陶瓷材料的微波—等离子体分步烧结

提出微波加热和微波等离子加热分步烧结方法。在这一方法中,把微波加热和微波等离子和热有机地结合到一个微波应用器内,等离子的激励无需在负压下进行;烧结分两步完成。先用微波直接将烧结件加热到一定温度,再用微波等离子体继续加热到烧结度。     

微波加热制备特种陶瓷材料研究进展

特种陶瓷广泛应用于航天航空、电子信息、新能源、机械、化工等新兴工业领域,其高温制备过程仍以传统燃气窑炉和电加热炉为主;碳排放高、能耗大,节能减排形势严峻。当前,我国面临实现“双碳”目标的巨大压力,研究推广清洁高效的加热技术迫在眉睫。微波加热是利用材料自身对微波进行吸收,将电磁能转化为热能,能量的转移发生在分子水平上,通过这种方式,加热在整个材料内外同时产生,整个材料体系中的温度梯度非常低。除体积加热外,选择性加热、功率再分配、热剧变以及微波等离子效应等也是微波烧结的显著特征。微波加热具有节能环保、改善制品性能、减少燃烧碳排放等优点,国内外有许多关于微波合成各种氧化物、碳化物、氮化物陶瓷粉体和微波烧结陶瓷复合材料的报道。本文首先对微波和微波混合烧结的基本理论进行综述,然后介绍了微波加热制备陶瓷粉体与微波烧结制备陶瓷材料的最新研究进展,最后总结了微波加热在陶瓷工程制品烧结中的一些研究成果,体现出微波烧结的优越性,并提出了微波烧结制备特种陶瓷的关键问题和今后的发展方向。     

微波对物料微结构的影响

本文介绍了微波加热在陶瓷烧结、木材干燥、食品膨化、超细粉体干燥等过程中对物料微结构的影响。指出，微波加热具有抑制微结构垮塌、膨化食品微结构、抑制纳米粒子团聚等作用。认为微波加热可为纳米粉体干燥和纳米材料制备提供一种潜在处理方法。应当充分研究微细粒子传热传质特性和物料微细粒子介电行为，从而深入认识微波加热对物料微结构的影响。     

微波低温烧结制备氮化铝透明陶瓷

微波烧结(Microwave Sintering)是一种新型、高效的烧结技术, 具有传统烧结技术无可比拟的优越性. 本文在不添加任何烧结助剂的前提下, 采用高纯微米级氮化铝(AlN)粉, 在1700℃/2h的微波低温烧结工艺条件下制备出透明度较高的AlN透明陶瓷. 分析结果表明, 采用微波低温烧结工艺制备的AlN透明陶瓷晶粒尺寸细小(<10μm), 晶粒发育完善且分布均匀, 晶界平直光滑且无第二相分布, 从而证明用微波烧结可以实现AlN透明陶瓷的低温烧结.     

微波与水浴加热条件下对沸石分子筛吸附量的对比研究

为了研究微波作用对沸石分子筛吸附的影响与特点,采用静态吸附容量法,对比研究了微波与水浴两种加热条件下沸石分子筛的吸附量.实验结果表明:在相同的加热温度下,与水浴加热相比,微波加热能够快速加热分子筛,极大地缩短了加热时间;在相同的温度与压力条件下,与水浴加热相比,微波作用下分子筛吸附量总是更低.这表明微波加热沸石分子筛,...     

陶瓷材料微波烧结研究

陶瓷微波烧结技术是一门具有实用价值和应用前景的新颖烧结技术。它与常规烧结法相比具有：（１）改进材料的显微结构和宏观性能；（２）省时节能；（３）极高的升温速率等优点。本文对微波烧结的优点、机理、设备、工艺及发展和展望进行了分析和讨论。     

