Cu^2＋Zn^2＋Ni^2＋Cr^3＋对皮革废水厌氧消化抑制作用的研究

系统地研究了Ｃｕ２＋、Ｚｎ２＋、Ｎｉ２＋和Ｃｒ３＋四种金属离子加入浓度、溶解态离子浓度与皮革废水厌氧消化产气量的关系，其毒性大小的顺序为Ｃｒ３＋＞Ｎｉ２＋＞Ｃｕ２＋＞Ｚｎ２＋，提出维持正常厌氧消化时体系中溶解态离子浓度的上限，为厌氧生物处理皮革废水的实际应用提供了一定的科学依据。     

酸析及混凝法处理切削废水研究

采用酸析、混凝、酸析-混凝联合法处理切削废水,并在优化的参数条件下对比了3者的处理效果.综合结果表明,酸析-混凝联合处理最为理想,因此酸析-混凝联合法具有经济、高效的优势.     

混凝沉淀-UBF-AO法处理茶浓缩液废水

介绍了采用“混凝沉淀-UBF-AO”工艺处理茶浓缩液废水的设计和调试运行经验.在进水COD为1200～1500mg/L、BOD5为80～90mg/L、SS为300～650mg/L的条件下,经处理后出水COD为81～93mg/L、BOD5为16～27mg/L、SS为43～58mg/L,各项指标均达到国家《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）一级排放标准,工程实践表明该处理系统具有耐冲击负荷、运行管理简单、工程投资省、运行费用低等特点.     

混凝-过滤工艺处理洗车废水实验研究

采用混凝-过滤组合工艺对洗车废水进行了实验研究,讨论了混凝剂(PAC)投加量、助凝剂(PAM)投加量、静止时间、滤柱过滤速度及膜过滤的操作压力等因素对浊度、氨氮、COD及LAS等4种污染物去除率的影响。实验结果表明混凝-过滤组合工艺处理洗车废水的最佳参数为:混凝剂(PAC)投加量为330mg/L、助凝剂(PAM)投加量为2.5mg/L、最佳静止时间为10min、滤柱最佳滤速为4m/h及膜过滤的操作压力为0.12MPa。并且经过该工艺处理后浊度、氨氮、COD及LAS的出水含量分别为1.5/NTU、2.46mg/L、18.49mg/L及0.15mg/L。     

生化法处理废水的工艺设计与运行

用工程实例介绍了曝气水解调节-UASB-DAT-IAT-混凝气浮处理工艺在处理淀粉废水中的应用,该工艺对CODcr去除率达到99.1%,BOD5去除率达99.7%,SS总去除率为98.5%.处理后的废水达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)规定排放标准的要求,具有一定的推广价值.     

UBF-接触氧化法处理高浓度印染废水的试验研究

探讨上流式厌氧复合床反应器（UBF）-生物接触氧化法处理高浓度印染废水的试验效果。结果表明：进水COD1500mg／L、色度600倍的印染废水。在厌氧段停留26h,可使得COD的去除率在25％以上,色度降到80倍以下,在好氧段曝气14h,COD总去除率可迭85％,色度降至50倍。     

太阳光Fenton氧化-混凝联合处理含酚废水

研究了煤气含酚废水和模拟苯酚废水的太阳光Fenton氧化-混凝联合处理技术,比较了混凝法、太阳光Fenton氧化法及其联合技术对含酚废水的处理效果。结果表明,太阳光Fenton体系可有效地氧化降解含酚废水,但废水完全矿化所需的H2O2用量较大,导致处理成本较高。含酚废水直接采用混凝处理的效果不理想,CODCr和挥发酚去除率较低(6.5%～28.7%)。采用太阳光Fenton氧化-混凝联合技术处理中等浓度的煤气含酚废水,使其CODCr和挥发酚浓度达到国家二级排放标准,只需投加700mg/L的H2O2,而单纯采用太阳光Fenton氧化所需消耗的H2O2大于2800mg/L,即联合技术可节约H2O2用量3倍以上。结果还表明晴天下太阳光Fenton氧化反应45min与人工电紫外光Fenton氧化反应30min对含酚废水的处理效果相当。太阳光Fenton氧化-混凝联合技术具有能耗低、处理效率高、处理量大等特点,在环境治理领域具有更广阔的应用前景。     

