IQ-Check Salmonella II Kit方法对食品中沙门氏菌检测的评价

通过对标准菌株和人工污染沙门氏菌的食品样品进行检测,评价IQ-Check Salmonella Ⅱ试剂盒方法。该研究采用试剂盒方法对50株不同血清型的沙门氏菌和50株非沙门氏菌进行检测,分析该方法的灵敏性和特异性;通过对人工污染沙门氏菌食品样品(包括液体奶、婴幼儿配方乳粉、肉及肉类制品)的检测,评价试剂盒方法与GB 4789.4-2016方法的一致性。实验结果表明:当菌浓度在10³ CFU/mL及以上,试剂盒方法对50株沙门氏菌实现全部检出,其对不同血清型沙门氏菌检出限的平均值为6.98×10² CFU/mL。试剂盒方法对50株非沙门检测结果均为阴性,说明试剂盒特异性较好。试剂盒方法与GB方法对人工污染沙门氏菌的食品样品阳性检出率分别为98.77%(161/163)和96.32%(157/163);相对准确度为:96%、99%、97%,总体准确度为97.33%;相对灵敏度为:96.22%、100%、100%,总体灵敏度为98.73%;相对特异性为:95.74%、98.15%、92.86%,总体特异性为95.80%。参照ISO 16140进行方法一致性分析,结果表明两方法在统计学上无显著性差异。该研究表明该试剂盒方法具有高灵敏性和特异性强的特点,在人工染菌食品样品检测中与GB方法呈高度一致性,值得在食品沙门氏菌快速检测中推广应用。     

甲型副伤寒沙门菌特异性基因筛选及PCR检测体系建立

以甲型副伤寒沙门菌为检测目标,通过比较基因组和聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）验证方法筛选到4 个该血清型的特异性基因,其中以gene_3105作为该血清型的检测靶点设计引物PA23;并结合沙门菌属特异性引物139-141,建立一种甲型副伤寒沙门菌的PCR检测方法。优化PCR反应体系,并对该检测体系的特异性、灵敏度、抗干扰能力及人工污染样品检出限等方面进行评价。结果表明,当样品中含有甲型副伤寒沙门菌时,该体系能扩增出2?条特异性条带,含有其他血清型的沙门菌仅能扩增出284?bp条带,不含沙门菌无扩增条带产生。灵敏度评价表明,基因组DNA和纯菌菌落检出限分别为32.4?pg/μL和4.3×103?CFU/mL;抗干扰能力实验显示,当鸡肉背景菌群和猪肉背景菌群浓度在106?CFU/mL和4.87×107?CFU/mL时,检出限为6.43×104?CFU/mL。当无菌的鸡肉和猪肉样品中添加N?CFU/25?g甲型副伤寒沙门菌时,经10?h增菌,检测结果为阳性（0＜N＜10）。实验建立甲型副伤寒沙门菌PCR检测方法具有较好的特异性和灵敏度,有很好的应用价值,可在食品安全领域广泛应用。     

AnDiaTec Salmonella sp. PCR-ELISA for analysis of food samples

A commercially available PCR kit (AnDiaTec Salmonella sp. PCR-ELISA) was developed and evaluated for the detection of Salmonella sp. in food samples. The test is based on PCR amplification and hybridization of the amplified DNA to a microtiter plate followed by the detection of PCR product in the manner of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. The sensitivity and specificity were evaluated first with Salmonella pure cultures and artificially contaminated food samples, including food types for which an inhibition of the PCR reaction was expected. Both experiments proved a very good sensitivity, specificity, and reliability of the test with a very broad range of food types. In a second evaluation study, more than 1,100 food samples of different types were tested in parallel with the PCR method and with the International Standardization Organization 6579 bacteriological reference method. The results of this evaluation study and the results from other experiments on dilutions of artificially contaminated food samples led to the establishment of a positive-negative cutoff value (optical density at 450 nm of more than 0.9) with respect to the conventional bacteriological method. Using this positive-negative cutoff, 98% agreement to the bacteriological method was obtained.     

Sequencing of an internal transcribed spacer region of 16S-23S rRNA gene and designing of PCR primers for the detection of Salmonella spp. in food

DNA sequences of an internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for 40 Salmonella serovars were determined and compared with ITS sequences of Salmonella spp., and non-Salmonella spp. already available on the GenBank database. From such comparison, two Salmonella-specific ITS based PCR primers, ITSF and ITSR, were designed. When Salmonella strains with various serotypes were PCR assayed with primers ITSF/ITSR, all generated PCR products with molecular weight bands equal to 312 bp. On the other hand, 48 non-Salmonella isolates, including strains of Enterobacteriaceae and other food pathogens generated negative results. Detection limits of this PCR method was 1-9 CFU per assay. These PCR primers were used for the detection of Salmonella cells in artificially contaminated foods, including chicken meat and whole milk. The detection limit was 1-9 x 10(3) CFU per assay. With an 8-h enrichment step performed prior to the PCR assay, however, the detection limit became 1-9 CFU per gram of the food sample.     

