholesterol‐lowering agents, whereas fatty acids such as GLA, that has anti‐inflammatory properties, are mainly in the seed. 相似文献
6.
K. J. Stone A. L. Willis M. Hart S. J. Kirtland P. B. A. Kernoff G. P. McNicol 《Lipids》1979,14(2):174-180
Orally adminstered dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DHLA) is well absorbed in man; it appears in blood after ca. 4 hr first as triglyceride
ester and later as phospholipid. After sustained-dosing, DHLA penetrated membrane pools and all phospholipid components but,
depending on the dosage, reached a metabolic equilibrium in 4–16 days. Intact plateles do not accumulate arachidonate following
DHLA administration, and species differences occur in the capacity of animals to metabolize DHLA to arachidonic acid (AA).
The rat appears to be unusual in having a very active hepatic Δ5-desaturase enzyme system. Potentially antithrombotic changes in platelet function which followed the administration of DHLA
to man were accompanied by a siginificant increase in the capacity of platelets to synthesize PGE1. Concomitant increases in PGE2 synthesis do not apparently result from an increased production of AA and suggest that DHLA, or a DHLA metabolite, interferes
with the metabolism of AA. Effects on thromboxane and prostacyclin synthesis are being studied. 相似文献
7.
M. S. K. Syed Rahmatullah V. K. S. Shukla K. D. Mukherjee 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1994,71(6):569-573
Lipase-catalyzed selective partial hydrolysis of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) seed oil and borage (Borago officinalis L.) seed oil led to an increase in the level of γ-linolenic acid (GLA; 18∶3n−6) in the unhydrolyzed acylglycerols. Thus,
in evening primrose oil, the GLA level could be raised from 9.4% in the starting material to 46.5% in the unhydrolyzed acylglycerols
by means of a lipase fromCandida cylindracea. Selective hydrolysis of borage oil with Pancreatin led to an increase in the GLA content from 20.4% in the oil to 33.5%
in the unhydrolyzed acylglycerols. Partial hydrolysis of borage oil with lipase fromC. cylindracea raised the GLA content of the acylglycerols to 47.8%. 相似文献
8.
Coralie Schnebelen Stéphane Grégoire Bruno Pasquis Corinne Joffre Catherine P. Creuzot-Garcher Alain M. Bron Lionel Bretillon Niyazi Acar 《Lipids》2009,44(5):465-470
The purpose of this study was to determine whether dietary n-3 and n-6 PUFA may affect retinal PUFA composition and PGE1 and PGE2 production. Male Wistar rats were fed for 3 months with diets containing: (1) 10% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 7% docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA), or (2) 10% γ-linolenic acid (GLA), or (3) 10% EPA, 7% DHA and 10% GLA, or (4) a balanced diet deprived of EPA,
DHA, and GLA. The fatty acid composition of retinal phospholipids was determined by gas chromatography. Prostaglandin production
was measured by enzyme immunoassay. When compared to rats fed the control diet, the retinal levels of DHA were increased in
rats fed both diets enriched with n-3 PUFA (EPA + DHA and EPA + DHA + GLA diets) and decreased in those supplemented with
n-6 PUFA only (GLA diet). The diet enriched with both n-6 and n-3 PUFA resulted in the greatest increase in retinal DHA. The
levels of PGE1 and PGE2 were significantly increased in retinal homogenates of rats fed with the GLA-rich diet when compared with those of animals
fed the control diet. These higher PGE1 and PGE2 levels were not observed in animals fed with EPA + DHA + GLA. In summary, GLA added to EPA + DHA resulted in the highest
retinal DHA content but without increasing retinal PGE2 as seen in animals supplemented with GLA only. 相似文献
9.
Effect of Dietary Replacement of Soybean Oil with Different Sources of Gamma‐Linolenic Acid on Fatty Acid Composition of Nile Tilapia
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Vanessa Vivian Almeida Schneider Fabiana Carbonera Ana Paula Lopes Oscar Oliveira Santos Cláudio Celestino Oliveira Nilson Evelázio Souza Jesuí Vergílio Visentainer 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2015,92(2):225-231
Gamma‐linolenic acid (GLA) plays an important role in the prevention and/or treatment of certain diseases. In this work, we investigate the incorporation of GLA from supplemented feed diets with borage oil (BO) and evening primrose oil (EPO) as substitutes for soybean oil (SO) into the composition of tilapia fillet lipids. High contents of PUFA and n‐6 fatty acids were quantified in fish fillet after 30 days of treatment with SO, BO, and EPO. Feed diets containing BO and EPO were efficient in the incorporation of GLA into fish. Compared to the initial day of the experiment, the increase of GLA was significant (from 6.43 to 13.99 and 15.12 mg g?1, in lipids of fish treated for 30 days with BO and EPO, respectively). The increase of GLA was also observed in fish which were fed with SO diet (6.43–11.43 mg g?1). Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed the separation of the treatments and discriminated BO and EPO in a group of fish that received the GLA supplemented diet. In addition to GLA, n‐3 fatty acids were important in the characterization of SO diet and affected the separation of BO and EPO from SO in the PCA score plot. 相似文献
10.