阴极电Fenton法脱色酸性红B废水研究

研究以钛钌网做阴阳极对酸性红B模拟废水的脱色效果,考察不同电解方式、pH值、电流强度外加Fe^2＋浓度和酸性红起始浓度等对脱色效果的影响。实验结果表明：在Fe^2＋的投加量为3mg／L、外接电源的电流强度I=3A,pH=2时,阴极电Fenton法对模拟酸性红废水的脱色效果最好。     

Comparison of dairy wastewater and synthetic medium for biofuels production by microalgae cultivation

This study is concerned with comparing raw dairy wastewater (DWW) with blue-green medium (BG11 medium) for biofuel production. Three microalgae strains (Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp., and Chlorella zofingiensis) were cultured in tubular bubble column photobioreactors with two media separately. After 8 days of cultivation, DWW was demonstrated to be more suitable medium for microalgae biomass and lipid production than BG11 medium. The biomass and lipid produced within wastewater provided suitable feedstocks for anaerobic digestion and biodiesel conversion. Nutrients in wastewater were efficiently removed (>90% total nitrogen removal, approximately 100% ammonia removal, and >85% total phosphorus removal) during this process.     

Culture of four microalgal strains for bioenergy production and nutrient removal in the meliorative municipal wastewater

Microalgae have been considered as the most promising sources of alternative bioenergy. For the purpose of saving costs, the present work focused on the potential use of microalgae in the meliorative municipal wastewater, which contains 90% municipal wastewater and 10% dairy wash wastewater. Four microalgal species, Palmellococcus miniatus, Neochloris oleoabundans, Scenedesmus quadricanda #507, and Chlorella zofingiensis, were cultured in pure municipal wastewater and meliorative municipal wastewater, respectively, for 5 days. Their biomass accumulation and removal rates of nitrogen and phosphate were measured. Results showed that the growth rates of Neochloris oleoabundans, Palmellococcus miniatus, and Chlorella zofingiensis in meliorative municipal wastewater (>0.8 g·L^–1·d^–1) were significantly higher than that in municipal wastewater (2.6 g·L^–1·d^–1), while there was no significant difference between the growth rates of Scenedesmus quadricanda #507 in meliorative municipal wastewater and in municipal wastewater. Neochloris oleoabundans exhibited the highest growth rate (0.86 g·L^–1·d^–1) and relatively high nutrient removal capacity. Scenedesmus quadricanda #507 had the highest P removal rate of over 94%. The four species have a similar N removal rate at about 90%. The results showed that the highest average removal rate of N and P were about 23.1 mg·L^–1·d^–1 and 7.1 mg·L^–1·d^–1. Furthermore, the content of lipid or carbohydrates increased and a different profile of fatty acids were found compared to those in municipal wastewater. Cellular components changes of microalgae in meliorative municipal wastewater were favorable as raw materials for bioethanol and biodiesel production. Cultivation with meliorative municipal wastewater is a win-win culture mode that facilitates the biomass production, lipid and carbohydrate accumulation, and wastewater purification.     

Removal of Cu2+ and Pb2+ in aqueous solutions by fly ash

In this study, the removal of Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions by precipitation from aqueous solutions by using six fly ashes with different compositions was achieved. The effect of four parameters on the removal of Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺, which are contact time, fly ash composition, pH of the solution and fly ash concentration, were investigated. The fly ash concentrations required to achieve maximum Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ removal were found to vary between 0.2–10 and 0.075–3.5 g/l, respectively. It was also observed that both the Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ removal capacities of the fly ashes depend strongly on their CaO content.     

