Coordinated stabilizing control for large-scale interconnected power systems,by superconducting magnetic energy storage unit and power system stabilizers

The purpose of large-scale power system interconnection is to achieve extremely economical and reliable power generation and transmission. It has established the present power systems of high quality. On the other hand, in the large power systems with complex configuration, an undamped power swing with low frequency caused by the synchronous power between interconnected systems tends to occur as well as an undamped power swing caused by the synchronous power of specific generators. Several coordinated stabilizing control schemes for the power systems by sets of power system stabilizers (PSSs) have been investigated so far. PSS is very effective for the stabilization of power swing among a few specific generators because the function of PSS is achieved by the voltage control using the generator field winding circuit. However, it seems that PSSs do not have sufficient ability to stabilize the power swings between interconnected systems. In this paper, the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) which is significantly effective for the power swings between interconnected systems is introduced and a coordinated power system stabilizing control by SMES and PSSs is proposed. The advantages of the proposed control scheme are: 1) high efficiency of the controller by the distribution of functions; 2) independency of the control design for PSS and SMES; and 3) robustness of the controller, and so on.     

基于DIgSILENT的机网协调控制及动模验证

具有联络断面弱、小网、大负荷特征的工业电网,发生故障及断面解列时容易造成系统稳定性破坏问题,为此提出DIgSILENT仿真平台用于源网荷储协调系统的暂态分析和控制器开发。提出了结合安全稳定控制系统、机网协调器、电力系统稳定器、励磁系统及调速系统于一体的工业电网数字孪生系统,根据实测参数对自动装置的控制器进行了建模和比对。基于DSL编程设计了机网协调控制器,对电压控制、频率控制和功率控制整定参数,验证了对频率电压稳定性的影响,实现了联络断面功率的灵活调配。利用实时数字仿真器(RTDS)进行了机网协调装置和稳控装置的硬件闭环动模试验。给出了DIgSILENT仿真与RTDS仿真结果的对比,验证了DIgSILENT仿真机网协调控制的准确性和有效性。     

Development of a new adaptive LQG system generator for high‐speed damping control techniques of power system oscillation

With the advent of interconnection of large‐scale electric power systems, many new dynamics power system problems have emerged, which include low‐frequency intersystem oscillations and many others. To date, most major generators in trunk electric power systems in Japan are equipped with supplementary excitation control, commonly referred to as the conventional single and two input PSS. However, low‐frequency oscillations still occur. It is difficult for these conventional PSS to improve the additional damping of power system oscillation, because of the hardware and design of fixed PSS control constants from a one‐machine infinite‐bus model. It has therefore become necessary to develop a new adaptive LQG system generator. This paper explains the development of the new adaptive LQG system and the simulation of low‐frequency and local mode oscillation for this new adaptive LQG system. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 142(3): 30–40, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10109     

An online adaptive neuro-fuzzy power system stabilizer for multimachine systems

A fuzzy-logic-based adaptive power system stabilizer (PSS) is proposed in this paper. The parameters of the fuzzy-logic-based PSS are tuned by neural networks online. The system is divided into two subsystems, a recursive least square identifier with a variable forgetting factor for the generator and a fuzzy-logic-based adaptive controller to damp oscillations. The effectiveness of the proposed PSS in increasing the damping of local and inter-area modes of oscillation is demonstrated in a one-machine-infinite-bus system; a two-area, 4-machine, 13-bus system, and a 16-machine, 68-bus system.     

电力系统稳定器PSS的参数选择和试验

提出了采用小扰动频域分析和暂态稳定时域分析相结合的方法选择电力系统稳定器PSS的参数,并通过相幅 频特性、阶跃扰动、无功反调和系统扰动等试验验证了PSS定值的适应性和PSS 装置对抑制扰动的效果。     

融合轨迹预测技术的输电线路新型自适应重合闸

输电线路故障的重合闸时刻对系统的暂态稳定有很重要的影响.针对目前最佳重合时刻难以在线确定的问题,提出融合轨迹预测技术的重合时刻在线捕捉方法.核心是利用机组功角的轨迹预测信息,确定系统振荡机组的主导模式,并按主导模式对机组进行分群,将多机系统复杂的暂态稳定性问题转化为对应的单机无穷大系统的功角稳定性分析,选其单机无穷大系...     