Microwave heating of materials with impurities

The microwave heating of materials is important in many industrial processes. For example, it is used for the smelting of metals and the sintering of ceramics. Hot-spots (localised areas of high temperature) can develop in the material being heated or in the microwave oven itself, with disastrous consequences. Impurities in the material or in a component of the microwave oven can have different electromagnetic and thermal properties to the surrounding material. Different rates of heating occur at these sites, which gives rise to differential heating, which can lead to the generation of hot-spots. The generation of hot-spots by this mechanism is considered for a finite one-dimensional slab with a single impurity at its centre. A fixed-temperature boundary condition is applied at both ends of the slab and one end of the slab is irradiated by microwaves of constant amplitude. The heat absorption at the impurity is assumed to have a power-law dependence on temperature (hence hot-spot generation can occur via thermal runaway). Depending on the electrical and thermal properties of the material there are two possibilities; either a hot-spot occurs or a steady-state solution occurs due to a balance between heat absorption in the material and heat loss through the boundaries. These steady-state solutions are found for both linear and non-linear thermal absorptivity and constant and decaying electric-field amplitude. If possible the region of parameter space in which they occur (in the rest of the parameter space hot-spots occur) is also found. In addition, numerical solutions are developed to verify the steady-state solutions and to investigate cases where analytical solutions are difficult to derive, such as for materials with multiple impurities.     

影响ZTA陶瓷微波烧结的主要工艺过程

通过对ＺＴＡ陶瓷进行微波烧结试验,了解影响陶瓷微波烧结速率的主要工艺过程,探索有关微波烧结机理;采用以ＴＥ４４４为基准模式的微波谐振腔,在混合加热模式的基础上增设辅助加热体,实现了ＺＴＡ陶瓷微波烧结; ＺＴＡ材料中ＺｒＯ_２含量越高,该材料的烧结速率越快;输入功率的提高有助于提高烧结速率;辅助加热体的老化现象降低微波烧结速率;微波烧结过程中应避免出现热剧变现象．     

微波合成无机纳米材料的研究进展

微波加热作为一种合成纳米材料的新方法，近年来得到飞速发展。介绍了微波加热原理，阐述了微波合成无机纳米材料的一些研究进展，主要是液相微波加热在制备金属氧化物和金属硫化物纳米材料以及微波烧结在合成陶瓷材料的应用，并对该领域未来作了一些展望。     

Effect of powder reactivity on microwave sintering of alumina

Effect of the reactivity of starting alumina powder of varying crystallinity on the sintering behavior in microwave process was studied. From X-ray amorphous to highly crystalline alumina, powders were obtained by conventional heating of compacts made of the precursor amorphous powder by heating it at different temperatures from 800 to 1500 °C. These samples were then sintered in a multimode microwave field of 2.45 GHz for 10 min at 1500 °C. The microwave effect on densification of the various alumina powders was evaluated by comparing the microwave and conventional sintering data. The results show significant microwave enhancement in the densification of the samples without any pretreatment. This enhancement became less significant as the temperature of the pretreatment increased and finally diminished. Since the pretreatment at elevated temperatures made the powder more stable thermodynamically, this study indicates that the sintering enhancement of a ceramic material in microwave is a metastability-related phenomenon.     

Sintering behavior of alumina rich cordierite porous ceramics

Porous ceramics are increasingly becoming important in particulate gas filtration. They are an effective alternative to the honeycombed structure in the case of diesel engines. Porous ceramics are made by infiltrating ceramic slurry into a polymeric sponge followed by drying and heating to burn out the polymeric sponge and obtain a ceramic sponge with large open porosity. In this paper we report optimized drying and sintering conditions for alumina cordierite porous ceramics. The microwave drying time ranging from 5–30 min depending on the power and the amount of loading. The shapes of the object was maintained in most of the structures. The sintering temperature was optimized around 1380°C. These results were analyzed using XRD data and SEM micrographs.     

氧化物电子陶瓷微波烧结用保温材料MgAl2O4-LaCrO3的研究

报道了一种用于氧化物电子陶瓷微波烧结的保温体材料MgAl₂O₄-LaCrO₃的研究和应用情况.该保温材料解决了许多氧化物电子陶瓷在微波烧结过程中易发生的热应力开裂问题并同时具有使样品均匀烧结成瓷的作用.现已成功地应用该保温体对CoMnNiO系NTC热敏材料;BaTiO₃系PTC材料,ZnO掺杂系电压敏材料,LaCrO₃基复合材料等氧化物电子陶瓷进行了微波烧结,烧结样品无热应力开裂并成瓷均匀致密.适用的氧化物电子陶瓷微波烧结温度区间最高可至1600℃.     