Pilot-plant treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW) by solar TiO2 photocatalysis and solar photo-Fenton

Olive mill wastewater (OMW), a highly polluted wastewater from the olive oil industry, was treated by solar photocatalysis and solar photo-Fenton. Among the tested systems the application of titanium dioxide alone was not successful. The addition of peroxydisulphate as an electron acceptor had only limited effect on degradation performance and led to high salt concentrations (30 g/l sulphate generated) and a pH value near zero. The photo-Fenton method successfully removed up to 85% COD and up to 100% of phenol index of OMW with different initial concentrations and from different sources. Two solar photocatalytic pilot-plant reactors were used; one of conventional CPC type and an open non-concentrating Falling Film Reactor. The latter, newly designed reactor worked properly and yielded comparable results to the CPC in terms of degradation rate referred to incident UV radiation energy per solution volume. The suspended solids in the OMW hinder light from entering the reactor. Therefore, flocculation induced by a commercial flocculation agent was successfully applied to remove suspended solids. Application of this pre-treatment led to considerable increase of degradation rates and decrease of hydrogen peroxide consumption.     

Efficiency Comparison of CO_2 Removal Respectively with Ammonia Solution and MEA

介绍了氨水及MEA捕集CO2的反应原理,探讨了吸收液中吸收剂的质量分数、CO2体积分数、入口烟气体积流量、溶液的pH值和反应温度等因素对氨水、MEA脱碳效率的影响,通过吸收容量试验分别测定了氨水和MEA的CO2吸收容量,并利用红外吸收光谱对其产物进行测定分析.结果表明：提高吸收剂的质量分数和pH值均可增大脱碳效率;温度对氨水和MEA的脱碳效率均有较大的影响;氨水对CO2的吸收容量远远大于MEA的吸收容量;氨法工艺在吸收剂再生、能耗以及副产品利用价值等方面优于MEA吸收法.     

Characterization of cell growth and photobiological H2 production of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in ASSF industry wastewater

Photobiological H₂ production in microalgae is a promising approach for the development of alternative clean and renewable energy. As a unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is regarded as an ideal candidate for sustainable photo-H₂ production. However, growth and photo-H₂ producing are still expensive and energy extensive. Wastewater has been suggested as an economical resource for microalgae growth and biofuels production. In this study, we characterized the cell growth and photo-H₂ production of C. reinhardtii CC503 cultured in waste water from pressing process of fermented sweet sorghum stalks during Advanced Solid State Fermentation (ASSF). The maximal cells concentration reached 8.9 × 10⁶ cells/mL in ASSF wastewater medium (AWM) with the fastest growth rate of 0.19 × 10⁶ cells/h, compared to 18.2 × 10⁶ cells/mL and 0.36 × 10⁶ cells/h in TAP medium and to 1.3 × 10⁶ cells/mL and 0.02 × 10⁶ cells/h in BGII medium respectively. The optimized concentration of wastewater for algae cells growth was determined to be 13.3% (7.5 folds dilution), under which, surprisingly the photosynthetic H₂ evolution was increased by more than 700% compared to the cells grown in TAP medium. This system appears to be a good strategy for the development of an economical microalgal photobiological H₂ production scheme. Finally, the possible mechanism for such an H₂ enhancement was identified as the reduction of PSII activity in AWM grown cells.     

Performance of Square and Trapezoidal photoreactors for solar hydrogen recovery from various industrial sulphide wastewater using CNT/Ce3+ doped TiO2

CNT/Ce³⁺ doped TiO₂ powder was synthesized using a sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray Diffraction, UV–vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy, FTIR, EDX, Raman, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), BET and PL. Direct sunlight illumination was used to check the photocatalytic activity of CNT/Ce³⁺ doped TiO₂ for hydrogen production from sulphide wastewater. Sulphide wastewater collected from various industries viz., STP (Sewage Treatment Plant), Refinery (Amine solution) and Tannery (soak pit) were used to test the photocatalytic hydrogen recovery. The suitable industrial wastewater which generates maximum hydrogen was used to check the effect of various operating parameters viz., sulphide ion concentrations, sulphite ion concentrations and catalyst dosage. The maximum hydrogen recovery achieved was found to be 14,500 μmol/h.     

