风速时间序列非线性短期预测

针对风速时间序列复杂的非线性特征,根据C-C算法确定重构参数(嵌入维数及延迟时间)并对风速重构相空间,建立径向基函数神经网络(RBF网络)及Volterra自适应预测模型对风速时间序列进行预测,以Lorenz方程数值解为例验证了两种预测方法的可行性。结果表明:RBF神经网络模型和Volterra自适应预测模型都能对实测风速时间序列进行较为准确的预测,预测误差分别在0.3和0.1 m/s内;Volterra自适应预测模型预测结果总体较RBF神经网络模型预测精度更高,且随着预测时间的增大,预测误差呈增大趋势,这与混沌存在初值敏感性的特征相符。     

风速时间序列混沌特征分析及非线性短期预测

针对风能发电及天气预报等领域中一直是难点和重点的风速时间序列预测问题,首先分别通过相图法和最大Lyapunov指数法定性定量确定风速时间序列具有混沌特征;在此基础上,针对风速时间序列混沌特征结合相空间重构理论进行预测,根据C-C算法确定嵌入维数及延迟时间,将混沌理论应用于Volterra自适应模型,建立新的风速预测模型;以Lorenz方程为例验证该预测模型的准确性,并通过预测风速对比实测风速,进行误差分析。结果表明:风速时间序列具有明显的混沌特征;风速时间序列的混沌特征表明其长期预测是不现实的,但其确定性结构表明其具有短期可预测性;以预测Lorenz方程数值解的方式验证了Volterra自适应预测模型的准确性,其预测误差控制在10~(-4)以内;Volterra自适应预测模型可以对实测风速时间序列进行准确的预测,预测误差控制在0.1 m/s内。     

基于LS-SVM和RBF的月降雨混沌时间序列预测

以乌尔逊河为例,采用相空间重构理论计算实测月降雨的延迟时间、嵌入维数、G-P饱和关联维数和Laypunov指数,证明月降雨时间序列存在混沌现象。运用LS-SVM模型对乌尔逊河月降雨混沌时间序列进行预测,并利用交叉验证法求取LS-SVM模型两个重要参数的最佳组合,同时与RBF神经网络模型进行了对比分析。结果表明,在做混沌时间序列分析时LS-SVM模型的预测精度优于RBF神经网络模型。     

基于RBF神经网络与模糊控制的短期负荷预测

针对电力系统短期负荷预测,综合考虑温度、日期类型和天气等因素对短期电力负荷的影响,建立了径向基函数（Radial?Basis?Function,RBF）神经网络和模糊控制相结合的短期负荷预测模型。该模型利用RBF神经网络的非线性逼近能力对预测日负荷进行了预测,并采用在线自调整因子的模糊控制对预测误差进行在线智能修正。实际算例表明RBF神经网络与模糊控制相结合提高了预测精度。     

Volterra级数自适应预测模型在大坝位移分析中的应用

针对传统建模精度低及预测数据的噪声干扰,采用提升小波变换算法对大坝原始数据进行消噪处理,并通过Volterra级数自适应预测模型对大坝的位移量做了仿真试验.结果表明,该模型短期预测精度较高、计算量小,便于工程应用.     

基于最优权系数的风电功率组合预测方法

摘要： 风电功率的短期预测对于电力系统的安全稳定运行具有重要意义。提出了一种基于最优权系数的风电功率短期预测组合方法,该方法将ARIMA时间序列、BP神经网络、RBF神经网络和支持向量回归机这4种单一预测模型进行综合,并根据预测误差信息矩阵,以误差平方和最小为原则得到组合预测模型中的最优权系数,以此构成组合预测模型,该模型能够有效地综合各单一预测模型的优势,降低预测风险。仿真实例表明：所提组合预测模型预测精度高,能够方便快速地确定最优权重系数值,降低预测误差。     

基于混沌分析和神经网络的风速直接多步预测

针对风速序列的混沌特性,提出了一种将混沌分析和神经网络相结合的短期风速直接多步预测新方法,以提高其预测精度。首先,对风速序列进行混沌特性分析和相空间重构;然后,根据重构相空间的特征参数,结合预测需求,确定Elman网络结构;最后,利用空间欧式距离选取的样本对Elman网络进行训练,建立风速直接多步预测模型。以华北地区某风电场实测风速为例进行仿真测试,结果表明与单步迭代法和直接神经网络法相比,该文方法在进行风速直接多步预测时具有更好的整体误差指标。     

基于ACFOA优化RBF的短期风电功率预测

为了提高短期风电输出功率预测的准确度,在分析研究基本预测方法的基础上,提出采用一种自适应混沌果蝇算法(ACFOA)优化RBF神经网络的预测方法。该方法中引入自适应混沌对果蝇算法的进化机制进行优化,并利用ACFOA算法改善RBF神经网络结构参数以提高网络的泛化能力,同时对某风电场的历史数据进行验证分析。仿真结果表明,相比于PSO-RBF预测方法,采用提出的预测模型能有效减少较大误差出现的频率,大幅度提高风电输出功率预测的准确度。     

风速及风电功率超短期动态选择线性组合预测

提出动态选择线性组合预测方法,采用不同BP、RBF神经网络和序列最小优化SMO(sequential minimaloptimization)算法为预测模型,先用K近邻法收集预测数据的泛化误差构成性能矩阵,在此基础上动态选择泛化误差较小的预测模型,经等权平均形成最终预测输出。以风速和功率的时间序列为原始数据,实现对单台风电机组2 min内功率及风速的超短期滚动预测。研究表明:该方法的预测精度高于任意单一模型及传统线性组合预测,可有效减少预测点出现较大误差的概率,将2 min内的功率及风速的平均相对误差控制在10%内,验证了其正确性和有效性。     

基于最大熵混沌时间序列的支持向量机短期风速预测模型研究

为了提高短期风速预测的精度,减小风力发电接入对电力系统的安全和稳定运行带来的影响,提出基于最大熵混沌时间序列的支持向量机短期风速预测模型。该模型将最大熵原理引入到混沌时间序列样本选择过程中,针对风速混沌时间序列建模,并采用贝叶斯框架下的最小二乘支持向量机对风速进行短期预测。仿真实验结果表明,该预测模型能有效提高短期风速预测的精度。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.