纯铜催渗渗铝及其内氧化研究

提出了用稀土合金CeCl3对纯铜渗铝进行催渗，研究了工艺参数对渗层厚度和质量的影响；采用工业N2中的余氧作为内氧化介质对纯铜渗铝后的试样进行内氧化，研究了内氧化层的硬度分布，显微组织及有关性能。实验表明：用CeCl3催渗的纯铜渗铝试样渗层厚度远高于同等工艺参数下未催渗的纯铜渗铝试样；内氧化后，能在渗铝层形成Al2O3弥散硬化层。     

Cu-Al-Y合金表面渗铝研究

用催渗和不催渗两种渗剂在不同温度下对Cu-Al-Y合金表面渗铝,利用工业N2气中的余氧作为内氧化介质对渗铝后的试样进行内氧化,在试样表面制备一层细小弥散的Al2O3粒子.对渗铝层的显微组织、内氧化层的硬度分布及显微组织进行了初步分析.结果表明,催渗剂对Cu-Al-Y合金渗铝具有明显的催渗效果,在同等工艺条件下渗铝层较厚且更加均匀;内氧化后,能在试样表面形成厚度为280 μm 左右的Al2O3弥散强化层.     

Cu-Al-Y合金稀土渗铝层及内氧化研究

利用稀土化合物CeCl3对Cu-Al-Y合金表面进行催渗渗铝,采用工业N2中的余氧作为内氧化介质对Cu-Al-Y合金渗铝后的试样进行内氧化,从而制备Cu-Al2O3复合材料的新方法.研究结果表明稀土化合物CeCl3在渗铝和内氧化过程中有着明显的促进作用,能在Cu-Al-Y合金表面得到一层均匀的渗铝层.内氧化后,能在渗铝层形成Al2O3弥散硬化层.     

Cu-Al-Y合金稀土催渗渗铝及内氧化研究

提出了利用稀土化合物CeCl3对Cu-Al-Y合金进行催渗渗铝,研究了工艺参数对渗层厚度和质量的影响;采用工业N2中的余氧作为内氧化介质对Cu-Al-Y合金渗铝后的试样进行内氧化,研究了内氧化层的显微硬度及显微组织.研究结果表明稀土化合物CeCl3对Cu-Al-Y合金渗铝过程具有明显的催渗效果,在同等工艺条件下渗层厚度较高;内氧化后,采用稀土化合物CeCl3催渗的Cu-Al-Y试样硬度高于未采用稀土化合物CeCl3催渗的Cu-Al-Y试样.     

Cu-Al-Y合金稀土渗铝及内氧化研究

利用稀土化合物CeCl3对Cu-Al-Y合金表面进行催渗渗铝,采用工业N2中的余氧作为内氧化介质对Cu-Al-Y合金渗铝后的试样进行内氧化制备Al2O3/Cu复合材料的新方法,并进行了初步的试验研究与理论分析。结果表明:稀土化合物CeCl3在渗铝和内氧化过程中有着明显的促进作用,能在Cu-Al-Y合金表面得到一层均匀的渗铝层。内氧化后,能在渗铝层形成Al2O3弥散硬化层。     

热浸渗铝球墨铸铁合金层组织的演变规律

为了探索热浸渗铝球墨铸铁合金层的组织演变规律以及基体中Ni含量对渗铝合金层组织的影响,利用激光共聚焦显微镜(LCM)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)以及能谱仪(EDS)对不同渗铝时间制备的球墨铸铁渗铝试样以及不同Ni含量的球墨铸铁渗铝试样的合金层组织进行观察和定量分析。结果表明:在本实验条件下,热浸渗铝球墨铸铁合金层组织由厚度较大的"舌状"Fe2Al5和厚度很小的FeAl3组成,合金层和表面纯铝层中存在石墨球分布;在0-15 min内,渗铝试样合金层经过短暂的过渡阶段后随渗铝时间的延长按抛物线规律扩散生长,15 min后合金层厚度达65μm以上;基体Ni含量由0增加至1.5%(质量分数)后,合金层厚度由88μm减小至49μm,合金层与基体的"舌状"界面程度变小。此外,对热浸渗铝球墨铸铁合金层组织演变机理进行了探讨。     

纯铜稀土催渗渗铝及其内氧化

采用稀土化合物CeCl3做为催渗剂对纯铜进行催渗渗铝,然后利用工业N2中的余氧进行内氧化处理,制备Cu-Al2O3复合材料。研究结果表明:CeCl3在纯铜表面渗铝过程中起到明显的催渗作用;内氧化处理后,在Cu基体中形成了均匀弥散分布的纳米级γ-Al2O3粒子。     

纯Cu固体法渗铝及内氧化研究

研究了CeCl3对固体粉末法纯Cu表面催渗渗铝的动力学过程、成分、组织和性能的影响。通过对纯Cu不同温度及时问渗铝层层深的测定，根据阿累乌斯经验公式计算出渗铝过程的扩散激活能，为渗铝层形成机制的研究提供数据。利用工业N2气中的余氧进行内氧化制备Cu-Al2O3复合材料。研究结果表明：在渗剂中添加CeCl3不仅具有明显的催渗作用，并且使渗入速度提高。内氧化后在Cu基体上均匀弥散分布着纳米级Al2O3粒子。     

低铝含量Cu-Al合金的表面弥散强化及其性能

以Cu2O为氧化剂,在氩气保护下用内氧化技术对不同低Al含量的Cu-Al合金表面进行了弥散强化处理(内氧化温度为1123～1273K,保温时间10～96h),研究了硬化层的组织形貌及性能。用Wagner高温氧化理论分析了铝含量、工艺参数与内氧化层深及内氧化速度之间的定量关系。结果表明：试样表面通过内氧化后,固溶在Cu基体内部的Al以Al2O3形态从基体析出,基体纯化,导电率提高。同时铜基体中弥散分布的纳米级的Al2O3颗粒强化了铜基体,使硬度及磨损抗力提高。Al含量的多少直接影响内氧化层的厚度、组织形貌及硬度和导电率,Cu-Al合金的内氧化动力学曲线呈抛物线变化规律。     

42CrMo钢的钛催渗等离子渗氮工艺

研究了不同渗氮时间下钛元素对42CrMo钢常规离子渗氮工艺的作用效果,表征分析了不同渗氮工艺下试样表面的渗层组织及性能。结果表明,钛催渗离子渗氮试样的表面硬度和渗层深度均明显高于常规离子渗氮。在535℃×3 h的工艺条件下,钛催渗离子渗氮试样渗层的表面硬度达到887.4 HV0.2,渗氮层厚度约为400μm。钛元素的加入促进了氮元素的渗透和扩散,在试样表面生成高硬度化合物TiN。相较于相同保温时间下的常规离子渗氮,钛催渗离子渗氮试样表面硬度提高了60 HV0.2,渗层厚度增加了80μm,渗氮效率提升了约25%。与常规离子渗氮相比,钛催渗离子渗氮工艺具有显著优势,不仅有利于改善渗层组织性能,增强渗氮效果,还提高了渗氮效率,使渗氮周期明显缩短。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.