粉煤灰高性能混凝土一维/二维/三维碳化性能研究

通过粉煤灰高性能混凝土碳化依时深度试验,结合SEM、XRD等微观分析手段,研究了粉煤灰掺量、水胶比、养护龄期等因素对粉煤灰高性能混凝土一维、二维和三维碳化深度值的影响.结果 表明:混凝土抗碳化能力随粉煤灰用量和水胶比增加而降低;前期养护时间的延长有利于混凝土抵抗碳化反应.由于叠加效应,粉煤灰混凝土三维、二维碳化较一维碳化更为严重,同试验周期下碳化深度值升高1.39～ 2.88倍.     

低强度等级商品混凝土的碳化寿命预测

本文研究了掺合料品种及养护条件对低强度等级商品混凝土碳化性能的影响,将纯水泥混凝土、单掺粉煤灰的混凝土和双掺粉煤灰矿渣粉的混凝土置于不同养护条件下(20℃,RH≥95％及20℃,RH=70％)分别养护7d和28 d,并对其进行加速碳化试验,根据Fick定律对试验结果进行拟合,并对自然条件下混凝土碳化深度及寿命进行预测.结果表明,与纯水泥混凝土相比,掺合料混凝土对养护条件更加敏感.低强度等级商品混凝土选择碳化模型时要考虑孔隙率对碳化系数的影响.在自然条件下混凝土碳化深度及寿命预测表明,高湿度养护时,可确保50年混凝土的碳化深度在25 mm以内,而在低湿度养护下,则需要采用增加保护层厚度、降低W/B等措施才能确保混凝土碳化寿命.     

标准碳化环境下基于材料参数的混凝土碳化深度多因素计算模型

为了准确评估混凝土的抗碳化性能和耐久性,根据混凝土碳化深度分析的实用预测模型获得了7822组标准碳化环境条件(温度为(20±2)℃,相对湿度为(70±5)％,CO2浓度为(20±3)％)下普通混凝土、单掺粉煤灰混凝土、单掺矿渣混凝土以及复掺粉煤灰和矿渣混凝土的碳化深度数据,定量分析了水胶比(或水灰比)、粉煤灰掺量和矿渣掺量等对混凝土碳化深度的影响规律,进而采用基于最小二乘法的非线性回归分析,基于材料参数建立了标准碳化环境下混凝土碳化深度多因素计算模型,并通过文献搜集的试验数据验证了该方法提出的模型的合理性和适用性.     

粘附砂浆含量对再生骨料混凝土抗碳化性能的影响

以再生粗骨料粘附砂浆含量为变量,配制C40再生骨料混凝土进行碳化对比试验,结合碳化模型以碳化深度达到钢筋表面为准则,探究粘附砂浆含量对再生骨料混凝土抗碳化性能的影响.结果 表明,碳化深度与碳化速率均随粘附砂浆含量的增加而增大,且碳化深度增幅较大,粘附砂浆含量处于35％ ～45％(质量分数)时,其碳化深度可以满足一般环境下混凝土结构设计使用年限30 a、50 a和100 a的抗碳化性能要求.     

掺合料对混凝土早期碳化深度影响的试验研究

通过自然暴露环境条件下掺合料混凝土的早期碳化试验,分析了粉煤灰掺量、矿渣掺量、煤矸石掺量对单掺混凝土碳化深度的影响规律,探讨了双掺掺合料对混凝土碳化深度发展规律的交互作用,并基于试验数据建立了掺合料碳化速度影响系数的表达式。结果表明：单掺粉煤灰掺量小于15%时混凝土的碳化深度略有减小但掺量超过15%后碳化深度随粉煤灰掺量的增加而增加,单掺矿渣混凝土的碳化深度随矿渣掺量的增加而增加,单掺小于20%的煤矸石使混凝土早期抗碳化性能提高但掺入超过30%的煤矸石后混凝土碳化深度明显增加;随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,双掺粉煤灰和矿渣、双掺粉煤灰和煤矸石的混凝土碳化深度增加,在粉煤灰混凝土中掺入25%矿渣或20%煤矸石后混凝土的碳化深度变化较小;在煤矸石混凝土中掺入25%~40%的矿渣时混凝土的碳化深度无明显变化但再掺入超过40%的矿渣时碳化深度明显增大,在矿渣混凝土中掺入20%煤矸石后混凝土的碳化深度增长约40%。     

