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1.
The phase‐separation mechanism during porous membrane formation by the dry‐cast process was investigated by the light‐scattering method in poly(methyl methacrylate)/ethyl acetate (EA)/2‐methyl‐2,4‐pentanediol system. The evaporation of EA from the cast solution induced the phase separation and thus the porous membrane was obtained. By the light‐scattering measurement on the phase‐separation kinetics, the phase separation was found to occur by a spinodal decomposition mechanism. As the amount of nonsolvent in the cast solution decreased, the structure growth rate decreased and the growth stopped soon. The obtained porous structure was isotropic rather than asymmetric. The average interpore distances obtained from the SEM observation roughly agreed with the final constant interphase periodic distances measured by the light‐scattering method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 10: 3205–3209, 2002 相似文献
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Min Liu Shenghui Liu Zhenliang Xu Yongming Wei Hu Yang 《Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering》2016,10(1):57-75
A review of recent research related to microporous polymeric membranes formed via thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) and the morphologies of these membranes is presented. A summary of polymers and suitable diluents that can be used to prepare these microporous membranes via TIPS are summarized. The effects of different kinds of polymer materials, diluent types, cooling conditions, extractants and additive agents on the morphology and performance of TIPS membranes are also discussed. Finally new developments in TIPS technology are summarized.
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Organically modified layered silicates with a hydroxyl‐substituted quaternary ammonium surfactant as the modifier were incorporated into a mixture of poly (ether imide) and epoxy with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone as the hardener. The influence of the organically modified layered silicates on the reaction‐induced phase‐separation kinetics and morphology of the poly(ether imide)/epoxy mixture was investigated with time‐resolved small‐angle light scattering, phase‐contrast microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The phase‐separation kinetics were analyzed by means of the temporal evolution of scattering vector q m and scattering intensity Im at the scattering peak. The organically modified layered silicates obviously facilitated an earlier onset of phase separation but reduce the phase‐separation rate and greatly retarded the domain‐coarsening process in the late stage of spinodal decomposition. The temporal evolution of both q m and Im followed the power law q m ～ (t ? tos)?α and Im ～(t ? tos)?β, where t is the reaction time, tos is the onset time of phase separation, and α and β are growth exponents. For the samples filled with organically modified layered silicates, α crossed over from 0 to about 1/3, following Binder–Stauffer cluster dynamics, and an interconnected phase structure was observed for cure temperatures ranging from 120 to 230°C. For the unfilled samples, the interconnected phase structure was observed only at cure temperatures below 140°C. At temperatures above 150°C, α crossed over from 0 to 1/3 < α ≤ 1 under the interfacial tension effect, following Siggia's theory, and the domain‐coarsening rate was very fast; this resulted in macroscopic epoxy‐rich domains. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 1205–1214, 2007 相似文献
4.
利用\"黏性包覆\"原理,通过毛细管流变仪详细研究了多相体系在流场中的分相机制和控制方法,基于单螺杆挤出流延机组制备了具有等规聚丙烯/高密度聚乙烯/等规聚丙烯(iPP/PE-HD/iPP)结构的三层膜。结果表明,将iPP、PE-HD预混,可以得到不同相结构的iPP/PE-HD共混膜;三层片材中PE-HD的实际面积为94%,三层膜的孔隙率可达51. 82%,含有25%iPP的具有双连续相结构的共混膜的微孔分布更加均匀;研究发现牵引比为50时,大孔含量高达84%;探究了共混微孔膜的成孔机理,揭示了三层膜中iPP和PE-HD过渡层成孔的复杂性,论证了过渡层晶体结构和微孔形貌对三层膜性能的重要性。 相似文献
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The phase separation of salt + poly(ethylene glycol) + water systems was studied by cloud‐point measurements using viscometry and laser beam scattering methods. The Flory–Huggins model was applied to determinate the condition for salt‐induced liquid–liquid phase separation in the system. A temperature‐ and concentration‐dependent interaction parameter was employed to fit the phase diagrams for the systems. The temperature and concentration functionality of the interaction parameter was determined and used to predict cloud‐point curves for the systems. The cloud‐point curves were found to be in quantitative agreement with experimental data. Also, the effect of various salts on the measured cloud points was studied. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1983–1990, 2003 相似文献
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根据文献报道和作者的工作实践,介绍了疏水微孔膜的主要制备方法,并对膜蒸馏等一些采用疏水微孔膜的新型膜分离过程进行了评述。 相似文献
