1000 kV特高压电力变压器绝缘水平及试验技术

中国1 000 kV交流特高压系统绝缘配合不是对 500 kV系统的简单放大,也并未完全依照GB311.1-1997或IEC60071-1-1993标准,是在优化原则下研究确定的。变压器绝缘水平为：雷电冲击耐压2 250 kV、操作冲击耐压 1 800 kV、工频耐压1 100 kV(5 min)。由于特高压变压器各绕组绝缘水平及绝缘试验电压要求不同,而变压器各绕组是通过电磁耦合紧密联系的,工频和操作冲击试验电压在各绕组间按变比传递,因此势必造成有些线端绝缘设计不能按其技术规范所规定的试验电压来考核。此外,特高压电力变压器电压高、容量大、尺寸超大,试验回路尺寸也相应扩大,杂散电感、电容影响也更加突出。这将造成雷电冲击试验电压波形的波头时间拉长,而设计计算一般按照标准波头进行。因此,在特高压变压器绝缘设计中,应关注长波头试验电压的影响。文中详细介绍了中国1 000 kV交流特高压工程用电力变压器的结构特点、绝缘水平及绝缘试验中的特殊问题。     

分布电容法在变压器绕组变形故障中辅助分析

针对某供电公司110 kV变电站一台三相有载调压电力变压器存在绕组变形的可能性,采用分布电容法结合常用的频率响应法、电抗法、绕组介质损耗因数和电容量等多种方法分析该台电力变压器绕组是否变形,以及是何绕组出现变形。经变压器返厂解体后发现中压绕组、低压绕组确实存在绕组变形,确定了分布电容法可作为绕组变形分析的辅助方法。     

1000kV变压器绝缘水平的探讨

1000kV变压器是特高压交流输电工程最关键的设备之一。文章对1000kV变压器3个绕组(高压绕组1000kV,中压绕组500kV,低压绕组110kV)之间的过电压和绝缘配置进行了深入探讨,以期进一步完善特高压系统的绝缘配置、改善特高压变压器抵御过电压的能力和运行工况。推荐了1000kV变压器500kV绕组高性能避雷器的参数,可为降低变压器500kV绕组的绝缘水平、改进特高压变压器的结构设计及提升容量等提供参考。     

A Study of Transferred Overvoltages on the Secondary Windings of Station Service Voltage Transformers

Station service voltage transformers (SSVTs) are finding increasingly wide application in world practice. One of the key issues of ensuring the reliable operation of the SSVTs is the coordination of their insulation and the protection against high-frequency overvoltage including that induced on the secondary windings. The paper presents the results of measuring the transfer functions and the oscillographic recording of the voltages on the SSVT secondary windings. The transferred overvoltage ratios of unloaded and loaded transformer secondary windings are estimated. Estimated rates of output-voltage increase at resonant frequencies are presented. The transferred overvoltage ratios on the SSVT primary windings under the impact of the damped oscillatory voltage are assessed.     

The effects of axial displacement of transformer windings on impulse and transferred voltage distribution

Mechanical forces due to short circuit currents especially near the power transformer will cause the axial displacement or radial deformation of transformer windings. Therefore, it is possible to have a transformer with mechanical faults in the electrical power system. Hence, it is necessary to design the insulation arrangement in order to get sufficient withstand against the impulse voltage distribution in case of such faults. In this paper, the effects of axial displacement on impulse and transferred voltage distribution are investigated with the help of two particular windings having the rated power of 1.3 MVA as a test object and its detailed model. The results show the significant influences of axial displacement on impulse voltage distribution so they should be considered in the design of insulation.     

Impulse testing of power transformers using the transfer functionmethod

The transfer function of a transformer winding is deconvoluted in the frequency domain from the digitally recorded neutral current and high voltage applied during impulse tests. The integrity of the winding insulation is determined by comparing the transfer function obtained at full and reduced test voltage. Differences between the transfer function plots reveal local breakdowns in the winding that can be dissociated from partial discharges. Thus the method permits unambiguous acceptance or rejection if the transformer and, since the transfer function is theoretically immune to changes in the applied impulse, also allows evaluation of the chopped-impulse test. Some 100 windings of large HV power transformers have been tested using the transfer function method, which on several occasions has revealed transformer faults as well a test setup problems that would have been missed or misinterpreted by conventional techniques     

基于变压器绕组中谐振过电压识别的传输函数

Power transformer insulation systems are subjected to many stresses during normal operation due to lightning and switching.If the spectrum of incoming surge voltage matches the winding one,the corresponding resonance will be excited.Therefore external transients occurring in power systems might trigger internal overvoltages with large maximum value in transformer windings.Overvoltages having such characteristic have been the root cause of many power transformer failures.The paper presents an approach to the identification of sensitive zones in the transformer windings based on the measurements of overvoltages inside windings and frequency dependences of admittance of the power transformer.The frequency characteristic of the transformer winding may determine those regions in the frequency spectrum.The presented approach might be used both for design optimization and diagnostics of distribution and power transformers.     