Three-dimensional power system stabilizer

Power system stabilizers (PSSs) are used to enhance damping of power system oscillations through excitation control of synchronous generator. The objective of the PSS is to generate a stabilizing signal, which produces a damping torque component on the generator shaft. Conventional PSSs are designed with the phase compensation technique in the frequency domain and include the lead-lag blocks whose parameters are determined according to a linearized power system model. The performance of conventional PSSs (CPSSs) depends upon the generator operating point and the system parameters, but a reasonable level of robustness can be achieved depending on the tuning method. This paper presents a new three-dimensional PSS (3D PSS), which uses rotor speed deviation, rotor acceleration and load angle deviation as input signals. The 3D PSS attempts to return the generator to the state-space origin, based on the generator’s trajectory in state-space and the achievement of torque equilibrium. The 3D PSS is robust to system parameters changes. The proposed algorithm was implemented in a digital control system, tested in a laboratory environment on a synchronous generator connected to the power system, and then compared with CPSS. Experimental results show that the proposed PSS achieves better performance than the CPSS in damping oscillations.     

基于一维卷积神经网络的电力系统暂态稳定在线评估

传统电力系统暂态稳定评估基于时域仿真计算,计算复杂度高,难以在线应用。提出一种基于一维卷积神经网络的电力系统暂态稳定在线评估,可极大提升暂态稳定在线评估速度。通过马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛抽样算法进行电力系统运行状态模拟,生成大规模运行数据。通过电力系统时域仿真计算确定发电机最大功角差。将电力系统运行数据作为一维卷积神经网络的输入,发电机最大功角差作为输出,训练一维卷积神经网络。在线应用场景下,一维卷积神经网络可基于当前运行数据快速计算发电机最大功角差,实现暂态稳定性在线评估。新英格兰39节点系统验证了所提在线评估算法的可行性。     

Tuning of power system stabilizers using genetic algorithms

Several techniques exist for developing optimal controllers. This paper investigates the tuning of power system stabilizers (PSS) using genetic algorithms (GA). A digital simulation of a linearized model of a single-machine infinite bus power system at some operating point is used in conjunction with the genetic algorithm optimization process. The integral of the square of the error and the time-multiplied absolute value of the error performance indices are considered in the search for the optimal PSS parameters. In order to have good damping characteristics over a wide range of operating conditions, the PSS parameters are optimized off-line for a selected set of grid points in the real power (P)-reactive power (Q) domain. The optimal settings thus obtained can then be stored and retrieved on-line to update the PSS parameters based on measurements of the generator real and reactive power. Time domain simulations of the system with GA-tuned PSS show the improved dynamic performance under widely varying load conditions.     

电力系统扰动后稳态频率预测快速算法

研究了基于广域量测系统的电力系统频率稳定分析直接法的精度和复杂度,提出了电力系统扰动后稳态频率预测快速算法。利用电力系统仿真软件PSS/E对IEEE50机改进测试系统进行了仿真试验,比较了不同负荷模型方案对系统扰动后稳态频率的影响。通过蒙特卡洛法求解实现了所提出的快速算法,它利用扰动后瞬间的广域量测数据,快速预测出系统扰动后的稳态频率。预测的稳态频率与PSS/E仿真得到稳态频率相比很接近,表明该快速算法求解速度快,精度高。     

Modeling and simulation on long-term dynamics of interconnected power system using area COI concept

In order to study long-term frequency and voltage dynamics of interconnected power systems under cascading events, the paper has developed a proper mathematical model and simulation algorithm for it with network structure preserved. Similar to the traditional dynamic power flow, the proposed model assumes that the system has survived in the transient stability and has enough damping torque. Therefore, the relative swings among generator rotors in one area will be neglected in long-term dynamics; and each control area is assumed to have a uniform frequency, represented by its area center of inertia (COI). Fast decoupled method has been extended to solve the structure-preserved multi-area network equations. Computer test results from a modified IEEE30-bus power system demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm. The work establishes a simulation platform for future study on long-term frequency and voltage stability control strategy and coordination of interconnected power systems.     