Preparation of Zn doped Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films by physical vapor deposition for solar cells

Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) surface was modified with Zn doping using vacuum evaporation. Substrate temperatures and exposure times during the Zn evaporation were changed to control a distribution of Zn in the CIGS films. Diffusion of Zn in the CIGS films was observed at the substrate temperature of over 200°C. The diffusion depth of Zn increases with increasing the exposure time at the substrate temperature of 300°C. Solar cells were fabricated using the Zn doped CIGS films. A distribution of the efficiencies decreases with increasing the exposure time of Zn vapor. The doping of Zn at the film surface improved reproducibility of a high fill factor and efficiency. A solar cell fabricated using the CIGS film modified with Zn doping showed an efficiency of 14.8%.     

CO_2减排、处理技术的量化讨论与分类评价

全球变暖的主要原因是由于大量温室气体排放导致了温室效应,而温室气体的主要组成部分就是CO2。Q1为人类对环境的最低要求值所对应的CO2总量,当大气中的CO2总量大于Q1时,表示环境已不适合人类居住和发展。大气中CO2总量随时间变化的峰值Q2必须远小于Q1,否则CO2排放对人类社会构成的危险性依然很大。在假设能源消耗全部用于GDP的增长,所有能量只分为碳能量和氢能量两部分,对CO2技术的资金投入由P1、P2、P3三部分组成的基础上,引入与CO2变化相关的量化关系式。根据关系式,可以通过提高能源利用效率、减少能源浪费、发展可再生能源和替代能源、改变能源结构来降低单位GDP的CO2排放量。发达国家应将技术资金投入的重点放在发展可再生能源与CO2捕集和储存技术方面,而发展中国家投资的重点应放在提高能源利用效率方面。CO2减排和净化处理技术可分为降低单位GDP的CO2排放量、CO2的暂时储存和CO2的永久固化3个方面。我国现阶段应加大提高能源利用效率和增加清洁能源比例的投入;从长远来看,应加大对CO2捕集和储存技术的投入,特别是实现永久性储存。     

Improved hydrogen gas production in electrohydrolysis of vinegar fermentation wastewater by scrap aluminum and salt addition

Scrap aluminum particles and salt (NaCl) were added to the vinegar fermentation wastewater to improve hydrogen gas formation by electrohydrolysis of the wastewater organics. The applied DC voltage and initial COD of the wastewater were constant at 4 V and 33.16 g L⁻¹, respectively. The highest cumulative hydrogen gas formation (2877 mL) was obtained with scrap Al (1 g L⁻¹) and NaCl (1 g L⁻¹) additions within 72 h as compared to 1925 mL H₂ gas formation from raw wastewater. Hydrogen gas formation from Al and NaCl added water was 302 ml as compared to 260 ml from raw water. The highest H₂ gas formation rate (952 mL d⁻¹), the yield (1660 mL H₂ g⁻¹ COD) and the highest current intensity (163 mA) were also obtained with combined effects of scrap Al and NaCl additions. Almost pure hydrogen gas (99%) was produced using the raw wastewater. Initial conductivity of the raw wastewater increased from 1.80 mS cm⁻¹ to 5.01 mS cm⁻¹ with the addition of scrap Al and salt for which the final conductivities were 4.0 mS cm⁻¹ and 6.91 mS cm⁻¹, respectively. The highest energy conversion efficiency was obtained with only scrap Al addition (37.8%) as compared to 30.5% efficiency obtained with Al and salt additions. Additions of NaCl and scrap Al particles was found to be very beneficial for H₂ gas formation by electrohydrolysis of vinegar fermentation wastewater.