The influence of diet on the kinetics of the overt form of rat liver mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT I;
EC 2.3.1.21) was studied using rats fed either a low-fat diet (3% w/w fat), or diets which were supplemented with either olive
oil (OO), safflower oil (SO) or menhaden (fish) oil (MO) to 20% w/w of fat (high fat diets). When animals were fed each of
these four diets for 10 days, the order of the apparent maximal activity (Vmax) of CPT I toward various individual fatty acyl CoA, when measured under a fixed molar ratio of acyl CoA/albumin, was 16∶1n−7>18∶1n−9>18∶2n−6>16∶0>22∶6n−3,
and was thus not affected by the fat composition of the diet. However, in all but one case, the SO and MO diets elicited a
higher Vmax for each substrate than either the LF diet or the high fat OO diet. The apparent K
0.5 for the different acyl CoA esters was generally lowest in LF-fed animals, and highest in those fed the high-fat SO diet.
Moreover, when compared with the situation of animals fed high-fat diets, the K
0.5 values of CPT I in LF-fed animals for palmitoyl CoA and oleoyl CoA were low. This possession by CPT I of a high “affinity”
toward these nonessential fatty acyl CoAs, but a lower “affinity” toward linoleoyl CoA, the ester of an essential fatty acid,
may enable this latter fatty acid to be spared from oxidation when its concentration in the diet is low. The data also emphasize
that palmitoleoyl CoA, if available in the diet, is likely to be utilized by CPT I at a high rate. 相似文献
11.
Previous research in rats and mice has suggested that γ-linolenic acid (GLA) derived from borage oil (BO: 23% GLA) may be
an appropriate source for increasing levels of long-chain n−6 FA in the developing brain. Recently, transgenic technology
has made available a highly enriched GLA seed oil from the canola plant (HGCO: 36% GLA). The first objective of this study
was to compare the effects of diets containing equal levels of GLA (23%) from either BO or HGCO on reproduction, pup development,
and pup brain FA composition in mice. The second objective was to compare the effects of the HGCO diluted to 23% GLA (GLA-23)
with those of undiluted HGCO containing 36% GLA (GLA-36). The diets were fed to the dams prior to conception and throughout
pregnancy and lactation, as well as to the pups after weaning. The behavioral development of the pups was measured 12 d after
birth, and anxiety in the adult male offspring was assessed using the plus maze. The findings show that despite equivalent
levels of GLA, GLA-23 differed from BO in that it reduced pup body weight and was associated with a slight increase in neonatal
pup attrition. However, there were no significant effects on pup behavioral development or on performance in the plus maze.
An increase in dietary GLA resulted in an increase in brain 20∶4n−6 and 22∶4n−6, with a corresponding decrease in 22∶6n−3.
Again, despite their similar levels of GLA, these effects tended to be larger in GLA-23 than in BO. In comparison with GLA-23,
GLA-36 had larger effects on growth and brain FA composition but no differences with respect to effects on reproduction and
behavioral development. These findings suggest that the HGCO can be used as an alternative source of GLA. 相似文献
12.
Atlantic salmon post-smolts were fed diets rich in linoleic acid (sunflower oil, SO), α-linolenic acid (linseed oil, LO) or
long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (fish oil, FO) for a period of 12 wk. In the liver phospholipids of fish fed SO, the
levels of 18∶2n−6, 20∶2n−6, 20∶3n−6 and 20∶4n−6 were significantly elevated compared to both other treatment. In choline phospholipids
(CPL), ethanolamine phospholipids (EPL) and phosphatidylserine (PS) the levels of 22∶4n−6 and 22∶5n−6 were significantly elevated
in fish fed SO. In liver phospholipids from fish fed LO, 18∶2n−6, 20∶2n−6 and 20∶3n−6 were significantly elevated but 20∶4n−6,
22∶4n−6 and 22∶5n−6 were similar or significantly decreased compared to fish fed FO. Liver phospholipids from fish fed LO
had increased 18∶3n−3 and 20∶4n−3 compared to both other treatments while EPL and phosphatidylinositol (PI) also had increased
20∶5n−3. In fish fed LO, 22∶6n−3 was significantly reduced in CPL, PS and PI compared to fish fed FO. Broadly similar changes
occurred in gill phospholipids. Production of 12-lipoxygenase metabolites in isolated gill cells stimulated with the Ca2+-ionophore A23187 were significantly reduced in fish fed either SO or LO compared to those fed FO. However, the ratio 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic
acid (12-HETE)/12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (12-HEPE) was significantly elevated in stimulated gill cells
from SO-fed fish. Although mean values of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were increased in fish fed SO, they were not significantly different from those of the other two treatments. 相似文献
13.
