水果浓缩物的美拉德反应产物制备及其在烟草调香中的应用

研究了水果浓缩物的美拉德反应产物的制备及其在烟草调香中的应用。结果表明水果浓缩物的美拉德反应产物能够提高卷烟烟气丰满度、柔和度,改善吸味舒适性,突出卷烟清甜香韵风格。复合型水果浓缩物的美拉德反应产物在增加卷烟成熟烟香韵、突出清甜香韵风格上有着显著作用。改良型水果浓缩物的美拉德反应产物能使卷烟香味丰满、圆润,对卷烟香气提浓有着显著作用。     

美拉德反应产物对主流烟气碱性香味成分的影响研究

为研究美拉德反应产物对主流烟气中碱性香味成分的影响,在某牌号卷烟空白叶组中添加美拉德反应产物(MRPs),采用溶剂萃取法提取吸烟机捕集的卷烟主流烟气粒相物中的香味成分,对萃取液进行碱性成分分离,建立气相色谱-选择离子监测-质谱(GC-SIM-MS)分析碱性香味成分的方法,对比分析添加MRPs前后卷烟主流烟气碱性香味成分...     

以怀山药为原料经美拉德反应制备烟用香料的研究

以怀山药为原料,加入中性蛋白酶进行处理,无需添加外源性糖类和氨基酸,进行美拉德反应制备香料。通过正交试验优化得到的美拉德反应最佳工艺参数为:反应温度120℃,反应时间为1 h,p H为8。在此条件下,美拉德反应产物香气成分较多,制成的怀山药香料焦甜香气浓郁。经GC-MS分析,鉴定出33种挥发性化合物,其中具有典型焦糖特征香气的吡嗪类化合物含量最高,相对质量分数达到20.95%。把怀山药香料应用到卷烟加香中,发现它能够提升卷烟焦甜香气,掩盖杂气,而且余味有明显改善。怀山药美拉德反应制备烟用香料操作工艺简单,所得香料品质好,有良好的工业应用前景。     

Maillard反应及其产物在烟草加香中的作用

制备了甘氨酸等18种单一氨基酸与葡萄糖进行的美拉德反应产物以及复合氨基酸粉．动物水解蛋白与葡萄糖进行的美拉德反应产物,筛选出了两组适合于烤烟加香的混合氨基酸(混合氨基酸A,混合氨基酸B),并以混合氨基酸A为例．初步研究了反应条件(pH、反应温度等)对反应产物性质(如香味特征)的影响。     

一种清甜香韵香精的制备及其在烟草中的应用研究

通过研究烟梗美拉德反应温度、反应时间、原料的种类及添加量对卷烟加香效果的影响,确定了反应的最佳条件,即反应温度100℃,反应时间3 h,烟梗与杨梅提取物、鲜榨西瓜汁的反应物料比分别为1∶0.17、1∶1或1∶1.4,并对反应料液的呈香物质进行GC/MS分析。分析结果显示,与烟梗提取液相比,添加杨梅提取物及鲜榨西瓜汁的烟梗酶解-美拉德反应料液中乙酸、星苹酯、β-紫罗兰酮、苯乙醇、邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯等具有清甜香韵物质的种类及含量明显增加,糠醛、呋喃、吡咯类衍生物等具有烘烤香韵物质的含量也略有提升。经卷烟加香评吸结果显示,添加有杨梅提取物及鲜榨西瓜汁的烟梗美拉德料液具有明显的清甜香韵,具有丰富烟香、增浓细腻烟气、生津增甜、去除杂味、降低刺激等作用,起到改善卷烟抽吸品质的应用效果。     

