管线钢在含H_2S的NaCl溶液中氢渗透行为的研究

通过电化学渗氢技术研究了施加不同阴极电位条件下含不同H2S浓度的3.5%NaCl溶液中X70管线钢的氢渗透行为.结果表明,稳态渗氢电流P∞随H2S浓度的增大而逐渐增大,但一定时间内,渗透过试样的氢原子摩尔数并不随之单调增加;氢原子的渗透受到阴极电位的控制,阴极电位越负,渗氢电流越大;在一定电位范围内,稳态渗氢电流P∞和一定时间内渗透过试样的氢原子摩尔数N与阴极电位呈线性关系.扩散系数与试验条件无关.     

APIX56钢在含H2S的海洋大气中的应力腐蚀开裂

采用慢应变速率拉伸及Devnathan-Stachurski双电解池技术研究了X56钢在模拟海洋大气环境中形变及H2S含量对其应力腐蚀开裂及氢渗透行为的影响.结果表明,在H2S含量相同时,拉伸速率越小,试样断裂延伸率越小.在相同拉伸速率下,随着H2S含量增大,试样断裂延伸率减小,扫描电镜微观分析(SEM)表明,其断裂特征由塑性断裂逐渐转变为脆性断裂.电化学渗氢实验表明,随着H2S含量的增大,第一干湿循环氢渗透电流并不单调增大,H2S对氢渗透电流的作用由H2S的表面覆盖度和腐蚀产物膜来共同控制.从多个干湿循环来看,H2S可增大氢渗透电流,材料的渗氢加剧.脆性增大.     

H_2S腐蚀产物膜对MS X65管线钢氢渗透动力学行为的影响

采用电化学循环伏安法于酸性环境中在MS X65管线钢表面"原位"快速生成腐蚀产物膜,利用改进的Davanathan-Stachurski双电池渗氢装置测量氢渗透曲线,研究H2S腐蚀产物膜对氢渗透动力学行为的影响规律。结果表明:无腐蚀产物膜时,相同p H值下,稳态渗氢电流(i∞)、氢表观扩散系数(Dapp)和阴极侧氢浓度(capp)均随H2S浓度([H2S])的增加而增加;相同H2S浓度下,i∞,Dapp和capp均随p H值的增加而减小。H2S腐蚀产物膜对氢渗透有一定的阻碍作用,且其阻碍作用大小随着腐蚀产物膜形貌、相态变化而变化。晶态Fe S和四方相硫铁矿两种相态共存的腐蚀产物膜对氢渗透行为的阻碍作用比非晶态的Fe S腐蚀产物膜大。     

G105钻具材料的渗氢行为研究

采用电化学渗氢和硫化物应力腐蚀开裂实验方法,研究了G105钢的钻杆、方钻杆、转换接头的渗氢性能,以及在应力渗氢环境下的断裂行为。结果表明,不同构件G105材料的渗氢电流和氢的渗透通量有明显区别。随充氢电流增大,试样的渗氢电流和氢的渗透通量增大。在不同应力条件下,3种部件的渗氢实验表明,其断裂时间随应力的增大而缩短。     

一种电化学渗氢装置的研究

报导了一种电化学渗氢装置,通过电化学动电位扫描及恒电位氧化等技术找到了氧化原子氢的合适电位区间。定量地测量了H2S浓度与渗氢电流的关系,验证了该装置研究渗氢的可行性。     

钛在海水中的阴极充氢行为

运用H型双面电解槽，采用双面电解充氢法对海水中自然表面钛片进行恒电流电解充氢，研究了钛在海水中的阴极充氢过程。用X-射线衍射法对充氢后碎裂钛片进行检测，同时探讨了试样厚度、充氢电流密度和阳极氧化电位对于氢渗过程的影响。结果表明，表面膜是氢渗过程的控制因素：试样厚度增加，氢氧化峰值电流和峰值电流出现时间增加：峰值电流随充氢电流密度和B面氧化电位升高而增大，而峰值电流出现时间随充氢电流密度和B面氧化电位升高而减小。     

氢在20g纯净钢中的扩散研究

用双电解池氢渗透方法研究了20g纯净钢中缺陷对氢扩散的影响.实验结果表明:新鲜试样氢渗透曲线中氢的穿透时间最长,而氢渗透实验后未经处理的试样再次氢渗透实验时的氢穿透时间最短,这是由于钢中氢陷阱滞后了氢原子从试样的阴极面扩散至阳极面的时间所致.时间滞后法的计算结果表明,20g纯净钢中的氢陷阱严重降低了氢的表观扩散系数.     

低碳钢在模拟含SO2海洋大气中的氢致开裂机理

在模拟海洋大气环境中,采用电化学渗氢试验及慢应变速率拉伸方法,研究了SO2的存在对于低碳钢发生应力腐蚀断裂的影响及SO2的存在对氢渗透行为的影响。结果表明,随着SO2浓度的增大,试样断裂敏感性增大;SEM表明,其断裂特征由塑性断裂逐渐转变为脆性断裂。电化学渗氢试验表明,随着SO2浓度的增大,氢渗透电流增大,SO2对氢渗透电流具有双重促进作用,第一个峰值的出现主要与SO2的酸性有关,第二个峰值的出现主要是由于酸的再生循环导致。     

阴极充氢对1000 MPa级高强钢氢脆敏感性的影响

在海水环境中,采用电化学试验、氢渗透试验和慢应变速率试验(SSRT)以及结合SEM断口观察,研究了阴极充氢对1000 MPa级高强钢氢脆敏感性的影响。结果表明:阴极充氢电位对高强钢的氢渗透行为影响明显,随着阴极充氢电位的负移,氢的扩散系数波动不大,但饱和渗氢电流和氢溶解度逐渐增加,在阴极充氢电位为-1.05 V时,氢的溶解度为3.35 mol/m~3,为最大值。随着阴极充氢电位的负移,断口形貌逐渐由韧性断裂向解理脆性断裂转变,且断口边缘逐渐出现明显的解理裂纹。在阴极充氢电位为-0.91 V时,高强钢的氢脆系数约为25%,为最适宜的阴极保护电位。     

16Mn低合金钢在H_2S环境中的氢损伤性能

根据NACE TM0284标准对16Mn低合金钢在含饱和H2S的标准A溶液中的氢损伤性能进行了研究。利用CHI660C电化学测试系统对16Mn钢腐蚀渗氢前后的电化学性能进行测量。结果表明,16Mn钢渗氢量较高,对氢致开裂(HIC)较敏感,试样出现了典型的阶梯状HIC裂纹。腐蚀渗氢后试样的自腐蚀电位明显负移,自腐蚀电流密度增大,使得阳极溶解速率增加,材料耐蚀性能降低。16Mn钢P、Mn、S的高含量决定了其特殊的组织性能——高浓度缺陷,致使其氢损伤较严重。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。