活性掺合料对混凝土抗碳化性能影响的研究

研究了强度等级(C30和C45)、龄期(28 d和120 d)、矿物掺和料(矿粉和粉煤灰)质量掺量对掺有脂肪族高效减水剂(SAF)的混凝土抗碳化性能的影响,并建立了C30/C45混凝土在28 d/120 d龄期的碳化深度与矿粉/粉煤灰掺量比例之间的回归模型。结果表明:水胶比的降低、养护龄期的延长都能提高水泥石的密实度,从而提高抗压强度和抗碳化性能;混凝土抗碳化性能随矿粉掺量的上升、粉煤灰掺量的下降而提高;当矿粉掺量占胶凝材料质量的37.5%时,C30混凝土的抗碳化性能最佳;当矿粉掺量占胶凝材料质量的31.9%时,C45混凝土的抗碳化性能最佳;当龄期增加时,粉煤灰掺量比例越大则碳化深度的下降幅度越大;矿粉和粉煤灰掺量的相对比例变化时,对低强度混凝土的影响程度要大于高强度混凝土。     

掺粉煤灰混凝土的碳化及抗冻性能试验研究

研究了不同水胶比、不同粉煤灰掺量混凝土的碳化及抗冻性能。试验结果表明,随着水胶比和粉煤灰掺量的增加,混凝土碳化深度增加,混凝土碳化深度按方程D=K·tb回归,相关系数大于0.95;碳化深度与粉煤灰掺量及水胶比二元线性回归较好,混凝土抗压强度越高,抗碳化性能越好。水胶比是影响混凝土抗冻性能的主要因素,粉煤灰对混凝土抗冻性能具有不良影响。     

再生混凝土抗碳化性能试验研究

通过9种不同再生粗骨料、再生细骨料取代率下再生混凝土快速碳化试验,系统研究了再生骨料类型及其取代率对再生混凝土抗碳化性能的影响规律.基于试验,分析了分别经受3d、7d、14d和28d碳化试验后再生混凝土碳化深度和立方体抗压强度变化率;提出了再生混凝土28 d碳化深度预测模型;研究了28 d碳化作用后不同取代率下钢筋再生混凝土抗压承载力.试验结果表明,碳化作用导致混凝土立方体抗压强度升高,且提高幅度随再生骨料取代率的增加而增大;再生混凝土抗碳化性能与普通混凝土相比有所降低,各阶段碳化深度较大,且发展较快;再生骨料的掺入对混凝土碳化后抗压承载力具有不利影响;基于本文提出的再生混凝土碳化深度预测值与试验结果符合较好.     

不同粉煤灰掺量混凝土的碳化特性

采用加速碳化和自然碳化2种试验方法,研究了在同强度等级条件下,养护不同时间、含有不同比例粉煤灰混凝土的碳化特性.研究表明:除了粉煤灰掺量为65%的试验组在养护不充分时抗碳化性能下降很多外,自然环境中,尤其在养护充分的情况下,粉煤灰含量不同的混凝土的抗碳化性能并未显示出明显的差异.加速试验环境与自然环境中混凝土的碳化表现...     

废弃纤维再生混凝土碳化深度预测模型研究

在碳化理论的基础上,通过引入气体扩散理论和分形理论,基于一般正常环境下混凝土结构耐久性产生影响的因素(粉煤灰、矿渣微粉及工作应力),研究单一因素下废弃纤维再生混凝土的碳化性能规律.同时,将烧重试验、压汞试验和碳化试验所得数据进行分析,建立上述相关因素与有效扩散系数Dce的量化关系.此外,考虑到粉煤灰、矿渣微粉和工作应力的存在对废弃纤维再生混凝土的碳化性能影响,引入了粉煤灰影响系数、矿渣微粉影响系数和工作应力影响系数.通过模型计算值和试验结果的比较验证碳化深度预测模型的可行性,建立适用于废弃纤维再生混凝土碳化深度预测的实用模型.     

基于RBF神经网络的挤出吹塑中型坯尺寸的预测

在利用BP神经网络预测挤出吹塑中型坯尺寸工作的基础上,采用径向基神经网络(RBF)来预测挤出吹塑中型坯尺寸,并与BP神经网络的预测结果进行了比较。结果表明,虽然RBF与BP神经网络均能较好地预测挤出吹塑中型坯尺寸,RBF网络的训练时间比BP少很多,只是BP的0.7%。     

Predicting carbonation in early-aged cracked concrete

Carbonation in cracked concrete is considered as one of major deteriorations accelerating steel corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. For durable concrete structures, it is necessary to control crack in concrete through crack resistance evaluation for early-aged concrete structures, but often unavoidable cracks in early-aged concrete may occur. These cracks become a main path for CO₂ penetration inside concrete so that the carbonation is accelerated in cracked concrete.In this study, an analytical technique for carbonation prediction in early-aged cracked concrete was developed for considering both CO₂ diffusion of pore water in sound concrete and in cracked concrete. Then, characteristics of diffusivity on the carbonation in early-aged concrete are studied through finite element analysis implemented with the so-called multi-component hydration heat model and micro-pore structure formation model. The carbonation behaviour in sound concrete and cracked concrete are also simulated by using the derived diffusivity with consideration of reaction with dissolved CO₂. Finally, numerical results obtained for cracked concrete made with 3 different W / C ratios (45%, 55%, and 65%) with different crack widths were compared with experimental results.     

