Decrement estimation of the heat transfer coefficient in mixture boiling

Based on the analysis of the principles of heat and mass transfer from the liquid bulk to bubble surface during nucleation, a new theoretical method to predict the heat transfer of the nucleate pool boiling in binary mixtures is proposed in this paper by using the heat and mass transfer analogy (Colburn analogy) at the bubble surface transfer layers. With use of Thome's concept of boiling range, an approximate method is derived to realize the calculation. The predicted results by this method are in good agreement with the experimental data from different sources. This hypothesis can also be applied to electrolyte solutions. This method is restricted to developed boiling cases, fortunately, which occur in most industrial applications.     

双组分互溶混合物的池沸腾传热

通过对沸腾时汽泡生长规律的分析,从两相界面传热传质类似律出发,推导出双组分互溶混合物的池沸腾传热式,由此预测的结果与已有的实验数据吻合较好.同时提出了探讨电解质水溶液的池沸腾传热式.     

真空条件下浓度对LiCl溶液沸腾特性的影响

沸腾换热是一种高效的换热方式,为研究除湿溶液再生的沸腾换热过程,搭建真空再生沸腾特性测试实验台,对水和质量分数分别为30%、32%、34%的LiCl溶液进行实验研究,得到溶液浓度对溶液沸腾热流密度及沸腾表面传热系数的影响。结果表明,浓度升高,表面张力增大,汽化核心数减少;黏度增大,气泡脱离困难,使扰动量减少,溶液的热流密度降低;随着浓度的增大,表面张力增大,气泡生成及脱离阻力增大,对LiCl溶液的扰动程度降低,使溶液的沸腾传热系数减小。温差增大使壁面过热度增大,气泡生成增多,加强对溶液的扰动,使溶液的热流密度及沸腾传热系数增大。     

Dissolution of Solid Particles under Vacuum: Analogy with Boiling Heat Transfer

Dissolution of solid particles under conditions of vacuum boiling was studied. It was shown that, owing to the formation and growth of vapor bubbles on the dissolving surface and separation of the diffusion boundary layer, the intensity of this process is higher than in the case of gas bubbling through the liquid. There is an analogy between mass transfer in dissolution under vacuum and boiling heat transfer. This analogy is used to calculate the mass-transfer coefficient.     

基于气泡动力学分段调控浸润性强化核态沸腾

基于多孔或微结构表面润湿性改性的核态沸腾强化传热,已得到广泛研究。利用CFD-VOF数值模拟方法,针对单晶硅微柱表面单气泡的生长及脱离过程,进行表面浸润性分段调控,实现气泡沸腾换热的全程强化。分别调控初始接触角为48°、60°、90°和110°后,同一时刻 （t = 0.152 ms） 变接触角为20°,对比研究分段调控浸润性对气泡动力学过程与表面换热性能的影响。结果表明：疏水性可提高气泡生长速率,增强微柱表面对气泡的黏附力,促进气泡在微结构缝隙内的横向铺展;t = 0.150 ms时接触角为110° 表面上气泡与底面接触面积增加1.3倍,微层蒸发功率增加1.2倍。需要指出的是,毛细效应随颗粒粒径变化趋势受到多孔介质复杂孔隙结构特征的影响。在当前粒径范围内,认为其具有正相关关系,但在更大范围内的对应关系,还需要在未来进一步深入揭示。     

池沸腾孤立气泡生长过程中微液层蒸发影响的实验和模拟耦合分析

微液层蒸发是沸腾过程中重要的换热机理。本文旨在通过单个气泡池沸腾实验中测得的气泡动态参数探究孤立气泡生长过程中加热表面的换热机理。首先通过沸腾池和加热表面的严格设计实现了单个气泡沸腾。进一步通过对孤立气泡生长时序图像的处理,得到了气泡在一个生长周期内气泡直径、纵横比以及气泡根部基圆半径的变化。对比发现,气泡生长速率与气泡根部基圆半径随时间的变化呈现显著正相关,而与大液层区域的变化相关程度较低,这表明微液层蒸发直接影响气泡体积变化,在孤立气泡沸腾过程中起主导作用。在此基础上进一步建立了加热表面换热过程的数值模型,基于实验中测得的气泡动态参数对气泡底层的微液层厚度进行了预测;通过多次迭代计算并匹配气泡生长速率和加热棒的温度发现,当表面过热度为4.82 K时,气泡底层微液层厚度约为3.43 μm,与相关文献中的微液层厚度测量值基本一致,进一步证实了微液层蒸发在孤立气泡沸腾换热过程中的重要性。本研究揭示了孤立气泡池沸腾过程中近壁面处的换热机制,为进一步的孤立气泡沸腾传热过程数值模拟奠定了理论基础。     