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Phase separation during the formation of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) hydrogels was investigated using real‐time photon transmission and temperature measurements. The hydrogels were prepared by free‐radical crosslinking polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) in the presence of N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (BAAm) as a crosslinker in an aqueous solution. The onset reaction temperature T0 was varied between 20 and 28°C. Following an induction period, all the gelation experiments resulted in exothermic reaction profiles. A temperature increase of 6.5 ± 0.6°C was observed in the experiments. It was shown that the temperature increase during the formation and growth process of PNIPA gels is accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in the transmitted light intensities Itr. The decrease in Itr at temperatures below the lower critical solution temperature of PNIPA was explained by the concentration fluctuations due to the inhomogeneity in the gel network. At higher temperatures, it was shown that the gel system undergoes a phase transition via a spinodal decomposition process. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3589–3595, 2002 相似文献
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以聚醚砜(PES)/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)/一缩二乙二醇(DEG)低临界共溶温度(LCST)体系为铸膜液,利用低临界共溶温度(LCST)的热致相分离(LCST-TIPS,简称RTIPS)法制备了PES微孔膜。通过透光实验测试RTIPS过程的LCST,以扫描电镜、渗透和力学实验表征膜的形态和性能。研究了非溶剂/溶剂(DEG:DMAc)质量比和成膜水浴温度对PES膜结构和性能的影响。实验结果表明,随DEG:DMAc质量比增加,相分离温度降低;利用RTIPS技术抑制了膜断面指状孔的出现,形成表面有明显微孔和断面对称的双连续膜结构;DEG:DMAc质量比0.8:1,成膜水浴温度60℃,膜纯水通量和平均孔径最大;通过RTIPS机理所成膜综合力学性能优于非溶剂致相分离(NIPS)法所制备的膜。 相似文献
9.
《分离科学与技术》2012,47(10):1498-1506
Phase Separation Time is a characteristic parameter of a two-phase liquid-liquid extraction system essential to evaluate the solvent pair suitability in a solvent extraction process and the process throughput in a mixer-settler system. A novel light scattering technique to determine the phase separation time unambiguously has been developed for the first time at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam. The technique rests on the principle that dispersed mixture of two phases result in high scattering of an incident beam of light, and this scattering decreases as the dispersed phases coalesce. By monitoring the intensity of this scattered light at 90o to the incident light, the “Phase Separation Time” can be deduced. 相似文献
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以丙三醇为稀释剂,用热致相分离方法(TIPS)制备了无纺布支撑的平片式聚(乙烯-乙烯醇)(EVOH)微孔膜。实验研究了冷却速率及EVOH初始浓度对膜结构及性能的影响,测定了EVOH／丙三醇体系的相图．用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及泡点法表征了微孔膜的微观结构及表面孔径,同时测试了膜的纯水通量。结果表明,随着冷却速率的加快,结晶曲线向低温移动。EVOH初始浓度决定了体系的相分离方式．由液-液相分离及固-液相分离机理形成的膜分别具有花边结构与球间缝隙结构;冷却速率影响膜的孔径大小和形态。随着冷却速率及EVOH初始浓度的降低,膜的孔径及纯水通量均逐渐增大。 相似文献
12.
We report a novel porous fluorinated polyimide membrane with a cylinder structure fabricated by a wet phase inversion process, which is formed by a ternary system, polyimide/solvent/water. The porous polyimide membranes consisted of a thin top porous layer and three‐dimensionally ordered cylinder micropores. The porous membrane‐forming solvents were N‐methylpyrrolidone containing nonsolvent additives such as alcohol, and the height and width of the cylinder structure were controlled by the solvents. Water fluxes through the porous polyimide membranes were measured using a stirred dead‐end filtration cell, and the fluxes of the porous membrane with the cylinder‐type structure were approximately three times greater than those of the membrane with the finger‐type structure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3016–3021, 2004 相似文献
13.
Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) microporous membranes were prepared via the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) process with the diluents being dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and soybean oil mixture. By changing the weight ratio of DBP to soybean oil systematically, it was determined experimentally that the cloud‐point curves were influenced to a great extent, while the crystallization curves showed much less dependence on the diluents composition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the resulting membrane morphologies changed significantly by varying the composition of the diluents, i.e., by changing the interaction parameter and other characteristics of diluents, the interwoven or celluar structure can be fabricated successfully at a fixed polymer concentration under the same cooling conditions. Different growth rates of iPP spherulite were obtained in the diluents with different composition. It is shown that the spherulites growth rates may be also attributed to the great variations of the final microporous morphology to a certain extent. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007 相似文献
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铈盐和聚乙二醇(PEG)组成氧化还原体系引发丙烯腈聚合,获得亲水改性的聚丙烯腈(PAN)共聚物(PAN-PEG-PAN).以二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和水分别为溶剂和非溶剂,通过相转换法制得PAN-PEG-PAN微孔膜.考察了微孔膜形貌、水通量及其处理废水效果随共聚物中PEG含量(WEG) 的变化规律.结果发现,微孔膜的通量及孔隙率随 WEG 增加都呈现先增大后下降的现象,当WEG为0.096时通量和孔隙率均达到其最大值,分别为965.6 L·m-2·h-1和83.0%;PAN-PEG-PAN微孔膜处理模拟废水时,可截留粒径在100 nm以上的微粒,并使废水的透光率从32.1% 增加到98.7%;处理印染废水时,滤液的透光率随WEG的增加而增加,而膜的通量衰减程度明显低于PAN微孔膜.因此,用少量PEG改性的PAN共聚物膜可明显改变微孔膜的亲水性及其形貌结构,提高膜的水通量、分离性以及抗污染性. 相似文献
16.