Assessment of Microwave Heating for Sintering of Al/SiC and for in‐situ Synthesis of TiC

This work describes sintering of SiC‐reinforced Al‐matrix composites and in‐situ synthesis of TiC in a powder mixture of Ti and C. In the first case, microwave energy is absorbed by SiC grains, heating the metal matrix to sintering and even melting temperature. The composite is processed at <1 kW microwave power. Microwave absorption and the heating rate increase with decreasing SiC particle size. Composites with high SiC content (70 vol.‐%) are processed at 650 °C/1 h in the microwave furnace, whereas conventional resistive heating at the same temperature did not allow sintering of the sample. In the second case, radiative energy allowed the heating of Ti/C samples up to 950 °C, and microwave assistance enhanced the reaction sintering of Ti/C powder mixtures forming TiC at the border of the Ti particles. The results are compared with conventional processing. Optical images and XRD patterns confirmed the formation of TiC for both techniques.     

微波介质陶瓷材料的低温烧结

低温共烧陶瓷材料是目前微波介质材料发展的主流.综述了低温共烧陶瓷材料的性能要求和4种降低材料烧结温度的方法,并探讨了各种低温烧结途径的优点和不足,同时指出了目前低温共烧陶瓷材料研究中需解决的主要问题以及今后主要的发展方向.     

微波介质陶瓷的中低温烧结

综述了近年来微波介质陶瓷在低温烧结方面的研究进展.为降低微波介质陶瓷的烧结温度,传统的方法是添加氧化物或低熔点玻璃作为烧结助剂、采用化学合成方法和使用超细粉体作为起始原料.另外,发展具有低烧结温度的新的微波介质陶瓷材料体系也是一种有效的方法.     

原位裂解碳对氮化铝基微波衰减陶瓷性能的影响

碳材料具有优异的吸波性能, 但是难以在陶瓷基体中均匀分散。本研究通过酚醛树脂裂解的方法在氮化铝陶瓷基体中引入碳, 研究了酚醛树脂的添加量对氮化铝陶瓷烧结性能、微观形貌、导热性能和介电性能的影响。研究发现, 酚醛裂解形成的碳能够有效促进氮化铝陶瓷的致密化进程, 降低烧结温度。当酚醛树脂含量为3wt%, 1700℃烧结后陶瓷的致密度达到99.26%。此外, 裂解碳的引入能够显著提高材料的导热性能, 并在材料的气孔中和氮化铝的晶界处形成碳膜, 从而显著提高材料的介电性能。当酚醛树脂含量为6wt%时, 材料热导率达135.1W/(m·K), 在X波段的介电损耗为0.3, 表明材料具有良好的微波衰减能力, 有望应用于大功率的微波电真空器件中。     

微波热处理对硅灰石粉碎性能的影响

将微波加热用于解理性较强矿物的预粉碎处理，是利用矿物晶相和层间物质的介电性差异，使矿物内部在微波作用下产生不均匀热膨胀而形成热应力，便于粉碎应力在应力集中的解理面释放、扩展。本文对硅灰石粒料进行微波加热处理，并采用Hardgrove指数磨进行晶形控制粉碎，结果表明，微波热处理可使硅灰石易磨性和长径比得到明显提高，其中添加3％水分的硅灰石经微波热处理10分钟后，易磨性提高34％，长径比提高97％。论文对实验结果和机理进行了分析讨论，提出对解理性较强矿物的晶形控制粉碎，微波加热较传统的热力辅助粉碎有较好的研究与开发前景。     

炭纤维预制体的微波加热性能及其加热机理探讨

通过研究微波功率、炭纤维预制体的密度和叠层层数对预制体微波加热效果的影响, 分析了微波电场在预制体中的分布特点, 提出了炭纤维预制体的微波加热模型, 并对其损耗机制进行了探讨. 结果表明: 在(2450±50)MHz的微波波段, 炭纤维预制体能吸收微波而加热, 其损耗机制主要为偶极子极化、界面极化及电导损耗.     

Microwave sintering of zirconia ceramics

The potential of a microwave heating technique for the sintering of 3Y-TZP ceramics is demonstrated. High density samples were obtained by short duration firing in a domestic microwave oven. The ultrafine and monomodal size distribution of grains resulting from the process has important implications in terms of mechanical properties. The hardness and fracture toughness values compare very well with long duration, conventionally fired 3Y-TZP ceramics.     

Microwave Plasma Sintering of Nanocrystalline Alumina

Sintering of nanocrystalline alumina by microwave plasma has been studied. The relative density,microhardness of the samples with different grain sizes by microwave plasma and other sintering techniques have been compared