方肋微通道内流动沸腾的气泡动态与传热特性分析

为揭示方肋微通道热沉内流动沸腾的传热传质机理,本文基于耦合VOF方法与“饱和界面”相变模型对微通道内单个气泡绕流加热方肋的传热传质过程进行了数值研究。通过分析该过程中气泡增长速率与方肋壁面传热系数的变化,重点讨论了初始气泡体积和入口雷诺数Re对相变传热效率和流动结构的影响。结果表明：在气泡流经加热方肋过程中,气泡与方肋表面之间形成一层薄液膜,该薄液膜的相变蒸发极大强化方肋表面的换热效果,换热系数较相同条件下的单相流动提升6倍以上。此外液膜厚度随Re增大而变厚,液膜热阻相应增大,液膜蒸发对换热的促进作用随Re增大而降低。最后考察了气泡体积对方肋壁面换热的影响,结果表明：初始体积大的气泡具有更薄的液膜厚度及更大的蒸发面积,表现出更高的相变传热效率;而小气泡对壁面温度影响较小。     

微纳复合表面HFE-7100/水的BRT现象及沸腾传热特性

HFE-7100/水作为非共沸不互溶工质可以拓宽核状沸腾传热的有效温区,目前关于其在微纳复合表面的沸腾传热特性和气泡运动机理尚不明晰。利用气泡模板电沉积法在铜基表面上制备了具有微纳孔洞的复合结构,测试了HFE-7100/水的沸腾传热特性,并通过可视化探究了沸腾工质转换（BRT）过程中两相工质在表面的润湿状态和气泡运动现象。结果表明,微纳复合表面上HFE-7100/水的BRT过程中,气泡先后经历小气泡聚并、气膜膨胀、轻工质接触壁面核化三个过程。在BRT过程中,HFE-7100与水对热壁面的润湿性存在竞争关系,随着过热度增加,薄的HFE-7100液层难以维持稳定的重工质沸腾,上层水工质可以穿过HFE-7100层对热壁面实现完全润湿,完成BRT过程。与单一工质相比,常压下HFE-7100/水混合工质体系可以在343~423 K下实现高效的核状沸腾传热。该研究揭示了HFE-7100/水在微纳复合表面的沸腾传热特性,为沸腾强化表面设计提供了思路。     

时空调控微柱表面浸润性强化单气泡沸腾换热

微结构耦合浸润性调控是目前强化核态沸腾换热的主要手段,针对水工质在单晶硅微柱表面的核态沸腾过程,采用CFD-VOF三维数值模拟方法,对比研究时间及空间分别调控表面浸润性对沸腾气泡动力学、相界面形变及传热性能的影响。结果表明：亲水性增强使得气泡界面曲率增大、合力增强,促使气泡的脱离;空间调控主要表现为增大气泡体积,时间调控则主要表现为优化气泡动力学过程,提高热流较大的生长阶段在整个气泡周期内的占比,从而强化换热;本实验工况下,空间梯度浸润表面以及在生长阶段提高壁面亲水性,均可大幅度提高单气泡沸腾换热性能,平均热流最大可提高42.7%;考虑微尺度下梯度浸润性加工难度,时间调控浸润性强化沸腾换热具有更好的发展前景。     

