Etude numérique de l'évaporation dans un courant d'air humide laminaire et turbulent d'un film d'eau ruisselant sur une plaque inclinée

The authors have proposed an appropriate model based on the liquid film transfer equations which are one‐dimensional, partially two‐dimensional and two‐dimensional. They have compared their results with those of other works and studied the influence of the liquid mass flow rate and the inclined angle. They have shown that the interracial heat transfer is dominated by the latent heat transfer; the contribution of the sensible heat is only important in the turbulent region where the interfacial temperature and the evaporating mass flux are practically constant and the thickness of the liquid film is uniform. For the adiabatic plate, the liquid mass flow rate and the inclined angle have no influence on the transfers. For the isothermal or the heated plate, the liquid mass flow rate essentially influences the turbulent region by reducing the interrfacial temperature and the heat and mass transfer coefficients. However, the inclination angle affects mainly the laminar region by increasing the interfacial velocity, reducing the film thickness and has little effects on the transfer coefficients.     

Transfert de chaleur dans un film tombant autour d'un cylindre horizontal

As the initial flow of a falling film above one or several horizontal tube is known, we propose a model which permits the determination of the local heat transfer coefficient. The model is valid for Reynolds numbers lower than 2000 and for either a constant flux or a constant temperature. The fraction of the film which is evaporated after its passage over the exchange surface is taken into account. The calculated exchange coefficients, the film thickness and the Nusselt numbers are compared with the numerical and experimental results of different authors. The agreement is good, particularly for the case of estimation of the average Nusselt number for Reynolds numbers greater than 1000.     

Formation de nano‐gouttelettes d'eau au sein d'un éjecteur à air induit: Une étude qualitative par visualisation de l'écoulement

This paper deals with the formation of water nano‐droplets in an induced ejector. The two processes of formation which occur simultaneously when the ejector is fed with humid air are clearly shown with flow visualization. A brief analysis of the light scattered by the droplets generated by condensation within the flow reveals that their mean diameter does not exceed 0.1 μm.     

Déformation subie par une nappe de mercure soumise à l'impact d'un jet liquide bidimensionnel immergé

The paper reports experimental results on the deformation suffered by a mercury surface impinged perpendicularly by a stationary 2-dimensional liquid submerged jet of small thickness. The deformation is visually observed and measurements on it are made using a cathetometer or directly on photographs. The jet width, Reynolds number and height above the mercury surface are the experimental parameters. The values taken by the maximum height and the diameter of the cavity are analysed; they are compared with theoretical expressions from the literature. It is concluded that, in spite of the small scale of the systems studied, they behave accordingly to models existing in the literature and verified for large scale systems.     

Caractérisation viscoélastique du comportement d'une membrane thermoplastique et modélisation numérique de thermoformage

In this work, we are interested, on the one hand in the characterization of circular polymeric ABS membrane under biaxial deformation using the bubble inflation technique, on the other hand in modelling and numerical simulation of the thermoforming of ABS materials using the dynamic finite element method. The viscoelastic behaviour of the Lodge model is considered. First, the governing equations for the inflation of a flat circular membrane are solved using a variable‐step‐size‐finite difference method and a modified Levenberg‐Marquardt algorithm to minimize the difference between the calculated and measured inflation pressure. This will determine the material constants embedded within the model used. For dynamic finite elements method, we consider a nonlinear load in air flow which obeys the Redlich‐Kwong equation of state of the real gases. For numerical simulation, the lagrangian formulation together with the assumption of the membrane theory is used. Moreover, the influence of the viscoelastic model on the thickness and on the stress distribution in the thermoforming sheet are analysed for ABS material.     