Carbonation rates of concretes containing high volume of pozzolanic materials

The project studies the influence of fly ash and slag replacement on the carbonation rate of the concrete. The experimental work includes samples of pure Portland cement concrete (CEM I 42,5 R), blast-furnace slag concrete (CEM III-B), and fly ash blended concrete. To reveal the effect of curing on carbonation rate, the concretes were exposed to various submerged curing periods during their early ages. After that, the samples were subsequently exposed in the climate room controlling 20 °C and 50% RH until the testing date when the samples had an age of 5 months. Then, the accelerated carbonation test controlling the carbon dioxide concentration of 3% by volume, with 65% relative humidity were started to perform. The depth of carbonation can be observed by spraying a phenolphthalein solution on the fresh broken concrete surface. Finally, according to Fick's law of diffusion theoretical equations are proposed as a guild for estimating the carbonation rate of fly ash and blast-furnace slag concretes exposed under natural conditions from the results from accelerated carbonation tests.     

Analysis of carbonation behavior in concrete using neural network algorithm and carbonation modeling

Carbonation on concrete structures in underground sites or metropolitan cities is one of the major causes of steel corrosion in RC (Reinforced Concrete) structures. For quantitative evaluation of carbonation, physico-chemo modeling for reaction with dissolved CO₂ and hydrates is necessary. Amount of hydrates and CO₂ diffusion coefficient play an important role in evaluation of carbonation behavior, however, it is difficult to obtain a various CO₂ diffusion coefficient from experiments due to limited time and cost.In this paper, a numerical technique for carbonation behavior using neural network algorithm and carbonation modeling is developed. To obtain the comparable data set of CO₂ diffusion coefficient, experimental results which were performed previously are analyzed. Mix design components such as cement content, water to cement ratio, and volume of aggregate including exposure condition of relative humidity are selected as neurons. Training of learning for neural network is carried out using back propagation algorithm. The diffusion coefficient of CO₂ from neural network are in good agreement with experimental data considering various conditions such as water to cement ratios (w/c: 0.42, 0.50, and 0.58) and relative humidities (R.H.: 10%, 45%, 75%, and 90%). Furthermore, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test is also performed to evaluate the change in porosity under carbonation. Finally, the numerical technique which is based on behavior in early-aged concrete such as hydration and pore structure is developed considering CO₂ diffusion coefficient from neural network and changing effect on porosity under carbonation.     

钢渣及电石渣与废弃混凝土固化储存CO_2基本参数研究

对钢渣、电石渣、废弃混凝土等固体废弃物碳酸化固化储存温室气体二氧化碳(CO2)进行研究。实验从固体废弃物颗粒粒径、水分添加量等因素,考察碳酸化固化储存二氧化碳(CO2)的效果,并利用XRD、FTIR和SEM对反应机理进行分析。结果表明,固体废弃物颗粒粒径越小,二氧化碳(CO2)固化效率越高。水分添加量过低或过高均不利于碳酸化反应的进行,适宜的水分添加量为4kg/kg。XRD和FTIR分析表明,固体废弃物中的大量的CH、硅酸三钙(C3S)和氧化钙(CaO)转化为碳酸钙(CaCO3),以达到固化储存二氧化碳(CO2)的效果。SEM实验结果表明,经碳酸化处理后固体废弃物颗粒表面生成颗粒状的晶体物质。电石渣,钢渣及废弃混凝土对二氧化碳(CO2)固化效率分别为81%,76%和49%;每千克电石渣,钢渣及废弃混凝土分别可以固化二氧化碳(CO2)气体0.094kg,0.088kg及0.057kg。     

Predicting the remaining service life of land concrete by steel corrosion

This paper presents the prediction of remaining service life of the land concrete as distinguished from the marine concrete. This study assumes that the land concrete is deteriorated by following three cases: carbonation, using sea sand and using deicing salts. In case of carbonation deterioration, statistical analysis and the depth of carbonation front are considered. This depth is assessed about 3.6-8.3 mm and can give more exact prediction than just carbonation depth by phenolphthalein. In case of using sea sand, various specimens considering chloride contents, carbonation accelerating, cover depth, relative humidity and water cement ratio are measured by linear polarization resistance method and half-cell potential method during the 1 year. And measurements of the real steel loss give the conversion ratio of polarization resistance and corrosion rate; consequently, their results make the prediction equation of rust growth during any specified period. In case of using deicing salts, surface chloride contents that change with time are focused. The proposed methods are considered to be useful for prediction of remaining service life of the land concrete by steel corrosion.     