Atlantic salmon post-smolts were fed diets containing either fish oils (Fosol, FO and Marinol, MO) rich in long-chain n-3
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), or plant oils rich in 18:2n-6 (sunflower oil, SO) or 18:3n-3 (linseed oil, LO) for 12
wk. The major PUFA in individual phospholipids from gill and kidney were related to the dietary lipid intake. Levels of n-6
PUFA were highest while levels of n-3 PUFA were lowest in fish fed SO. Fish fed LO generally had lower levels of 20:4n-6 compared
to the other treatments while fish fed SO generally had the highest levels of 20:4n-6. In all phospholipid classes except
phosphatidylinositol (PI) 20:5n-3 was greatest in fish fed MO followed by FO, LO, and SO. In PI, 20:5n-3 was also highest
in fish fed MO but those fed LO contained more 20:5n-3 than those fed FO. This resulted in the ratio of the eicosanoid precursors,
20:4n-6/20:5n-3, being significantly greater in fish fed SO, for all phospholipid classes, compared to fish fed the other
three dietary oils. The activity of gill phospholipase A was greatest in fish fed FO and was lowest in fish fed SO. The concentration
of PGF3α was significantly increased in gill homogenates from fish fed MO compared to the other three treatments while PGF2α was significantly increased in fish fed SO compared to those fed LO. The concentration of PGE3 was significantly reduced in kidney homogenates from fish fed SO compared to the other three treatments while PGE2 was significantly increased in fish fed SO compared to those fed either FO or LO. 相似文献
14.
High levels of n−6 docosapentaenoic acid (22∶5n−6) have been reported in the retina of guinea pigs fed commercially-prepared
grain-based rations (commercial diet). In rats and monkeys, high levels of 22∶5n−6 are an indicator of n−3 polyunsaturated
fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency. We have examined the fatty acid composition of the retina and brain in guinea pigs fed a commercial
diet or one of three semi-purified diets containing three different levels of n−3 PUFA. The diets comprised a diet deficient
in n−3 PUFA (semi-purified diet containing safflower oil), two diets containing α-linolenic acid (standard commercial laboratory
diet and semi-purified diet containing canola oil), and a diet containing α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA) (semi-purified diet containing canola oil, safflower oil, and fish oil). Two groups of guinea pigs were given the
diets from day 1 to 4 wk or day 1 to 8 wk, when they were sacrificed and the retinal tissues were extracted and analyzed for
PUFA content by gas-liquid chromatography. Fatty acid analyses of the retinal phospholipids of the four-week-old animals revealed
that the group fed DHA (from the fish oil) had the highest level of DHA (32%), compared with values of 19 and 13% for the
groups fed canola oil diet and commercial diet, respectively, and 2% for the group fed the diet deficient in n−3 PUFA. The
levels of 22∶5n−6 in the retinal lipids were inversely related to the DHA values, being 0.6, 6.6, 11.4, and 20.6 for the fish
oil, canola oil, commercial diet, and safflower oil diet groups, respectively. The long-chain PUFA profiles in the brain phospholipids
of the four-week-old group were similar to those from the retina. The retinal PUFA values for the eight-week-old animals were
similar to the four-week-old group. The safflower oil diet induced a greater deficit of DHA in retinal lipids than has been
reported in rats and monkeys fed similar diets. The guinea pigs fed the commercial diet had retinal and brain PUFA patterns
similar to that produced by n−3 PUFA-deficient diets in rats and monkeys. Guinea pigs fed the canola oil diet had significantly
greater retinal DHA levels than those fed the commercial diet, but lower than those fed fish oil. The data suggest that the
guinea pig has a reduced capacity for DHA synthesis from α-linolenic acid as compared with other mammals. Supplementation
of guinea pig diets with fish oil produced high retinal and brain DHA levels and prevented the accumulation of 22∶5n−6. 相似文献
15.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of gamma linolenic acid (GLA) on cardiovascular responses
to psychosocial stress (isolation) and to pressor hormones in the genetically borderline hypertensive rat (SHR×WKY). Adult
male SHR×WKY were divided into two groups following five weeks of group housing. One group (GLA) received eight weeks constant
flow osmotic pumps releasing 0.04 mg GLA in olive oil/kg-hr, while the second group received dummy pumps (DUM). One week following
pump implantation, each group was divided into two subgroups and exposed to a four-week experimental period of either continued
group housing (no stress) or isolation (stress). A two-week recovery period of group housing followed the experimental period.