常/微重力下微结构表面强化沸腾换热研究进展

表面改性是提高沸腾换热性能的重要手段。本文以自主开发的微结构表面为基础，简述了近三年来常重力条件下的微/纳结构表面强化池沸腾换热、临界热流密度预测模型及经验关联、微重力条件下（重力水平为10^-2～10^-3 g ₀，g ₀=9.8m/s²）加热面尺寸对沸腾换热的影响和气泡动力学等方面的研究进展。对柱状微结构参数和排布方式进行优化后的多尺度复合微结构表面相比柱状微结构表面和光滑表面，其壁面温度可分别降低8K和30K以上，而临界热流密度（CHF）则分别提高了28%和119%以上。体积分数为0.02%的乙醇/银纳米流体相对于单纯的乙醇工质，相同条件下换热壁面温度可降低8～15K，而机械作用对CHF约有25%的提高。通过对柱状微结构的几何参数以及临界发生时的供液机理研究，建立了考虑柱状微结构参数的CHF关联式、微/纳结构表面考虑液体毛细芯吸作用的CHF预测模型以及考虑液体铺展速度的CHF预测关联式。根据微重力下加热面尺寸对沸腾的影响的研究，提出了基于恒定热流密度的换热预测关联式。考虑微重力条件下主气泡和小气泡的表面张力，对传统的气泡脱离直径预测的力平衡模型进行了改进，进一步提高了微重力下气泡的脱离半径的预测精度。此外，对近年来以FC-72为工质的其他强化池沸腾换热微结构表面的研究成果进行了总结，并与自主研发的微结构表面换热性能进行了对比与分析，为今后的研究方向和应用指出了方向。     

氧化石墨烯表面的饱和池沸腾强化传热实验

利用氧化石墨烯（GO）纳米片沸腾自组装法（self-assembly）制备出GO纳米表面,以蒸馏水为液体工质,对常压下GO纳米表面和光滑铜平面的饱和池沸腾换热特性进行了对比实验研究,并用高速摄像机拍摄了汽泡的动态行为。结果表明,GO纳米表面降低了换热壁面的过热度,其临界热流密度（CHF）和换热系数（HTC）分别达到了208W/cm²和7.25W/(cm²?K),较光滑铜平面分别提高了66.4%和86.9%。分析认为,是铜基底表面沉积的润湿性优异的高导热二维GO层状结构促使了CHF提高。汽泡可视化观察发现,相比于光滑铜平面,较低热流密度时,相同热流下GO纳米表面上汽泡脱离直径较小,脱离频率较高,汽化核心增多;较高热流密度时,光滑铜平面汽泡合并现象更严重,即GO纳米表面能延缓导致CHF产生的表面蒸汽膜的出现。     

超疏水/亲水性结构表面流动沸腾传热实验研究

用激光烧蚀方法在抛光后的铜上制备出四种无需涂覆修饰即可获得超疏水/亲水性的规则微阵列结构表面。基于流动可视化与温度数据结果,分析了表面浸润性和过冷度对流动沸腾传热性能的影响,与经典汽化核心密度关联式进行了对比。结果表明：疏水表面可削弱单相对流传热,大幅强化沸腾传热,最大传热系数提高了75.5%,沸腾起始点提前3.5 K,且汽化核心数目较裸铜表面提高了5倍以上,但有较低的临界热通量。超亲水表面可增强单相对流传热、小幅度提升流动沸腾传热。对比亲水表面与疏水表面的气泡生长过程,发现疏水表面尾端气泡容易汇聚,生长周期较长;而亲水表面没有发生明显的气泡汇聚行为,气泡生长周期较短。     

Infrared thermometry study of nanofluid pool boiling phenomena

Infrared thermometry was used to obtain first-of-a-kind, time- and space-resolved data for pool boiling phenomena in water-based nanofluids with diamond and silica nanoparticles at low concentration (<0.1 vol.%). In addition to macroscopic parameters like the average heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux [CHF] value, more fundamental parameters such as the bubble departure diameter and frequency, growth and wait times, and nucleation site density [NSD] were directly measured for a thin, resistively heated, indium-tin-oxide surface deposited onto a sapphire substrate. Consistent with other nanofluid studies, the nanoparticles caused deterioration in the nucleate boiling heat transfer (by as much as 50%) and an increase in the CHF (by as much as 100%). The bubble departure frequency and NSD were found to be lower in nanofluids compared with water for the same wall superheat. Furthermore, it was found that a porous layer of nanoparticles built up on the heater surface during nucleate boiling, which improved surface wettability compared with the water-boiled surfaces. Using the prevalent nucleate boiling models, it was possible to correlate this improved surface wettability to the experimentally observed reductions in the bubble departure frequency, NSD, and ultimately to the deterioration in the nucleate boiling heat transfer and the CHF enhancement.     