废弃纤维再生混凝土孔结构及碳化性能分形特征研究

以水灰比、再生骨料取代率、废弃纤维长度和体积掺量为设计变量,利用压汞试验及快速碳化试验,探讨了废弃纤维再生混凝土的孔结构、碳化性能的分形特征以及两者之间的关系.结果表明:废弃纤维再生混凝土孔结构具有显著的分形特征,废弃纤维的加入可阻止结构中有害孔的形成,改善废弃纤维再生混凝土内部的孔结构;纤维的加入可以提高再生混凝土的碳化性能,最优体积掺量为0.12%,碳化边界轮廓线的分形维数越小,对应的碳化深度越大;废弃纤维再生混凝土的碳化深度与孔隙体积分形维数之间存在相关性,随着孔体积分形维数减小碳化深度增大,根据孔隙体积分形维数来评价不同设计变量的废弃纤维再生混凝土碳化深度是可行的.     

Investigation of the microstructure and carbonation of CS¯A-based concretes removed from service

The microstructure, mineralogy and depth of carbonation of two concrete samples, one removed from a normal strength crane column and the other from a high-strength pile, are reported. The normal strength CS¯A cement concrete had a high w/c ratio; microstructural images show that clinker tends to hydrate almost completely. But for high-strength CS¯A cement concretes, made with low w/c ratios, large amounts of partially hydrated clinker grains remain as a microaggregate.

CS¯A cements and concretes are subject to carbonation in service conditions. The usual method of determining depth of carbonation, the phenolphthalein test, does not work with aged CS¯A matrices. A new method, using infrared microscopy, has been used to determine carbonation depth of aging CS¯A cement concrete. It has been shown that carbonation of a normal strength CS¯A cement concrete exposed to open air for 16 years averages 0.5 mm/year, and is thus comparable with reported rates of carbonation of OPC concretes. The high-strength CS¯A concrete carbonated at a maximum rate of 60 μm/year.     

Permeability characteristics of carbonated concrete considering capillary pore structure

During carbonation process, the calcium phases present in cement are attacked by CO₂ and converted into CaCO₃ and the permeability of concrete is changing due to the change in porosity. The rate of carbonation depends upon porosity and moisture content of the concrete. Especially in underground reinforced concrete structures, the interior portion of concrete surface may be exposed to carbonation and the exterior portion of concrete surface exposed to wet soil or underground water. As carbonation proceeds from outer surface into internal portion of concrete, microstructure is also changed continuously from outer surface into internal portion of concrete. Even the deteriorations in the structures due to the carbonation have been reported more, research on permeability characteristics of concrete considering carbonation and micro-structural information is very scarce.In this study, the permeability coefficient in carbonated concrete is derived by applying a capillary pore structure formation model in carbonated cement mortar and assuming that aggregates do not affect carbonation process in early-aged concrete as a function of porosity. The permeability obtained from the micro-level modeling for carbonated concrete is verified with the results of accelerated carbonation test and water penetration test in cement mortar.     

Durability of recycled aggregates concrete: a safe way to sustainable development

Fine and coarse recycled aggregates recovered from demolished masonry and concrete structures were utilized in the manufacture of new concrete mixtures. Three properties of these new concretes were analyzed: water absorption, total pores volume, and carbonation. The recycled concrete families were created by replacing parts of the natural aggregates forming families of concrete with 0%, 20%, 50%, and 100% of aggregates from recycled sources. The usual comparison between mixtures by comparison between behaviors of concrete families. This research shows that the mix design nomogram (MDN) is a new and useful tool that allows the researchers to compare properties and behaviors of different concretes. The results show that the family concrete with the highest pore volume and with the same compressive strength of 20, 30, and 40 MPa (2900, 4350, and 5800 psi) did not always correspond to the concrete family with the highest degree of carbonation. This experiment also showed that some compositional characteristics of concrete could have more influence on the durability that the traditional physical aspects.