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The steady‐state responses of four heat flux gauges (Schmidt–Boelter, Gardon, directional flame thermometer (DFT) and hemispherical heat flux gauge (HFG)) were examined under various radiative and convective heating conditions. In radiative environments, Gardon measurements were up to 8% higher than Schmidt–Boelter measurements, but in mixed radiative–convective environments, Gardon measurements were 8–18% below those of the Schmidt–Boelter gauge. This difference increased as the convective portion of the total heat transfer increased, due to discrepancies between the radiation‐based calibration environment and the application environment. The DFT data in radiative environments were comparable with the Schmidt–Boelter and Gardon values (within 12%), with the difference largely attributed to natural convection losses from the DFT. In mixed environments, the DFT values were significantly lower than those of the Schmidt–Boelter gauge due to differences in the surface temperatures of the gauges, resulting in the convective flow cooling, rather than heating, the DFT. The HFG heat flux estimates were 35–48% lower than the Schmidt–Boelter measurements under radiative conditions, influenced by large conduction losses from the sensor plate to the gauge housing. Lateral conduction due to a mismatch between the experimental convective flow outlet diameter and the gauge width also affected results from the DFT and HFG. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT: This study investigated the pool boiling heat transfer under heating surfaces with various interlaced wettability. Nano-silica particles were used as the coating element to vary the interlaced wettability of the surface. The experimental results revealed that when the wettability of a surface is uniform, the critical heat flux increases with the more wettable surface; however, when the wettability of a surface is modified interlacedly, regardless of whether the modified region becomes more hydrophilic or hydrophobic, the critical heat flux is consistently higher than that of the isotropic surface. In addition, this study observed that critical heat flux was higher when the contact angle difference between the plain surface and the modified region was smaller. 相似文献
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复合中空热管能够有效解决普通重力热管换热设备的酸露点腐蚀问题,在回收低温烟气(<200℃)余热领域有重要的应用。建立了复合中空热管传热实验平台,对复合中空热管冷凝侧传热特性进行了实验研究。实验所用热管管长1080mm,不锈钢材质,工作介质为甲醇;热管蒸发侧和冷凝侧分别采用电加热和水冷却方式,K型热电偶被用于测量管壁温度和冷却水进出口温度,真空压力传感器测量管内蒸气饱和压力;研究了充液率(15%≤V+≤40%)和蒸发侧热流密度(9.48kW/m2≤q≤37.91kW/m2)对冷凝侧传热特性的影响。结果表明:当充液率为20%时,复合中空热管冷凝侧均温性能最好,冷凝侧换热系数最大,传热性能最佳;随着蒸发侧热流密度的增大,复合中空热管有效冷凝长度增大,冷凝侧换热系数增大。实验研究为工业应用提供了基础。 相似文献
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自然工质R290与R22滴状凝结换热特性的对比分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
通过对自然工质R290与传统工质R22滴状凝结换热特性的对比分析得出,表面过冷度要远大于蒸气饱和温度对直接凝结长大小液滴的最小半径和临界半径的影响,过冷度越大,小液滴半径和临界半径越小,R290的小液滴半径和临界半径与R22的相比相差不大。通过R290与R22制冷工质单个液滴的传热量随着接触角的增加呈现出先增加后减小的变化趋势,存在最大值。通过单个液滴的传热量随着表面过冷度的增加而增大,随着饱和温度的升高而减小,通过R290单个液滴的传热量要明显大于通过R22单个液滴的传热量。通过R290与R22滴状凝结换热表面的热通量随接触角的变化具有最大值,存在最佳的接触角。R290滴状凝结换热的热通量要明显大于R22滴状凝结换热的热通量。 相似文献
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对大气压下纳米流体在竖直细小圆管内自然对流沸腾特性和临界热通量(CHF)进行了试验研究.工质使用了水和水-氧化铜的纳米流体.试验中加热管长L=200~500 mm,管径d =2.1~5.4 mm和纳米流体浓度=0.1~1.0 %(wt).试验主要研究了不同浓度的纳米流体对CHF的影响.试验结果表明:相对于纯水而言,随着纳米浓度的增加,纳米流体的沸腾特性有所劣化,这主要是因为纳米颗粒在传热面上形成吸附层降低了传热表面的粗糙度,减少了表面活性核化密度,增加了传热面热阻,因此降低了传热能力.随着纳米浓度的增加,纳米流体的临界热通量也随之增加.纳米流体的临界热通量不仅与管长与管径比有关,而且还与纳米浓度有关;氧化铜颗粒质量浓度为1 %(wt)的纳米流体的CHF比纯水的增加了30%以上. 相似文献
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以CMC水溶液为介质,对高粘幂律流体进行了垂直管内流动沸腾超临界热流的研究。测定了31组临界热流数据,建立了临界热流关联式。计算值与实验值的偏差为17.7%。 相似文献
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本文研究了内加热式螺旋流流动沸腾传热的传热性能与临界热通量问题,提出了有旁流和无旁流时沸腾传热系数的计算方法,并进行了验证。 相似文献
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The nature of heat transfer in circulating fluidized beds (CFBs) by particle convection was revealed from the experimental results of the particle flux in the lateral direction. As particles contact and rebound from the heat transfer surface because of their lateral motion, they establish a large local temperature gradient. Heat from particles is then transferred primarily through the gas to the heat transfer surface. The data of the lateral particle flux provide a basis to establish a model of heat transfer in CFBs. 相似文献