Evaluation of TaqMan PCR assay for detecting Salmonella in raw meat and shrimp.

We evaluated the TaqMan Salmonella amplification/detection kit from PE Applied Biosystems, which uses a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for rapid detection of Salmonella in food samples. This system uses the 5' nuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase, which digests an internal fluorogenic probe to monitor the amplification of the target gene. The system's sensitivity and specificity were evaluated using 42 serotypes of 68 Salmonella strains isolated from fecal samples from patients in Tokyo, Japan, and 39 non-Salmonella strains in 22 genera. There were no false-negative or false-positive results. This PCR assay can detect 3 CFU per PCR tube of Salmonella in pure culture (120 CFU/ml of TSB culture). PCR signals were attenuated with artificially contaminated shrimp, but a similar detection limit was obtained. TaqMan's performance was tested with 100 meat and chicken samples purchased from stores in Tokyo. Overall, two of the DNA extraction protocols (the Chelex and EnviroAmp methods) worked equally well, with some exceptions. Of the 100 samples analyzed, 10 were positive for Salmonella with both conventional culture methods and the kit and 89 were negative with both. One sample was negative by the culture method but positive by the kit assay. These results indicate that TaqMan is a reliable and rapid method for Salmonella analysis in the food industry. With this system, food samples can be analyzed for Salmonella in less than 20 h.     

Evaluation of an immunomagnetic separation-real-time PCR assay for the rapid detection of Salmonella in meat

The aim of this study was the comparison of an immunomagnetic separation (IMS)-real-time PCR assay for the detection of Salmonella with the cultural reference method according to and 35 of the German Law on Food and Commodities (LMBG, L 00.00.20:1998). The IMS-real-time PCR assay includes a nonselective preenrichment step, an IMS, DNA extraction, as well as DNA purification followed by hybridization probe-based real-time PCR analysis. An accurate comparability was achieved, because both methods analyzed the same preenrichment. The evaluation was carried out using both artificially and naturally contaminated meat samples. The IMS-real-time PCR assay provides a result after 12 to 13 h. Compared with the reference method and regarding artificially contaminated meat samples, the IMS-real-time PCR assay achieved a specificity of 80% (false-positive rate of 20%) and a sensitivity of 100% (false-negative rate of 0%). The relative accuracy was 94%. The detection limit of both methods was 10 CFU/25 g. The concordance index kappa, which defines the statistical accordance, was 0.85 and indicated the agreement of both methods on statistical criteria. Compared to the reference method and analyzing naturally contaminated meat samples (n = 491), the IMS-real-time PCR assay showed a specificity of 99.3% (false-positive rate of 0.7%) and a sensitivity of 83.7% (false-negative rate of 16.3%). The relative accuracy was 98%. The concordance index kappa had a value of 0.87 and highlighted the statistical agreement of both methods. In conclusion, the IMS-real-time PCR assay is suitable as specific, sensitive, and rapid screening method for the detection of Salmonella from meat.     

PCR Detection and Microbiological Isolation of Salmonella spp. from Fresh Beef and Cantaloupes

ABSTRACT:  Species belonging to the genus Salmonella are an important cause of enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and septicemia, and the pathogens are commonly transmitted through contaminated food. In this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a 287-bp region of the invA gene was compared to a microbiological technique to determine the presence of Salmonella in retail beef and in cantaloupe rinse samples. Both methods showed the same level of sensitivity, detecting 1 CFU/25 g of meat after enrichment for 24 h at 42 °C. The presence of Salmonella was determined in 50 commercial top sirloin beef samples that were not artificially inoculated. Three samples were positive by the microbiological method, and these samples and an additional sample were positive by the PCR. Both methods were also used to test surface rinses of cantaloupes collected from 4 farms in Nayarit, Mexico. Salmonella was detected by the microbiological method in 9 of 20 samples (45%), whereas the pathogen was detected by the PCR in 11 samples (55%). This study demonstrates the utility of the PCR targeting the invA gene to determine the presence of Salmonella spp. in beef and cantaloupe samples.     

Multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in meat samples

A multiplex PCR method was developed for simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in meat samples. DNA detection sensitivity for this method was 10(3) CFU/ml for each pathogen. When this protocol was used for the detection of each of the above pathogenic bacteria in spiked pork samples, 1 cell per 25 g of inoculated sample could be detected within 30 h. In the samples of naturally contaminated meat, Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7 were detected over the same time period. Excellent agreement was obtained for the results of multiplex PCR and the conventional culture method, which suggests that the multiplex PCR is a reliable and useful method for rapid screening of meat products for Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7 contamination.     

食品中沙门氏菌FTA膜结合跨越式滚环等温扩增检测方法的建立

为实现食品中沙门氏菌的简便和快速现场检测,本研究采用FTA膜(Flinders technology associates,FTA)结合跨越式滚环等温扩增(Saltatory rolling circle amplification,SRCA)方法(FTA-SRCA)建立一种新型的沙门氏菌检测方法。利用FTA膜快速提取模板DNA,根据沙门氏菌的inv A基因设计及筛选引物,建立FTA-SRCA反应体系。扩增反应在能够实现集约化检测的凹孔板中进行,反应结束后添加荧光染料观察结果。确定了该方法的特异性、灵敏度和人工污染样品的检出限,并对60个实际样品进行检测,评估其敏感性、特异性和符合率。结果表明:检测的17株沙门氏菌均为阳性结果,29株非沙门氏菌均为阴性结果,特异性良好。FTA-SRCA方法的灵敏度为6.81×100 CFU/m L,比PCR方法高100倍,比SRCA方法高10倍。对于人工污染的牛奶样品检测,FTA-SRCA方法的检出限为3.22×100CFU/m L,比PCR方法低1000倍,比SRCA方法低10倍。检测实际样品的敏感性、特异性和符合率分别为100.00%,94.64%,95.00%。本研究建立的FTA-SRCA方法具有操作简便快速、成本低廉、特异性强、灵敏度高、检出限低等优点,可用于食品中沙门氏菌的大批量集约化快速现场检测。     

可视化环介导恒温扩增法检测蔬菜产地环境灌溉水源中沙门氏菌

目的建立可视化环介导恒温扩增体系(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)检测灌溉水源中沙门氏菌的分析方法。方法以沙门氏菌侵袭蛋白A(invA)基因序列设计特异性LAMP检测引物,优化LAMP反应体系和反应条件后,通过特异性实验、灵敏度实验对LAMP检测方法进行测试,并与国标检测方法对比检测人工污染的灌溉水源样品,验证该方法的准确性。结果灵敏度实验结果显示本LAMP检测方法最低检出限为7 CFU/25μL,特异性实验结果显示本LAMP检测方法具有良好的特异性,干扰菌株对本LAMP检测方法无影响。该方法在与国家标准检测方法对比,检测人工污染的灌溉水源样品时具有相同的准确性,检测灵敏度为1×10^2 CFU/mL。结论本研究建立了快速、准确、灵敏的恒温扩增体系,可以应用于灌溉水源中沙门氏菌的快速检测。     

Application of SYBR green real-time PCR assay for specific detection of Salmonella spp. in dairy farm environmental samples

The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a SYBR Green 1 real-time PCR method for the specific detection of Salmonella spp. in dairy farm environmental samples. Previously reported 119-bp invA gene was selected for specificity, and 124 Salmonella spp. including type strains and 116 non-Salmonella strains were evaluated. All Salmonella strains tested were invA-positive and all non-salmonella strains yielded no amplification products. The melting temperature (Tm=79 degrees C) was consistently specific for the amplicon. Correlation coefficients of standard curves constructed using the threshold cycle (C(T)) versus copy numbers of Salmonella Enteritidis showed good linearity in broth (R2=0.994; slope=3.256) and sterilized milk (R2=0.988; slope=3.247), and the minimum levels of detection were >10(2) and >10(3) colony forming units (CFU)/ml, respectively. To validate the real-time PCR assay, an experiment was conducted with both spiked and naturally contaminated samples. Lagoon water, feed/silage, bedding soil, and bulk tank milk samples obtained from dairy farms were spiked with 10(0) to 10(5) CFU/ml of Salmonella Enteritidis. Sensitivities for detecting Salmonella in these sources were 10(3) to 10(4) CFU/ml of inoculums in broth without enrichment. Detection limits were reduced to <10 CFU/ml of inoculum in broth after 18 h enrichment. Ninety-three environmental samples including fecal slurry, feed/silage, lagoon water, drinking water, bulk tank milk, farm soil, and bedding soil were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella by real-time PCR, results were compared with those obtained by conventional culture methods. All samples analyzed were negative for Salmonella by both real-time PCR and standard culture method. No false positive or false negative results were detected.     