探讨了铸膜液温度、特性粘度、聚砜浓度、流涎温度和十二烷基苯磺酸钠添加量等对聚砜热相转移膜性能的影响，制得了平均孔径为０．８４μｍ、０．３４μｍ、０．１６μｍ的平板微孔膜。经扫描电镜观察，该膜具有对称的球状孔结构，为热相转移聚砜微孔膜。 相似文献
17.
叶宏;冯旭东;梁海燕;于群;石胜鹏 《中国塑料》2011,25(2):7-12
详细综述了用于渗透汽化分离的聚酰亚胺膜的改性研究进展,重点评述了共聚（改变主链结构、侧基结构和引入特殊功能性单体）、填充（无机物填充和有机物填充）、交联、共混以及表面改性5种改性方法,包括其反应原理、设计思路以及对聚酰亚胺膜分子结构和分离性能的影响等。同时通过比较不同改性方法的研究结果,分析了几种改性方法在渗透汽化膜分离方面的优点和不足。在此基础上,对聚酰亚胺渗透汽化膜的改性方法发展方向和研究前景进行了总结。 相似文献
18.
This article presents the ternary phase diagram for methyl methacrylate (MMA), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and n‐hexane system at 70°C. It was constructed by both theoretical calculations and online laser light scattering (LLS) technique. In situ polymerization of MMA in a nonpolar nonsolvent carried out in a LLS cell provides a new means for the accurate detection of the cloud points of highly viscous polymer mixtures, with polymer weight fractions over 0.6. The ternary phase diagram measured in this study can be used to design the reaction conditions for the precipitation and/or dispersion polymerization in a nonpolar nonsolvent medium where polymerization kinetics as well as polymer particle morphologies are strongly affected by thermodynamic phase separation phenomena. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 相似文献
19.
When a polymer crystallizes from solution, it is well known that the resulting morphology depends on whether any liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) has preceded crystallization. In addition to the dense morphology that results when crystallization occurs directly from a homogeneous solution, at least three other distinctly different morphologies are produced if crystallization follows LLPS. Although much work has been reported in this regard, a framework that can relate the path that a process might follow across a phase diagram to the consequent morphology is lacking. We report here the fundamental elements of a simple thermodynamic framework that serves to identify the driving forces that produce these different morphologies. It is based on identification of the nucleating phase, if any, in LLPS and coupling it with the domain in which nucleation of crystallization occurs. The essential elements of the framework for morphological evolution are demonstrated by relating the sequence of phase transitions to the morphology which can result in the crystallized polymer when a polymer solution is cooled from a homogeneous state at a high temperature. Four distinctly different morphologies are shown to evolve, depending on whether crystallization occurs (a) directly from a homogeneous solution (dense); (b) following binodal liquid–liquid phase separation, LLPS, with nucleation of the polymer-rich phase (GMP—globular microporous); (c) following spinodal LLPS (FMP—fibrillar microporous); or (d) following binodal LLPS with nucleation of the solvent-rich phase (CTMP—cell-tunnel microporous). An important implication of the framework is that a predictable sequence of “dense → GMP → FMP → CTMP → dense” morphologies has to arise with increase in overall polymer concentration in such solutions. The framework also serves to identify conditions, such as passage through specific temperature/concentration regions in the phase diagram, that would increase the likelihood of forming mixed or coexisting morphologies. However, it is still necessary to develop appropriate kinetic models to predict sizes of the morphological components within each of the four morphologies. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 1343–1355, 1999 相似文献
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采用热致相分离法制备了聚丙烯平板微孔膜,并对自制平板膜组件的膜蒸馏海水淡化性能进行了研究。探讨了膜制备条件及海水流量、温度、膜后真空度等真空膜蒸馏过程操作条件对聚丙烯平板膜组件海水淡化性能的影响,自制组件连续运行的小试结果表明:当真空侧压力为3kPa,进料温度为323.15K,流量为50L/h时,天津市渤海湾海水膜蒸馏过程的平均水通量达10.56kg/m·2h,产品水的脱盐率均在99.8%以上。 相似文献