Etude numérique de l'influence de l'inclinaison sur l'évaporation d'un film liquide s'écoulant sur une paroi plane isotherme ou à flux de chaleur imposé

The authors study numerically, by using an implicit centred difference method with non-uniform grid, the effects of inclination on the evaporation of liquid film flowing on a horizontal or inclined isotherm flat plate with the assumption of existing two-dimensional laminar boundary-layers with variable physical properties. In the case of an humid air-water system, they compare their results with those of other authors and study the influence of the entrance air velocity and the inclined angle of plate. They show that for an isotherm plate, the inclined angle effects heat and mass transfer, especially for low flow air velocity and for an inclined angle less than 10°. In this domain, the interfacial temperature is so high as the inclined angle increases which causes an increase of the density of flux of vapor, of the latent heat of vaporization and a reduction of draining length. For the heated plate, it is always for an inclined angle than 10°, that the effects of this parameter and air velocity are very important on the film thickness and its interfacial velocity. Opposite to the case of an isotherm plate, air velocity increase causes a reduction of interfacial temperature; inclined angle has less effect on temperature, density of latent heat of vaporisation and on heat and mass transfer at the interface. Generally, for an isotherm or heated plate, heat transfer is dominated by liquid-vapor phase transition.     

Réacteur électrochimique à lit granulaire transporté

This work deals with an electrochemical reactor composed of a solid granular matrix located in a conical vessel. The solution to be treated flows through the reactor by forced convection. This mode of operation allows the solid matrix to move downwards because of gravity, assures good cohesion, hence good conductivity. The numerical solution of the differential equations obtained from the mass and charge balances permits the determination of the concentration, current and potential distributions in the case where the granular bed is kept fixed; the moving bed configuration is also discussed. The concentration development (plug flow reactor) and the influence of liquid and solid flow rates are discussed and illustrated in the case of selective copper recovery from dilute solutions (< 500 ppm) in a sulfuric acid medium. Finally a reactor design diagram for such devices is proposed.     

Ébullition par Convection Forcée des Mélanges Eau‐Ammoniac dans un Tube Vertical

An experimental study has been conducted on the forced convective boiling heat transfer of ammonia‐water mixtures flowing inside a 6 mm inner diameter vertical smooth tube. Using a water‐heated double pipe type generator, the local heat transfer coefficients are measured inside the inner tube for a range of heat flux density (29.93 — 99.79 kW/m²), mass flux density (35.36 — 99.04 kg/m²·s), mass flow rate (0.001 — 0.03 kg/s) and ammonia mass concentration (49%, 55% and 61%). The effect of the experimental parameters on the heat transfer coefficients is analysed. Three methods are used to predict the boiling heat transfer coefficients. Experimental data were compared with the available correlations. The obtained results confirm the good performance of the Mishra et al. (1981) and Bennett‐Chen's (1980) correlations in predicting the convective boiling heat transfer coefficient of NH₃‐H₂O mixtures. These methods are able to predict the boiling heat transfer data within an average accuracy of ± 20 %.     

管内垂直下降液膜速度与厚度分布特性

对洗涤冷却管内垂直降膜的流动特性进行研究,采用超声波多普勒测速仪对管内不同周向以及轴向位置的液膜厚度和速度进行了无接触式的测量,液膜Reynolds数范围为1.0×10⁴~3.1×10⁴。结果表明:在0°周向位置上液膜厚度与速度均达到最大值,导致该位置局部液膜厚度过大而不能保持稳定,部分液体脱离液膜表面,此外还造成了8°和16°位置的液膜厚度激增。在轴向上,当Reynolds数小于2.0×10⁴时,液膜速度在重力作用下随流动距离增加而增加,反之,液膜速度因为流动阻力会随距离增加而减小。随着Reynolds数的增大,液膜平均厚度和速度呈增大趋势。此外,Reynolds数的增大还会使得液膜更加不稳定。     

