阳江抽水蓄能电站上库溢流坝消能试验研究

针对阳江抽水蓄能电站上库溢流坝具有高水头、坝址河床狭窄、坡度陡峭等特点,通过水力模型试验研究优化了溢流坝及其消能工体型,解决了溢流坝的消能问题。试验表明:①溢流坝采用“坝面削角阶梯 底流消力池”的联合消能方案后,增大了溢流坝面水流的消能率,解决了溢流坝泄流与下游消力池衔接的问题;②消力池内设置T型消力墩,缩短了水跃长度和池长;③消力池下游采用阶梯状的二道坝与下游河床连接,减轻了泄流对下游河床的冲刷。     

台阶式泄洪槽水工模型试验研究

为验证山西省某森林公园台阶式消能泄洪槽设计的合理性,通过模型试验研究了该消能泄洪槽不同流量工况下的流态、台阶平面压力、流速分布及消能效率。结果表明,在试验流量范围内,泄槽内为跌落水流和过渡水流,掺气不明显;台阶平面压力变化范围为-9.7~24.4kPa,当流量为6m^3/s时,出现最大负压9.702kPa;除#3消力池进口处外,三段台阶式消能段均为泄槽底部流速较小,对泄槽底部冲刷较小,泄槽水流表面流速最大;在不同流量下台阶式泄槽+消力池联合消能率均超过了90%,其中大部分能量消散在溢洪道台阶上。研究成果可为类似工程提供参考。     

基于“附加动量”水跃理论消力池的优化研究

尕干水库因地形原因,在模型实验时发现消力池的设计存在着一系列问题。由于消力池结构的特殊性,左侧有一支沟会进入消力池,支沟与消力池连接段有一底坡1∶100的护坡,消力池水流流入支沟护坡形成一个较大的逆时针回流,对工程带来极大破坏。为了改善这一不良流态及对支沟附加来流的处理,将“附加动量”水跃理论应用到溢洪道消力池的优化设计当中,并通过模型试验验证,对调整过后的消力池的水流流态。压强特性、流速特性及消能机理进行分析。结果表明,优化过后的消力池水流流态良好,有效地消除了回流。压强、流速分布合理,该消力池结构优于常规消力池,因此消能率能达80%以上。消力池尺寸满足工程要求。     

多层泄孔运行方式对二级斜坡进口浅水垫消力池水力特性的影响

针对某水电站工程消力池体型不合理及调度运行方式不当而导致池内流态不良、消力池临底流速过大、底板冲刷破坏等问题,通过1∶45模型试验分析了二级斜坡进口式浅水垫消力池在多层泄洪孔不同运行方式下的水力特性。结果表明,新提出的消力池体型能够明显改善面流流态及水跃不稳定等问题,针对该工程,优先采用溢流表孔泄流比采用冲沙底孔泄流池内流态更佳,消力池临底及岸边流速更低,消能防冲效果更好。     

低佛氏数T型墩消力池水力特性试验研究

本文结合青海雪龙滩电站底流消能方案试验，对Ｔ型墩消力池的结构尺寸、水流流态、压力分布及其消能效果作了研究，并给出了Ｔ型墩消力池消能率计算公式及结构尺寸选择方法。     

超高水头大泄量竖井旋流泄洪洞消能机理数值模拟研究

鉴于传统模型试验对竖井内旋转水流的流速测量难度较大,采用Realizableκ-ε双方程紊流模型,并结合VOF法,对某一超高水头大泄量竖井旋流泄洪洞进行数值模拟,对比分析了水流流态、空腔直径、井壁压强及旋流角等水力要素的模型试验和数值模拟结果,在此基础上,计算了不同断面的能量大小,获得了竖井旋流泄洪洞各部位的消能形式及消能率分布。结果表明,竖井起始部位主要消去旋转水流的切向动能,占总能量损失的6.19%;中间部位主要消去旋转水流的位能,占总能量损失的21.18%;下半部位利用环状水跃及水垫池消去旋转水流大部分的剩余能量,占总能量损失的58.69%。     

消力池渐变段体型对消能效果的影响

针对黄金坪泄洪洞消力池受地形地质条件的限制,消力池长度明显不足、水跃跃首流态较差、消能效果不理想的问题,通过水力学模型试验,调整优化了泄洪洞出口跌坎高度、挑角及坡度体型,并观测了消力池水流流态、水面线、临底流速、底板压强、出口流态和流速等水力特性指标。结果表明,与原设计方案相比,调整体型后的消力池流态得到了很好地控制、消能效果增强,消力池出池水面跌落和流速均有所减小,各项水力学参数指标满足设计要求,通过体型优化实现了在原有消力池长度条件下改善流态和增强消能的目的。     

跌坎底流消力池在某高水头闸坝工程中的应用

针对高水头、大单宽流量闸坝工程消能问题,在分析传统底流消力池体型的基础上,提出将跌坎型底流消力池应用于高水头闸坝工程,并结合实际工程进行了水工整体模型试验,研究了消力池及下游河道水流流态、流速分布、下游河道水面线、河床冲刷情况。结果表明,跌坎底流消力池不仅体型简单、施工难度小,且在各种运行工况下均能获得稳定的流态及较高的消能率,可较好地解决高水头闸坝泄洪消能问题。     

竖井旋流泄洪洞出口体型优化研究

为对某竖井旋流泄洪洞出口体型进行优化,提出了一种新型出口形式,通过多组物理模型试验获得了初步的优化设计原则,并结合数值模拟综合验证分析.结果 表明,出口结构前端为竖向环状水跃与横向淹没水跃相连的二级掺混消能区域,湍动能大,消能效果显著,大泄量下总体消能率相对提高10％;后部水流流态转化平顺,低速平稳流出;底板压强分布合...     

山区弯道水流特性及消能选型

山区弯道水流特性复杂,消能工布置困难,为确定其适宜的消能工型式,分析了山区河流水流特性及工程中常用消能型式,并结合水工模型试验研究了不同消能工布置下弯道水流流态及消力池出口流速分布,提出在弯道出口处设置消力池加辅助消能工(消力墩+异形坝)的工程措施。结果表明,在消力池内设置消力墩和异形坝后,水流流态得到很好的改善,出池水流流速分布均匀,消能效果更好。     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996