食品中沙门氏菌恒温隔绝式PCR检测方法的建立

为弥补传统培养方法耗时长和现场检测步骤繁琐等缺陷,该研究建立了一种针对食品中沙门氏菌的恒温隔绝式PCR快速检测方法。根据沙门氏菌的inv A基因设计特异性引物和探针,通过水浴法快速提取细菌DNA,优化引物、探针以及模板用量,建立了一种基于恒温隔绝式PCR快速检测沙门氏菌的方法,并对方法的特异性和灵敏度及稳定性进行评价,最后对比建立的方法与传统PCR方法、传统分离培养法对实际食品样品中沙门氏菌污染的检测效果。建立的恒温隔绝式PCR检测方法特异性好,灵敏度高且与其他细菌无交叉反应,最低检出限可达75 CFU/mL,可在6 h内完成检测实际食品样品中污染的沙门氏菌,传统PCR方法至少需12 h才能达到与之相同的检测效果,传统培养法验证了建立方法的准确性和可靠性。本研究建立的恒温隔绝式PCR方法更快速,且操作简便,适用于现场检测食品中污染的沙门氏菌。     

速冻食品中沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌多重PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为实现速冻食品中沙门氏菌(Salmonella spp.)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测,首先优化多重PCR扩增的反应条件,比较基因组DNA提取方法,结果表明：退火温度采用60℃、各引物浓度200nmol/L及扩增循环35次,本多重PCR检测技术可以有效地将沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌同时检出,检测特异性为100%。3种DNA提取方法中试剂盒法纯度最高,检出限分别是31、26DNA copies/reaction。经过在人工污染致病菌的速冻水饺中应用试验后,该多重PCR方法经过4h的增菌培养即可从速冻水饺中同时检测出起始菌落数低至100CFU/g的沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。     

Evaluation of a combined culture and PCR method (NMKL-163A) for detection of presumptive pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in pork products

A combined culture and PCR method for detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in food (NMKL-163A) was evaluated by testing samples of artificially and naturally contaminated pork. The performance of the pre-PCR sample treatment, buoyant density centrifugation, was first compared with two commercially available methods (DNeasy tissue kit and PrepMan). We found that similar sensitivity was reached (i.e., 25 CFU/g of food was detected by single PCR) with the buoyant density centrifugation and the DNeasy Tissue kit when tested on overnight enrichments. However, the DNeasy tissue kit was superior when tested on nonenriched homogenates; the detection limit was 25 CFU/g in minced beef by single PCR and 25 CFU/g in sausage by nested PCR. We then analyzed 100 raw minced pork samples. Thirty-five tested positive for presumptive pathogenic Y. enterocolitica when analyzed by the NMKL-163A method, whereas none tested positive when analyzed in parallel by a standard culture method (ISO 10273). We also analyzed 97 samples of cold-smoked pork sausage, of which approximately 11% tested positive by the NMKL-163A method. This study showed that sensitivities such as those obtained by nested PCR were required for detection of the pathogen in naturally contaminated samples, and therefore the nested PCR primers, which are included in the NMKL-163A method only as an option, need to be validated and applied routinely.     

3种常见食源性致病菌多重重组酶聚合酶扩增检测方法研究

目的建立了食品中沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌多重重组酶聚合酶扩增（recombinase polymerase amplification,RPA）快速检测方法。方法选择沙门菌invA基因、单增李斯特菌hlyA基因和蜡样芽孢杆菌16S RNA序列为目标基因进行扩增,建立并优化多重RPA扩增体系和扩增条件;评价反应体系的特异性和灵敏度,并对人工污染食品样品和实际样品进行检测。结果多重RPA反应体系能够在20 min完成三种目标基因的扩增,特异性强;对沙门菌、单增李斯特菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌的灵敏度分别为2.70×105、1.30×105、1.44×104 CFU/mL;能够用于人工污染样品和实际样品的检测。结论本研究建立的多重RPA等温扩增方法特异性强,操作快速、简单,为食源性致病菌的快速检测提供新方向     

Validation of a Diagnostic PCR Method for Routine Analysis of Salmonella spp. in Animal Feed Samples

As a part of a validation study, a comparative study of a PCR method and the standard culture-based method NMKL-71, for detection of Salmonella, was performed according to the validation protocol from the Nordic validation organ for validation of alternative microbiological methods (NordVal) on 250 artificially or naturally contaminated animal feed samples. The PCR method is based on culture enrichment in buffered peptone water followed by PCR using the DNA polymerase Tth and an internal amplification control. No significant difference was found between the two methods. The relative accuracy, relative sensitivity and relative specificity were found to be 96.0, 97.3, and 98.8%, respectively. PCR inhibition was observed for rape seed samples. For the acidified feed samples, more Salmonella-positive samples were found with the PCR method compared to the NMKL method. This study focuses on the growing demand for validated diagnostic PCR methods for routine analysis of animal feed and food samples to assure safety in the food production chain.     

Simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella strains by real-time PCR

A protocol enabling simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella strains was devised and evaluated using artificially contaminated fresh produce. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC)-approved polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection methods for three human pathogens were modified to enable simultaneous and real-time detection with high throughput capability. The method includes a melting-curve analysis of PCR products, which serves as confirmatory test. The modified protocol successfully detected all three pathogens when fresh produce was washed with artificially contaminated water containing E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium down to the predicted level of 1 to 10 cells/ml and L. monocytogenes at 1000 cells/ml. The ability to monitor several pathogens simultaneously will save time and increase our ability to assure food safety.     

免疫捕捉通用引物PCR检测食品中沙门氏菌

利用免疫吸附富集结合经典PCR 技术建立免疫捕捉通用引物PCR(IC-UPPCR)检测食品中沙门氏菌。采用细菌16S rRNA 基因保守区设计特异性引物,建立通用引物PCR 技术是可行的,该IC-UPPCR 检测沙门氏菌的灵敏度最低,能检测到2 × 102CFU/ml,检测沙门氏菌属和非沙门氏菌属标准株的特异性为100%,无假阳性和假阴性出现。结果表明该方法具有简单、快速、特异性好和敏感性高等特点,并可满足大批样品沙门氏菌筛选检测的要求,适用于食品卫生监管、商品检验检疫以及临床诊断等领域。     

Primers specific for the fimbrial major subunit gene stdA can be used to detect Salmonella enterica serovars

The feasibility of using two primers internal to the stdA gene (which encodes the fimbrial major subunit of the std fimbrial gene cluster in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi) to detect Salmonella by PCR was explored. The 518-bp stdA specific sequence was conserved among 268 strains from 45 serovars of S. enterica. One Salmonella bongori CCUG 30042 strain and 34 non-Salmonella strains did not possess this sequence. A sensitivity test revealed that the stdA-specific primer set detected 3.4 x 10(-1) pg of genomic DNA and 3.0 x 10(5) CFU/ml with serial dilutions of Salmonella Typhimurium cells. In vitro testing for specificity using pig carcass sponge samples contaminated with Salmonella Typhimurium also was performed. An initial Salmonella Typhimurium inoculum of 4.4 x 10(1) CFU/ml in pig carcass exudates reached the stdA primer detection level after preenrichment in buffered peptone water at 37 degrees C for 18 h in the presence of indigenous non-Salmonella flora at 4.0 X 10(7) CFU/ml, but the detection level decreased to 4.4 x 10(0) CFU/ml after selective enrichment in Rappaport-Vassiliadis R10 broth for 18 h at 42 degrees C. The PCR method with primers specific for stdA is a quick and sensitive tool for detecting S. enterica, which is an important cause of foodborne disease.     

Bacteriophage-based enrichment coupled to immunochromatographic strip-based detection for the determination of Salmonella in meat and poultry

Immunochemical-based methods for the detection of Salmonella in food can be complicated by the presence of closely related, immunocrossreactive non-Salmonella species in the sample that may cause false-positive results. To circumvent this problem, specific bacteriophages against immunocrossreactive, non-Salmonella bacteria were used in the sample enrichment step to suppress their growth and improve the performance of an immunochromatographic strip-based detection method for Salmonella. Cross-reactive bacteria were isolated from various food sources and were characterized with a panel of Salmonella somatic O antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies. These cross-reactive bacteria were primarily Citrobacter spp. and Escherichia coli with serology shared with Salmonella serogroups B, D, and F. These bacteria were used as hosts for the isolation of specific lytic bacteriophages. When formulated with the primary enrichment, the bacteriophage cocktail significantly reduced false positives with a broadly reactive immunochromatographic test strip. This was demonstrated in both artificially and naturally contaminated meat. False positives in naturally contaminated beef samples were reduced from 32 of 115 samples tested to zero. In raw meat and poultry with a relatively high bioburden (>10(5) CFU/g), the use of the bacteriophage-based enrichment procedure gave improved recovery of Salmonella compared with the conventional culture-based reference method. This was observed when coupled to either test strip-based or selective agar-based detection. The use of specific bacteriophages for the control of immunocrossreactive and competitive microflora during the food sample enrichment step provides a new approach for enhancing the performance of both immunological- and cultural-based detection methods.