Écoulement de Taylor‐Couette en géométrie finie et à surface libre

The reactors of Taylor‐Couette type are relatively recent application in the engineering processes field. The stability and the flow structure in this device are examined under the effect combined of the free surface and the fluid's height in annular space. The exploitation of the flow regimes is carried out according to the number of Taylor for various values of aspect ration Γ. By means of ultrasonic velocimetry (UPV) we determine axial average velocity profile and the axial wavelength. We also carry out the spectral analysis by Fourier's fast transform of the fluctuations associated with the average velocity values in order to analyze the flow structure. We particularly aim for checking the presence or the absence of the azimuth wave according to the filling height and the rotational velocity imposed. We highlight the effects of free surface and aspect ratio on the conditions of appearance of the second instability ( wavy mode). The analysis of the fluctuation shows that the appearance of the azimuth wave regime (Wavy mode) is delayed when the aspect ration decreases. Below a critical value noted Γc = 10, the azimuth wave regime is not observed any more.     

Modélisation de l'efficacité de filtration d'un échangeur cyclone

This work is a modelling of the Aireco® filtration system. This heat exchanger, with particle catching capabilities, is made of a cyclonic body which contains refrigerated coils. The water vapour contained in the gas to be treated condensed on the coils surface. Our modelling considers two main capture surfaces: the entry zone in which particles are collected by inertial impaction and the cyclonic body in which particles diffused by centrifugal force is the main phenomena. We found that these considerations explain our experimental results with an accuracy more than 90%, when the Aireco® is on a normal point of working.     

Numerical simulation of liquid falling film on horizontal circular tubes

The objective of this study is to investigate numerically the flow characteristics of falling film on horizontal circular tubes. Numerical simulations are performed using FLUENT for 2D configurations with one and two cylinders. The volume of fluid method is used to track the motion of liquid falling film and the gas-liquid interface. The effect of flow characteristics on heat and transfer coefficient may be remarkable, although it has been neglected in previous studies. The velocity distribution and the film thickness characteristics on the top tube, some special flow characteristics on the bottom tube, intertube flow modes and effect of liquid feeder height on flow characteristics have been studied. Our simulations indicate that 1) the velocity distributions of the upper and lower parts of the tube are not strictly symmetric and non-uniform, 2) the film thickness depends on flow rate and angular distributions, 3) the flow characteristics of the top tube are different from those of the bottom tube, 4) three principal and two intermediate transition modes are distinguished, and 5) the liquid feed height plays an important role on the formation of falling film. The numerical results are in a good agreement with the theoretical values by the Nusselt model and the reported results.     

Etude numérique et paramétrique de la combustion de particules d'aluminium

Several numerical models have been investigated to study the reactivity of aluminium particles coming from the combustion of solid propellants in spatial launchers. The Law model has been rapidly selected as it yields a continuous model from an aluminium drop to an oxide drop. The model also gives the residue size at the end of the combustion process. This could explain the scaling observed in the rocket engines. In order to study the coupling between the flow and the combustion, the combusion of aluminium drops has been widely analyzed with 0D computation. The main mechanisms of the combustion process have been identified.     

多排平直翅片管换热器表面气液降膜流动特性的三维数值模拟

基于VOF模型建立了考虑重力、表面张力及界面摩擦力源项的多排平直翅片管换热器表面气液两相降膜流动三维瞬态CFD模型。不同气流速度下液膜厚度模拟结果与文献中试验值吻合较好,最大偏差小于5%,表明所建立CFD模型是可靠的。通过研究壁面接触角为30°时不同气液Reynolds数下液膜流动特性,结果表明：翅片管表面满膜流的临界Reynolds数Re_l为239,临界喷淋密度为0.06 kg/(m·s);在239 ≤ Re_l ≤ 995内,其平均液膜厚度较Nusselt理论解高16.8%～35.1%;气液逆流和顺流时气相Reynolds数Re_g应分别小于2190.7和3286.0,其主要原因在于过高的Re_g会导致气液界面摩擦力快速增大,从而引发液膜破裂和液滴脱落等现象恶化设备性能。总之,气液顺流更有利于在较高气相Reynolds数下实现翅片管表面的较薄满膜流动。     