高压高过冷度下过冷流动沸腾数值模拟

采用双流体模型对高压高过冷度下垂直圆管中水的过冷流动沸腾进行了数值模拟。通过对比不同气泡直径模型,揭示了气泡直径对于壁面传热方式的影响,确定了适合高压工况的气泡直径模型。考察了压力及壁面热通量对流动及传热特性的影响。计算结果表明,压力增加气泡脱离直径减小,单相对流传热所占比例增加,表面传热系数减小。高压高过冷度特征决定了气泡相分布极不均匀,随着热通量的增加,壁面附近容易形成气泡的密集,对过冷流动沸腾中的传热特性有重要影响。     

超亲/疏水性表面池沸腾传热研究

为研究超亲/疏水性表面对沸腾传热的影响,用H₂O₂氧化的方式制备了超亲水表面,用氨水加高分子修饰的方式制备了超疏水表面。在常压下以蒸馏水为工质,采用高速摄影仪对其进行了池沸腾传热实验。结果表明,超疏水表面亲气疏水,在沸腾起始点易于产生气泡,且气泡不易脱离,此时壁面过热度ΔTs仅为2.4K,但随热流密度的增大,气泡易于聚合,所产生的大气泡阻碍了传热的进行,传热开始恶化,临界热流密度（CHF）较低;而H₂O₂氧化的表面由于刀片状微纳结构的存在,增加了表面的粗糙度,不仅增大了相变传热表面积、增加了核化点数量,而且具有超亲水特性,气泡脱离频率较大,大大强化了沸腾传热,最大换热系数约是光表面的1.7倍,且相应地提高了CHF,可达131.0W/cm²,表现出较好的传热特性。     

三甘醇水溶液池沸腾传热

Boiling of water/triethyleneglycol (TEG) binary solution has a wide-ranging application in the gas processing engineering. Design, operation and optimization of the involved boilers require accurate prediction of boiling heat transfer coefficient between surface and solution. In this investigation, nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coef-ficient has been experimentally measured on a horizontal rod heater in water/TEG binary solutions in a wide range of concentrations and heat fluxes under ambient condition. The present experimental data are correlated using major existing correlations. In addition a correlation is presented for prediction of pool boiling heat transfer for the system in which the vapour pressure of one component is negligible. This model is based on the mass transfer rate equation for prediction of the concentration at the bubble vapor/liquid interface. Based on this prediction, the temperature of the interface and accordingly, the boiling heat transfer coefficient could be straightforwardly calculated from the known concentration at the interface. It is shown that this simple model has sufficient accuracy and is acceptable below the medium concentrations of TEG when the vapor equilibrium concentration of TEG is almost zero. The presented model excludes any tuning parameter and requires very few physical properties to apply.     

Ni/Ag微纳结构强化顶部连通型微通道沸腾换热

微通道换热器较大的比表面积使其具有较高的热质传输效率,在化工、能源等领域具有广泛的应用前景。针对微通道流动沸腾换热强化,本文设计了一种具有Ni/Ag微纳复合结构表面的顶部连通型微通道换热器,该顶部连通型微通道由11条并联微通道组成,微通道的截面为400μm×400μm的正方形,并联通道上方连通空间的高度也为400μm;采用电刷镀技术在顶部连通型微通道表面制备了Ni/Ag微纳米复合结构,以无水乙醇为工质,开展了普通并联微通道（regular microchannel, RMC）、顶部连通型微通道（top-connected microchannel,TCMC）以及具有微纳复合结构表面的顶部连通型微通道（TCMC-Ni/Ag）内流动沸腾换热对比实验研究。结果表明：TCMC-Ni/Ag表面的最大局部换热系数达179.84kW/(m²·K),较RMC的最大局部换热系数提高了4.1倍。可视化研究发现,对于TCMC-Ni/Ag,强亲水性的微纳复合结构表面同时提高了核化密度和核化频率,中低热流条件下形成气相汇聚于顶部连通区域,微通道表面仍然产生大量气泡的流型结构,在高热流密度条件下,强亲水性微纳复合结构的毛细吸液作用使得通道内产生了薄液膜对流蒸发换热模式,是其换热性能大幅提高的主要机理。     