Blood pressure and heart rate were determined weekly by the tail cuff technique. At the end of the recovery period, animals
in the no stress condition were anesthetized and received an arterial cannula for NOR and ANG infusion and direct BP recording.
Then the responses to an ED50 of NOR and ANG were determined. All animals were then killed for determination of heart weight and adrenal weight. All groups
had mean control period systolic BP values ranging from 143–146 mm Hg. In the no stress condition, neither GLA nor DUM altered
BP over the course of the study. However, BP increased in the DUM group durign all four weeks of the isolation period vs the
control period (p<0.01), whereas BP increased only in week 1 in the GLA group (p<0.05). Heart rate increased during stress
in the DUM group (p<0.05), but not in the GLA group. Vascular reactivity to NOR was unaffected by GLA administration. In contrast,
GLA increased the duration of the pressor response to ANG (p<0.01), but tended to decrease the magnitude of the pressor response
(p<0.09) vs DUM. GLA had no effect on heart weight/body weight ratio. Adrenal weight/body weight ratio was lower in the DUM/no
stress group than all other treatment groups.
These data indicate that GLA administration attenuates the cardiovascular responses to chronic stress in animals with a genetic
predisposition to hypertension, in the absence of an effect on resting BP. They also demonstrate a limitation of GLA effect,
in mature animals, to epigenetic pressor factors. Furthermore, GLA action may involve an alteration of the cardiovascular
responses to ANG, but not NOR. These findings suggest that GLA may be useful in preventing the neurogenic triggering of hypertension
by chronic stress in genetically stress-sensitive animals. 相似文献
16.
Rats were fed for 35 days diets containing 2% of either brominated corn oil (BCO), monoglyceride of dibromostearate (DBS),
monoglyceride of tetrabromostearate (TBS) or a mixture of the two monoglycerides (BMG) which provided proportions of brominated
acids comparable to that of the BCO. Hearts from all animals fed BCO were yellow colored and firm in texture. Myocardial cellular
degeneration, mild to moderate edema and occasional small necrotic foci were observed. Hearts from animals fed DBS showed
moderate edema and some slight necrosis. All diets produced an increase in lipid content of heart. Animals fed the experimental
diets developed enlarged livers and showed elevated liver lipid content. The tetrabromostearate appeared to be the more active
in producing these changes, in particular a severe intracellular fatty degeneration. Shorter-chain (C-16, C-14) metabolites
of di- and tetrabromostearate were identified and the concentration of brominated fatty acids in heart, liver and adipose
tissue determined and found to account for 80% of the bromine detected in these tissues by neutron activation analysis. TBS
accumulated in liver while the highest concentration of DBS was observed in heart lipids. Although the concentrations of brominated
acids in heart and liver lipids were comparable in rats fed BCO or BMG, BCO produced the more pronounced effects. This differential
could be due to additional active components in BCO or to a variation in response associated with changes in the location
of the fatty acid on the glycerol molecule. 相似文献
17.
Demmelmair H Feldl F Horváth I Niederland T Ruszinkó V Raederstorff D De Min C Muggli R Koletzko B 《Lipids》2001,36(6):555-566
Several studies have reported that feeding γ-linolenic acid (GLA) has resulted in no increase in arachidonic acid (AA) in
newborns. This result was ascribed to the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-rich fish oil used in these formulas. Docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA) sources with only minor amounts of EPA are now available, thus the addition of GLA to infant formulas might be
considered an alternative to AA supplementation. Sixty-six premature infants were randomized to feeding one of four formulas
[ST: no GLA, no long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; BO: 0.6% GLA (borage oil); BO + FOLOW: 0.6% GLA, 0.3% DHA, 0.06% EPA;
BO + FOHIGH: 0.6% GLA, 0.3% DHA, 0.2% EPA] or human milk (HM, nonrandomized) for 4 wk. Anthropometric measures and blood samples
were obtained at study entry and after 14 and 28 d. There were no significant differences between groups in anthropometric
measures, tocopherol, and retinol status at any of the studied time points. The AA content of plasma phospholipids was similar
between groups at study start and decreased significantly until day 28 in all formulafed groups, but not in the breast-fed
infants [ST: 6.6±0.2%, BO: 6.9±0.3%, BO + FOLOW: 6.9±0.4%, BO + FOHIGH: 6.7±0.2%, HM: 8.6±0.5%, where values are reported
as mean ±standard error; all formulas significantly different (P≤0.05) from HM]. There was no significant influence of GLA or fish oil addition to the diet. GLA had only a very limited effect
on AA status which was too small to obtain satisfactory concentrations (concentrations similar to breast-fed babies) under
the circumstances tested. The effect of GLA on AA is independent of the EPA and DHA content in the diet within the dose ranges
studied. 相似文献
18.