Mode selective damping of power system electromechanical oscillations for large power systems using supplementary remote signals

This paper presents the design of local decentralized power system stabilizer (PSS) controllers, using selected suitable remote signals as supplementary inputs, for a separate better damping of specific inter-area modes, for large-scale power systems. System identification technique is used for deriving lower order state-space models suitable for control design. The lower-order model is identified by probing the network in open loop with low-energy pulses or random signals. The identification technique is then applied to signal responses, generated by time-domain simulations of the large-scale model, to obtain reduced-order model. Lower-order equivalent models, thus obtained, are used to design each local PSS controller separately for each of the inter-area modes of interest. The PSS controller uses only those local and remote input signals in which the assigned single inter-area mode is most observable and is located at a generator which is most effective in controlling that mode. The PSS controller, designed for a particular single inter-area mode, also works mainly in a frequency band given by the natural frequency of the assigned mode. The locations of the local PSS controllers are obtained based on the amplitude gains of the frequency responses of the best-suited measurement to the inputs of all generators in the interconnected system. For the selection of suitable local and supplementary remote input signals, the features or measurements from the whole system are pre-selected first by engineering judgment and then using a clustering feature selection technique. Final selection of local and remote input signals is based on the degree of observability of the considered single mode in them. To provide robust behavior, H_∞ control theory together with an algebraic Riccati equation approach has been applied to design the controllers. The effectiveness of the resulting PSS controllers is demonstrated through digital simulation studies conducted on a sixteen-machine, three-area test power system.     

跟踪COI思想应用于多机系统励磁控制

针对多机电力系统,提出了发电机功角和频率以动态跟踪系统惯量中心（COI）为目标的励磁控制思想。在该思想下,各发电机的功角按一定距离动态追踪系统COI功角的变化,而各发电机的频率则动态追踪系统COI频率的变化。相比于当前绝大多数以原运行点为发电机调节目标的控制思想而言,文中所提出的思想的主要特点在于它是利用系统的动态COI信号来将各发电机拉向同步,系统将根据实际情况稳定于某一可接受的频率,而不是局限于工频。在相同的发电机模型基础上,建立了2种不同思想下的控制系统模型,并给出了采用相同方法设计的鲁棒控制器。最后采用2区4机系统进行了动态仿真,以比较这2种鲁棒控制器以及自动电压调节器＋电力系统稳定器（AVR＋PSS）励磁系统在提高电力系统暂态稳定性方面的控制功效。     

Adaptive control of a synchronous machine using the auto-searchingmethod

A novel adaptive control scheme is presented for the design of a power system stabilizer (PSS) and a static VAr (reactive volt-ampere) compensator (SVC). The developed adaptive proportional-integral (PI) controllers, whose gains are adjusted in real time using the online-measured system operating conditions and a look-up table stored in computer memory, can offer better damper effects for generator oscillations over a wide range of operating conditions than conventional PI controllers with fixed gain settings. The effects of the adaptive PSS and the adaptive SVC on generator damping and terminal voltage profile are examined by computer simulation of system dynamic responses to a major disturbance     

考虑暂态稳定紧急控制的扩展等面积法

本文提出了考虑暂稳紧急控制的扩展等面积法(EEAC)的改进算法,涉及的紧急控制措施包括:快关汽门、电气制动和切机。本文的方法能够有效地处理在紧急控制作用下的故障电力系统的第一摆和第二摆暂稳分析问题,可以应用于在线或离线的快速暂稳分析和紧急控制快速估算、设计整定和校核。两个实际系统模型的仿真计算验证了本文算法的正确性及良好的精度。     