美拉德反应在酱油香精中的应用

本文从美拉德反应的基本原理出发 ,以美拉德反应的产物为基质 ,添加适量的合成或天然香料 ,调配成酱油香精。     

一种具有浓郁坚果香香精的制备及其在烟草中的应用研究

通过探讨烟梗的酶解温度、酶解时间以及美拉德反应中花生的添加量对卷烟加香效果的影响,确定了烟梗酶解-美拉德反应的最佳条件,即酶解温度55℃、酶解时间6 h、美拉德反应中烟梗与花生的物料质量比为2︰1,并对反应料液的呈香物质进行GC-MS分析。分析结果显示,与烟梗提取液相比,添加花生的烟梗酶解-美拉德反应料液中吡啶、呋喃等坚果香成分的种类及含量明显增加,吡咯、4-乙烯基愈创木酚等具有烘烤香物质的含量有较大提升。卷烟加香评吸结果显示,添加花生的烟梗酶解-美拉德反应料液具有浓郁丰满的坚果香香韵,可起到丰富烟香、增浓增厚烟气、去除杂味、降低刺激等作用。     

知母多糖提取中的 美拉德反应及影响因素

目的通过检测知母多糖提取过程中游离氨基酸和还原糖质量的变化,以及芳香味物质的成分,判断美拉德反应是否存在,并分析影响美拉德反应的因素,为指导临床合理用药和提高多糖的提取效率提供可供参考的依据。方法通过采用UPLC-MS/MS法检测知母中游离氨基酸含量,比色法测定还原糖含量。利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对知母在浓缩过程中其挥发性反应产物进行分析,同时利用高效液相色谱法对5-HMF进行检测,结合氨基酸和还原糖含量的变化,探讨美拉德反应及其影响因素。结果在浓缩过程中各游离氨基酸、还原糖质量分数降低,5-HMF含量升高,挥发性成分中鉴定了22个化合物。结论知母长时间的浓缩过程中存在美拉德反应,温度为60℃,时间为150min开始出现显著降低。     

酪蛋白酸钠-燕麦β-葡聚糖美拉德产物的制备及其性质

以酪蛋白酸钠（Sodium Caseinate，SC）和燕麦β-葡聚糖(oat β-glucan，OG)利用干法美拉德反应制备酪蛋白酸钠-燕麦β-葡聚糖美拉德产物。利用单因素试验，以接枝度和褐变度为评价指标，对其制备条件进行研究，确定酪蛋白酸钠-燕麦β-葡聚糖美拉德产物最佳反应条件为：酪蛋白酸钠：燕麦β-葡聚糖为1:2，反应温度为60 ℃，反应时间为24 h，反应湿度为78 %，反应pH值为7。SDS-PAGE 电泳结果表明，酪蛋白酸钠和燕麦β-葡聚糖之间共价交联形成大分子聚合物。红外光谱分析表明糖苷键成功连接到蛋白质分子。内源荧光光谱表明引入多糖亲水性羟基，酪蛋白酸钠空间结构改变。最终得到美拉德产物的接枝度为50.01 %，褐变L值为85.06，乳化活性提高了85.12 %，乳化稳定性提高了11.24 %。本文改善了酪蛋白酸钠在一定pH范围内的溶解性和乳化性，拓展了酪蛋白酸钠在食品医药的应用范围。     

葡萄糖和丙氨酸的美拉德反应及其在烟草中的应用研究

为加大美拉德反应产物(MRPs)在卷烟加香中的开发和应用,以葡萄糖和丙氨酸为原料,通过单因素实验和正交试验考察了反应时间、体系初始p H、反应温度、糖氨物质的量比对MRPs的影响,并对MRPs进行GC-MS成分分析及感官评价。结果表明,最佳反应条件为:反应时间为6 h,体系初始p H 10. 0,反应温度为95℃,糖氨物质的量比为2∶1。反应产物中挥发性香味成分主要有呋喃类成分2种、呋喃酮类3种、吡喃酮类3种。感官评价结果表明,葡萄糖和丙氨酸的MRPs加入卷烟中可以降低杂气和刺激性、增加回甜感、提高烟气轻松感,最佳添加量为0. 10%。     

葡萄糖与松香胺美拉德反应产物抗氧化性能研究

通过葡萄糖与松香胺的美拉德反应可制备具有抗氧化活性的产物。研究了不同反应条件对美拉德反应产物MRPs的抗氧化性能的影响,并与常用食品抗氧化剂特丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)进行了对比。研究表明:抗氧化能力最佳的条件是反应时间为4.5 h、温度为65℃、pH值8和葡萄糖与松香胺的物质的量之比为1:1;该条件下的产物MRPs与TBHQ的抗氧化能力接近,有望作为一种新的天然抗氧化剂。     