Ecoulement de fluides newtoniens et non newtoniens à travers des lits fixes stratifiés

Fixed beds of plate shape particles have been studied in two different “flow-particle” configurations. From pressure drop measurements performed for a Newtonian fluid flow, two characteristic structural parameters have been determined by using a capillary - type model. The differences concerning the hydrodynamic behaviour of the two configurations are discussed and a factor characterizing the bed anisotropy is proposed. A dimensionless equation allowing the pressure drop determination for Newtonian and non-Newtonian purely viscous fluid flow in the two configurations, for a large range of Reynolds numbers, is proposed and tested with experiments.     

Modélisation Mathématique de la Décantation de la Boue Rouge

A good performance of the solid‐liquid unit operation is required for the economical exploitation of the Bayer process. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model simulating the operation of the last washing stage mud thickener of a large Canadian alumina plant is presented. The parametric study of the impact of changes in four parameters shows that the diameter of flocculated red mud particles, the feed flow rate and the radius of the feed well are critical parameters for the operation of the thickener.     

Comparaison de deux types d'écoulements (tangentiel plan et tourbillonnaire) dans des modules d'ultrafiltration. Influence de la contrainte pariétale

This work consists of evaluating the performances of a new membrance separation process: an annular, swirling, decaying flow induced by a tangential inlet. For this purpose, we have compared the permeation flux obtained in swirling flow with that of a crossflow. We ultrafiltered a model suspension of bentonite in order to compare the performances of the two modules for different operating conditions. Parameters such as flow rate, Reynolds number and wall velocity gradient were studied, and this last one appears to be a significant hydrodynamic parameter to compare the performances of the two configurations. Indeed, this parameter takes into account the flow field nature and, more precisely, the shear stress at the membrane surface. Improvement of the permeation flux induced by the swirling, decaying flow in comparison with that observed in cross‐flow can reach more than 30% under specific conditions. The study of the energy consumption of these two cells allows us to confirm the interest of the swirling, decaying flow in order to design new types of membrane separation modules.     

Transfert de matière et chute de pression lors d'un écoulement tourbillonnaire annulaire non-entretenu induit par une entrée tangentielle

This work is devoted to an experimental study of overall mass transfer and pressure in decaying swirlng annular flow induced by means of a tangential inlet. Overall mass transfer coefficients, obtained using an electrochemcal method, are found to be greater on the outer cylinder that on the inner core of the annulus, and remains largely greater than that obtained in fully developed axial flow on both cylinders. This enhancement in mass transfer rate is coupled with an increase in pressure drop, mainly due to the tangential inlet of the fluid. Nevertheless, an energetic correlation of overall mass transfer on both cylinders of the annular cell shows that decaying swirling flow induced by a single tangential inlet allows an important increase in mass transfer coefficients for a given energy consumption, compared with a fully developed annular axial flow.     

Experimental laminar falling film heat transfer coefficients on a large diameter horizontal tube

A test rig was designed and fabricated to measure local heat transfer coefficients from a large-diameter, steam-heated horizontal tube to thin falling films of water. The results of the experiments generally support the theory developed by Rogers for laminar film conditions, which were found to persist up to film Reynolds numbers of about 2000. Agreement between theoretical predictions of heat transfer coefficients and the measured values is reasonable for the thermal boundary layer development region, but measured values are about 20% lower than predicted values in the developed region. The lower values in the developed region are attributed mainly to measured film thicknesses being greater than predicted values.     

Etude de l'influence des paramètres de fonctionnement d'un réacteui électrochimique à lit fixe conique

The recovery of metallic ions from dilute solutions has been carried out with a three-dimensional electrode. This work follows a study of electrochemical reactors with transported beds enclosed in a conical vessel. It deals more precisely with the influence of flow direction (upwards or downwards) and the cone angle when a reactor is working at the limiting diffusion current. The results of this study permit to define the geometric parameters determining the most efficient operation of the reactor.