Improved synergetic excitation control for transient stability enhancement and voltage regulation of power systems

This paper proposes decentralized improved synergetic excitation controllers (ISEC) for synchronous generators to enhance transient stability and obtain satisfactory voltage regulation performance of power systems. Each generator is considered as a subsystem, for which an ISEC is designed. According to the control objectives, a manifold, which is a linear combination of the deviation of generator terminal voltage, rotor speed and active power, is chosen for the design of ISEC. Compared with the conventional synergetic excitation controller (CSEC), a parameter adaptation scheme is proposed for updating the controller parameter online in order to improve the transient stability and voltage regulation performance simultaneously under various operating conditions. Case studies are undertaken on a single-machine infinite-bus power system and a two-area four-machine power system, respectively. Simulation results show the ISEC can provide better damping and voltage regulation performance, compared with the CSEC without parameter adaptation scheme and the conventional power system stabilizer.     

Construction of Lyapunov function for power system based on solving linear matrix inequality

This paper presents construction of Lyapunov functions for power systems based on solving the Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) derived from the Lyapunov stability theorem considering the dynamics of load characteristic and AVR control system. The proposed Lyapunov function is constructed as a quadratic form of state variables and an integral term which satisfies the curl equation and the sector condition. An induction machine and a synchronous machine are considered as load characteristics. One‐machine one‐load infinite bus system is considered taking into account the flux decay effects and AVR with one time constant of the generator. To verify the proposed Lyapunov function, the transient stability assessment is shown. The critical clearing times given by the proposed Lyapunov function are compared with those obtained by the numerical integration method, and they are shown to be practical. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 42– 50, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20328     

互联系统长期动态仿真的结构保留建模

为了研究互联电力系统在级联事件下的频率和电压长期动态特性及其控制,提出了一种网络结构保留的多区域互联系统长期动态仿真模型和算法.与动态潮流计算相似,模型假定系统已渡过初始的暂态稳定阶段且有足够阻尼,从而忽略同一控制区域的机组间相对摇摆,即假定每个控制区域具有统一的频率动态,即区域内惯量中心动态,以便仿真几分钟及更长时间的长期动态.IEEE 30节点3区域系统的仿真结果表明了文中建议的仿真模型的可行性和计算方法的有效性;与详细机电暂态仿真软件仿真结果的比较表明,"区域统一频率动态"假定引起的系统长期动态仿真误差在工程上可以接受.从而为进一步开展级联事件下的频率和电压长期动态的稳定控制和协调提供了仿真工具.     

新疆电网电力系统稳定器设计与仿真

采用传统频域方法进行电力系统稳定器(power system stabilizer,PSS)参数设计时只考虑本机组的运行,忽视了电网的整体运行情况。为此,文章基于降阶选择模式分析法对PSS参数进行优化,形成了系统的降阶状态方程。通过计算状态方程特征根与状态变量的相关性及灵敏度,确定了PSS的配置点。文中的方法不必计算系统全部特征根,所需的计算时间较少。针对新疆实际电网,文章还进行了PSS参数设计,确定了PSS的安装地点及安装机组,仿真结果表明文中的PSS抑制振荡的效果良好,验证了文中方法的正确性和有效性。     

Coordinated voltage control of wind-penetrated power systems via state feedback control

This paper presents an optimal coordinated voltage control scheme for preserving long-term voltage stability of power systems. Linear quadratic integral (LQI) controller is employed to construct this scheme. Also, this paper considers the detailed dynamic model of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine, synchronous generators, over excitation limiter (OEL) and under-load tap changer (ULTC) system, which are important elements influencing voltage stability of power systems. The proposed approach at each time instance involves following two major steps: First, the power system nonlinear equations are linearized and optimal controllers are obtained by LQI technique. Then, in the second step the system dynamic behavior is investigated via time-domain simulations by applying the attained optimal control signals at the first step. The impact of the proposed coordinated voltage control scheme is evaluated by time domain simulations on a well-known test system, under variable wind speed and fault conditions.