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以水为介质,对三角多孔翅片(TP)和横排锯齿翅片(TDS)两种变截面翅片通道的过冷沸腾进行了可视化试验。研究了体积流量、过冷度与热通量对过冷沸腾起始位置的影响,通过观察变截面翅片流道内单个气泡形成、生长与合并或脱离的过程,对比分析两种变截面翅片对流沸腾传热强化机理。试验结果表明:TDS翅片通道内气泡从出现到消失的平均周期约为TP翅片的一半;过冷沸腾起始位置随着体积流量的增大,逐渐向流道出口处移动;而随着热通量的增大和过冷度的减小逐渐靠近流道入口处;过冷度对过冷沸腾起始位置的影响比热通量对其的影响更大。 相似文献
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非均匀润湿性微通道表面池沸腾换热特性 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
采用高温热氧化与表面改性技术并结合电火花线切割工艺在紫铜表面制备了3类非均匀润湿性微通道表面,微通道顶部接触角分别为8.6°、88.1°、156.1°,通道内部接触角为113.2°。经饱和池沸腾试验表明,具有超亲水性顶部(θ=8.6°)和超疏水顶部(θ=156.1°)的微通道表面临界热通量分别较紫铜表面(θ=88.1°)提高了61%和35%,最大传热系数分别提高了2.3倍和6倍。气泡动力学可视化研究表明:非均匀润湿结构能够显著抑制气泡的合并与团聚,使得气泡之间存在的间隙成为液体补充路径,这是临界热通量提高的主要机理。 相似文献
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M. Vanek 《Drying Technology》2013,31(5):1207-1217
ABSTRACT Since the only measured value that is derived from the wood for controlling the kiln drying process is the mean moisture content, it is essential to develop new techniques for the measurement of additional process parameters. When the drying rate, which could be such an additional parameter, is seen in conjunction with other process variables, conclusions on the instantaneous drying behaviour of the wood are possible. A simple and practical way for determining the drying rate is based on the relationship between the drying rate and the heat-flux for evaporation. A measurement of the heat-flux by means of a heat-flux sensor allows the calculation of the drying rate. 相似文献
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Structures need to be designed to maintain their stability in the event of a fire. The travelling fire methodology (TFM) defines the thermal boundary condition for structural design of large compartments of fires that do not flashover, considering near field and far field regions. TFM assumes a near field temperature of 1200°C, where the flame is impinging on the ceiling without any extension and gives the temperature of the hot gases in the far field from Alpert correlations. This paper revisits the near field assumptions of the TFM and, for the first time, includes horizontal flame extension under the ceiling, which affects the heating exposure of the structural members thus their load-bearing capacity. It also formulates the thermal boundary condition in terms of heat flux rather than in terms of temperature as it is used in TFM, which allows for a more formal treatment of heat transfer. The Hasemi, Wakamatsu, and Lattimer models of heat flux from flame are investigated for the near field. The methodology is applied to an open-plan generic office compartment with a floor area of 960 m2 and 3.60 m high with concrete and with protected and unprotected steel structural members. The near field length with flame extension (fTFM) is found to be between 1.5 and 6.5 times longer than without flame extension. The duration of the exposure to peak heat flux depends on the flame length, which is 53 min for fTFM compared with 17 min for TFM, in the case of a slow 5% floor area fire. The peak heat flux is from 112 to 236 kW/m2 for the majority of fire sizes using the Wakamatsu model and from 80 to 120 kW/m2 for the Hasemi and Lattimer models, compared with 215 to 228 kW/m2 for TFM. The results show that for all cases, TFM results in higher structural temperatures compared with different fTFM models (600°C for concrete rebar and 800°C for protected steel beam), except for the Wakamatsu model that for small fires, leads to approximately 20% higher temperatures than TFM. These findings mitigate the uncertainty around the TFM near field model and confirm that it is conservative for calculation of the thermal load on structures. This study contributes to the creation of design tools for better structural fire engineering. 相似文献
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用于高热通量电子散热的平板环路重力热管 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为解决高热通量电子设备散热问题,设计一套蒸发器上下表面由多个方柱相连的平板型环路重力热管(LGHP)。通过实验研究其换热性能,包括在不同加热功率下平板热管的传热特性及均温特性,以及蒸发器摆放方式和不同种工质对平板热管传热性能的影响。实验结果表明,环路热管工质采用R134a的工作性能比R600a好,平板竖直放置比水平放置好。采用R134a且竖直放置时,其临界热通量(CHF)可达212.3 kW/m2,对应传热系数为16.2 kW/(m2·K)。该平板换热器可以保证电子设备工作温度不超过60℃,且运行过程中平板蒸发器与热源接触的壁面各测点间除出口处外温度差值小于5℃,均温性能优异。 相似文献
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