POOL BOILING OF BINARY MIXTURES

Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients for pure water, pure n-propanol and eight of their mixtures including the azeotrope were measured by using a horizontal electrically heated stainless steel tube of 3.35 mm O.D. and 9.8 cm long as heating element. This binary system was chosen for the reason that it is suitable for simultaneous investigation of the mass diffusion effect (the F effect), the effect of slowing down in bubble growth rate caused by the exhaustion of the volatile component near the vapor-liquid interface, the Marangoni effect (the M effect), the effect of surface tension gradient caused by the evaporation of the component of lower surface tension, and the dynamic surface effect (the Y effect), the effect of surface tension gradient caused by the stretching of vapor-liquid interface, on the boiling heat transfer rate in mixture. It is concluded that the mass diffusion effect can qualitatively account for the experimental results of the system. The discrepancy between the experimental data and the theoretical prediction by considering the F effect is due to taking no account of the intercorrelated effects of M and Y.

The effect of interfacial properties such as surface tension and contact angle on boiling heat transfer rate and the incipience of boiling were also evaluated.     

Influence of nanoparticle concentrations on flow boiling heat transfer coefficients of Al2O3/R141b in micro heat exchanger by direct metal laser sintering

Al2O3/R141b+Span-80 nanorefrigerant for 0.05 wt.% to 0.4 wt.% is prepared by ultrasonic vibration to investi-gate the influence of nanoparticle concentrations on flow boiling heat transfer of Al2O3/R141b+Span-80 in micro heat exchanger by direct metal laser sintering.Experimental results show that nanoparticle concentrations have significantly impact on heat transfer coefficients by homogeneity test of variances according to mathemat-ical statistics.The heat transfer performance of Al2O3/R141b+Span-80 nanorefrigerant is enhanced after adding nanoparticles in the pure refrigerant R141b.The heat transfer coefficients of 0.05 wt.%,0.1 wt.%,0.2 wt.%,0.3 wt.% and 0.4 wt.% Al2O3/R141b+Span-80 nanorefrigerant respectively increase by 55.0%,72.0%,53.0%,42.3% and 39.9% compared with the pure refrigerant R141b.The particle fluxes from viscosity gradient,non-uniform shear rate and Brownian motion cause particles to migrate in fluid especially in the process of flow boiling.This mi-gration motion enhances heat transfer between nanoparticles and fluid.Therefore,the heat transfer performance of nanofluid is enhanced. It is important to note that the heat transfer coefficients nonlinearly increase with nanoparticle concentrations increasing.The heat transfer coefficients reach its maximum value at the mass concentration of 0.1% and then it decreases slightly.There exists an optimal mass concentration corresponding to the best heat transfer enhancement. The reason for the above phenomenon is attributed to nanoparticles deposition on the minichannel wall by Scanning Electron Microscopy observation.The channel surface wettability increases during the flow boiling experiment in the mass concentration range from 0.2 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%.The channel surface with wettability increasing needs more energy to produce a bubble.Therefore,the heat transfer coefficients decrease with nanoparticle concentrations in the range from 0.2 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%.In addition,a new correlation has been proposed by fitting the experimental data considering the influence of mass concentrations on the heat trans-fer performance.The new correlation can effectively predict the heat transfer coefficient.     

基于MUSIG模型的竖直圆管内液氮过冷沸腾数值模拟研究(英文)

Multiple size group （MUSIG） model combined with a threedimensional twofluid model were em ployed to predict subcooled boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in a vertical upward tube. Based on the mechanism of boiling heat transfer, some important bubble model parameters were amended to be applicable to the modeling of liquid nitrogen. The distribution of different discrete bubble classes was demonstrated numerically and the distribu tion patterns of void fraction in the wallheated tube were analyzed. It was found that the average void fraction in creases nonlinearly along the axial direction with wall heat flux and it decreases with inlet mass flow rate and sub cooled temperature. The local void fraction exhibited a Ushape distribution in the radial direction. The partition of the wall heat flux along the tube was obtained. The results showed that heat flux consumed on evaporation is the leading part of surface heat transfer at the rear region of subcooled boiling. The turning point in the pressure drop curve reflects the instability of bubbly flow. Good agreement was achieved on the local heat transfer coefficient aalnst experimental measurements, which demonstrated the accuracy of the numerical model.