Alginate/gelatin crosslinked system through Maillard reaction: preparation,characterization and biological properties

Maillard reaction (MR) was studied in aqueous model systems containing gelatin and sodium alginate, which were heat treated for different pH (7, 8, 9, 10 and 11) at three temperatures (70, 80 and 90 °C). Some indicators were used to evaluate this reaction:degree of crosslinking, release of gelatin, free amino groups and browning intensities. The results indicated that alginate/gelatin crosslinked by MR showed an increase of degree of crosslinking as the pH and temperatures were increasing while release of gelatin decreased. Furthermore, samples prepared at a high temperature exhibited stronger browning intensity owing to the formation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs). The obtained materials were analyzed by FTIR and XRD. The antioxidant ability by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and power reducing, as well as the anti-inflammatory activity were investigated.     

Application of Caseinate Modified with Maillard Reaction for Improving Physicochemical Properties of High Load Flaxseed Oil Microcapsules

High-load flaxseed oil microcapsule is prepared with the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) of sodium caseinate and isomaltooligosaccharide as wall material. It is found that the emulsifying activity index and emulsion stability index of MRPs are increased by 31.32% and 34.11% respectively at the appropriate degree of graft (26.30%) compared with the mixture of sodium caseinate and isomaltooligosaccharide. Smaller droplet size and lower polydispersity index can be achieved in the flaxseed oil emulsions coated by MRPs, due to the change of sodium caseinate molecular weight and spatial structure. The microencapsulation efficiency of the microcapsules coated by MRPs is highly improved up to 98.22% at oil load of 58.43%, compared with the control group. Furthermore, MRPs as coating material can protect flaxseed oil against lipid oxidation at 50 °C for 4 weeks. More importantly, the smooth, round, and compact external surface structures of microcapsule powder support its physical necessity for industrial usage. Due to its high microencapsulation efficiency and good oxidation stability, MRPs formed with sodium caseinate and isomaltooligosaccharide show great application potential in preparing high load oil microcapsule. Practical Applications : Findings in this research could be utilized for developing microencapsulation loaded with higher concentration of flaxseed oil, a rich source of α-linoleic acid and lignans. Application of MRPs (Maillard reaction products) formed through interaction between sodium caseinate and isomaltooligosaccharide by heating improved both its physicochemical properties and oxidative stability. It is a novel approach for developing microcapsule with higher percentages of oils with better oxidative stability.     

pH对L-抗坏血酸与L-脯氨酸/L-丙氨酸Maillard反应产物抗氧化活性的影响

在L-抗坏血酸-L-脯氨酸/L-丙氨酸模型体系中研究了pH对Maillard反应产物的抗氧化活性的影响。Maillard反应产物通过控制不同初始pH(pH=4、5、6、7、8)于140℃加热搅拌2h的条件下制备,并以还原力、1,1-二苯基-2-苦基偕腙肼自由基(DPPH)清除能力和Fe2+螯合能力为指标对其产物抗氧化活性进行分析评价。结果表明,产物的还原力、DPPH自由基清除能力在pH=5时达到最大,Fe2+螯合能力随着pH的增大而增大,而且Maillard反应产物的还原力与在294nm处的紫外吸光度密切相关。     

Roasting-Related Changes in Oxidative Stability and Antioxidant Capacity of Apricot Kernel Oil

Apricot kernels were roasted for various lengths of time (0–30 min) at 180 °C and changes in the oxidative stability, antioxidant capacity, color, as well as the level of tocopherols and fatty acids of the apricot kernel oil (AKO) were monitored. While the level of tocopherols decreased, the oxidative stability and antioxidant capacity of AKO increased with roasting, probably due to the formation of antioxidative Maillard reaction products (MRPs) during the roasting. Medium roasted samples (15–20 min) were found to be more resistant to oxidative deterioration. The oil from the 30-min roasted sample was more susceptible to oxidation compared to the oil from the 20-min roasted sample in most of the stability tests. Relatively shorter roasting periods (5–10 min) also led to a decrease in oxidative stability in comparison to the unroasted sample. Brownish color and antiradical activity increased with roasting and the highest values were measured in the 30 min roasted sample.     