The incorporation of dietary isomeric fatty acids into the membranes of liver mitochondria was investigated. Three groups
of rats were fed diets containing 3% sunflower seed oil plus 15%, 20%, or 25% partially hydrogenated arachis oil. A fourth
group was fed 25% partially hydrogenated arachis oil, but no sunflower seed oil. All diets were given for 3, 6, or 10 weeks.
After 10 weeks, the content oftrans fatty acids in the lipids of the mitochondrial membranes was 15–19% of the total fatty acids. The composition of thetrans- and thecis-octadecenoic acids in the lipids of the mitochondrial membranes was similar for all groups supplemented with sunflower seed
oil (SO), irrespective of time and dietary level of partially hydrogenated arachis oil (HAO). Thecis 18∶1 (n−8), which was a major isomer of the partially hydrogenated arachis oil, was almost excluded from the mitochondrial
fatty acids. Likewise, the content oftrans 18∶1 (n−8) was considerably lower in the mitochondrial lipids than in the diet. On the contrary, the content oftrans 18∶1 (n−6) was higher in the mitochondrial lipids than in the diet. In the group fed without sunflower seed oil, isomers
of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid were observed in the lipids of mitochondrial membranes.
Presented in part at the ISF Congress, Marseille, September 1976. 相似文献
19.
Studies investigated the effects of dietary fatty acid composition and saturation on the regulation of very low density lipoprotein
(VLDL) apo B flux, clearance, and conversion to low density lipoprotein (LDL) in guinea pigs fed semipurified diets containing
15% (w/w) corn oil (CO), lard (LA), or palm kernel oil (PK). Plasma cholesterol levels were highest with dietary PK (3.1±1.0
mmol/L) followed by LA (2.4±0.4 mmol/L) and CO (1.6±0.4 mmol/L) intake. VLDL particles were larger (P<0.05) in the LA (78±7 nm) and PK (69±10 nm) groups compared to animals fed CO (49±5 nm). VLDL-apo B fractional catabolic
rates (FCR) were highest in guinea pigs fed the LA diet (P<0.05) and VLDL apo B flux, estimated from VLDL 125I-apo B turnover kinetics, were higher in LA compared to PK or CO fed guinea pigs. In the case of PK consumption, the kinetic
estimates of VLDL apo B flux significantly underestimated rates compared to direct VLDL apo B secretion measurements and LDL
turnover analyses. These data demonstrate that differences in the composition and amount of saturated fatty acids have differential
effects on VLDL apo B flux, catabolism, and conversion to LDL which, together with changes in LDL receptor-mediated catabolism,
determine plasma LDL cholesterol levels in guinea pigs. The data also indicate that kinetic analysis of VLDL metabolism in
PK fed animals is inaccurate possibly due to the presence of a small, nonequilibrating pool of newly synthesized VLDL which
is rapidly converted to LDL. 相似文献
20.
M. S. K. Syed Rahmatullah V. K. S. Shukla K. D. Mukherjee 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1994,71(6):563-567
γ-Linolenic acid (GLA, all-cis 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid) has been enriched from fatty acids of borage (Borago officinalis L.) seed oil to 93% from the initial concentration of 20% by lipase-catalyzed selective esterification of the fatty acids
withn-butanol in the presence ofn-hexane as solvent. The immobilized fungal lipase preparation, Lipozyme, used as biocatalyst, preferentially esterified palmitic,
stearic, oleic and linoleic acids and discriminated against GLA, which was thus concentrated in the unesterified fatty acids
fraction. In the absence of hexane, concentrate containing about 70% GLA was obtained. When the reaction conditions, optimized
for borage oil fatty acids, were applied to fatty acids of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) oil, concentrates containing 75% GLA were obtained. From both oils, GLA concentrates were prepared efficiently in short
reaction times (1–3 h) at 30–60°C. The process can be applied for the production of GLA concentrates for dietetic purposes. 相似文献