磷脂与Maillard模型反应体系的相互作用

综述了磷脂与Maillard反应体系的相互作用.磷脂与Maillard反应体系相互作用,导致磷脂氧化降解产物发生变化,醛的量明显减少;而Maillard反应挥发性产物中酰基噻吩类、杂环硫醇类、噻吩酮类、双环噻吩类、巯基酮类以及部分噁唑类减少.磷脂氧化降解产物与Maillard反应中间体发生反应,形成一些新的挥发性产物,包括2-戊基吡啶、2-烷基噻吩、烯基噻吩、戊基噻喃以及脂肪硫醇.而且加入磷脂后的Maillard反应体系能产生更好的肉香味.     

Transport of free and peptide-bound glycated amino acids: synthesis, transepithelial flux at Caco-2 cell monolayers, and interaction with apical membrane transport proteins

In glycation reactions, the side chains of protein-bound nucleophilic amino acids such as lysine and arginine are post-translationally modified to a variety of derivatives also known as Maillard reaction products (MRPs). Considerable amounts of MRPs are taken up in food. Here we have studied the interactions of free and dipeptide-bound MRPs with intestinal transport systems. Free and dipeptide-bound derivatives of N(6)-(1-fructosyl)lysine (FL), N(6)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), N(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL), formyline, argpyrimidine, and methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone 1 (MG-H1) were synthesized. The inhibition of L-[(3)H]lysine and [(14) C]glycylsarcosine uptakes was measured in Caco-2 cells which express the H(+)/peptide transporter PEPT1 and lysine transport system(s). Glycated amino acids always displayed lower affinities than their unmodified analogues towards the L-[(3)H]lysine transporter(s). In contrast, all glycated dipeptides except Ala-FL were medium- to high-affinity inhibitors of [(14)C]Gly-Sar uptake. The transepithelial flux of the derivatives across Caco-2 cell monolayers was determined. Free amino acids and intact peptides derived from CML and CEL were translocated to very small extents. Application of peptide-bound MRPs, however, led to elevation (up to 80-fold) of the net flux and intracellular accumulation of glycated amino acids, which were hydrolyzed from the dipeptides inside the cells. We conclude 1) that free MRPs are not substrates for the intestinal lysine transporter(s), and 2) that dietary MRPs are absorbed into intestinal cells in the form of dipeptides, most likely by the peptide transporter PEPT1. After hydrolysis, hydrophobic glycated amino acids such as pyrraline, formyline, maltosine, and argpyrimidine undergo basolateral efflux, most likely by simple diffusion down their concentration gradients.     

Transformation of Free and Dipeptide‐Bound Glycated Amino Acids by Two Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae transforms branched‐chain and aromatic amino acids into higher alcohols in the Ehrlich pathway. During microbiological culturing and industrial fermentations, this yeast is confronted with amino acids modified by reducing sugars in the Maillard reaction (glycation). In order to gain some preliminary insight into the physiological “handling” of glycated amino acids by yeasts, individual Maillard reaction products (MRPs: fructosyllysine, carboxymethyllysine, pyrraline, formyline, maltosine, methylglyoxal‐derived hydroimidazolone) were administered to two strains of S. cerevisiae in a rich medium. Only formyline was converted into the corresponding α‐hydroxy acid, to a small extent (10 %). Dipeptide‐bound pyrraline and maltosine were removed from the medium with concomitant emergence of several metabolites. Pyrraline was mainly converted into the corresponding Ehrlich alcohol (20–60 %) and maltosine into the corresponding α‐hydroxy acid (40–60 %). Five specific metabolites of glycated amino acids were synthesized and characterized. We show for the first time that S. cerevisiae can use glycated amino acids as a nitrogen source and transform them into new metabolites, provided that the substances can be transported across the cell membrane.