电力变压器绕组故障分析及防范措施

针对近年来电网中发生的110 kV及以上变压器绕组故障情况,从变压器电压等级、变压器投运年限、变压器质量、雷雨影响等方面进行统计分析,认为变压器设计不合理、监造过程管理不严格、选材不良,运输安装过程中的设备损坏,运行维护不到位等是导致绕组短路损坏和绕组纵绝缘故障的原因,并提出防范措施及建议。     

用三维有限元法计算分裂式变压器短路阻抗

为准确计算出分裂变压器高、低压绕组间的短路阻抗,首先采用ANSYS的三维静态磁标势法数值计算得出高压多并联支路与单个低压绕组间的多绕组电感矩阵,并依据电路理论将其简化为等效双绕组电感矩阵,进而得到短路阻抗百分比,并推导了高压各并联支路电流分配,最后给出一个概念设计的分裂式高温超导变压器算例。计算结果表明,低压各分裂绕组分别单独运行时,高压绕组的各并联支路电流分配不均,主要集中在与运行的低压分裂绕组紧耦合的高压支路中,故高压绕组与低压各分裂绕组间的短路阻抗主要由紧耦合的高压支路与低压分裂绕组间的漏磁路决定。     

特快速暂态过电压作用下变压器绕组内置MOV动态保护特性

特快速暂态过电压(VFTO)是由气体绝缘变电站开关操作产生的一种陡波前过电压,它的直接入侵会对变压器绕组的纵绝缘造成极大危害.本文通过理论分析、数值计算和实际测量研究了VFTO作用下变压器绕组并联MOV的保护特性.本文首先建立了变压器绕组的多导体传输线模型(MTLs),推导了基于时域有限差分法(FDTD)的求解迭代公式,通过应用矢量匹配法逼近传输线频变阻抗,解决了时域有限差分法难以处理参数频变效应的问题.然后,建立了变压器绕组并联MOV的多导体传输线模型,并推导了基于FDTD求解该模型的迭代公式.最后,研究了一个连续式变压器绕组模型,测量并计算了该模型在VFTO作用下并联MOV前后的电位分布.对测量结果与计算结果的分析和比较不仅验证了所采用的计算模型和计算方法的正确性,同时也证明了在VFTO作用下用MOV保护变压器绕组的可行性.     

Using correlation coefficients for locating partial discharge in power transformer

Most serious failure of power transformers is due to the insulation breakdown. Partial discharge (PD) that damages insulation by gradual erosion is major source of insulation failure. The effective ability of the wavelet packets analysis as a tool for disk-to-disk partial discharge faults detection and localization in transformer windings is shown in this paper. Techniques for locating a PD source are of the major importance in both the maintenance and repair of a transformer. One of the most well-known methods of PD localization in transformers is based on winding modeling and current of neutral point analysis. Since the impedance between PD location and neutral point of winding depends on the PD location in respect to neutral point, the frequency spectrum of neutral point current varies when the PD location changes. In the other word, the current components of neutral points vary according to the place where PD occurs. So in this paper, detailed model of transformer winding is modeled and the neutral point current is studied for locating PD. The used method is validated by the simulated model of transformer windings. This model produces a very acceptable current when compared to the experimental data. In this paper for locating partial discharge (PD) in transformer windings, a simulated model is developed for the transformer winding and the PD phenomenon mechanism. The impulse current test and wavelet packets transformation are used to locate PD. It is shown that the neutral current measurement of the transformer winding has useful information about PD location.     

AC V-t and impulse V-N characteristics of shell-form transformer insulation model

To evaluate an appropriate level of ac test voltage for 1000-kV transformers, it is necessary to make an accurate estimation of ac V-t characteristics. For the level of impulse test voltage, V-N characteristics are important to evaluate effects of impulse stress repetition. Since both of the characteristics are dependent on insulation structures and manufacturing processes of transformers, it is important to make accurate simulations on transformer insulation for reliable insulation data. To obtain some of the basic data for 1000-kV transformer test levels, long-time ac V-t tests and impulse V-N tests of up to 1000 times voltage application were carried out on an insulation model simulating fundamental structure of shell-form transformers. The model is composed of a parallel electrodes system with a compound structure of pressboard barrier and oil gap. The tests showed the following characteristics: ac V-t characteristics of up to several ten days could be described by two lines, each representing short-time and long-time characteristics. V-N characteristics of lightning and switching impulse were expressed by relatively flat lines, which showed a decrease in breakdown voltage by less than 10 percent after 1000 times impulse application.     

A fuzzy ARTMAP fault classifier for impulse testing of power transformers

The work presents an artificial intelligence (AI) based impulse test technique for oil filled power transformers. Determination of exact nature and location of faults, during impulse testing of large power transformer is of practical importance to the transformer manufacturers as well as designers. The presently available impulse test techniques more or less depend on expertise of the test personnel, and in many cases lead to ambiguity and controversy. The new AI approach presented in the paper overcomes the limitations of conventional test methods. This new technique relies on high discrimination power and excellent generalization ability of fuzzy neural networks in complex pattern classification problem. The proposed method employs a fuzzy ARTMAP pattern recognition technique to recognize the frequency responses of the winding admittance of high voltage transformers under healthy and different faulty conditions of winding insulation, and learns to establish the correlations between the nature and physical location of occurrence of an internal insulation fault in a transformer winding and its associated frequency response. The technique was tested on the winding model of typical high voltage transformer and yielded high diagnostic accuracy by successful detection and discrimination of faults of different nature and different site of occurrence in the high voltage winding.     

Resonant behavior of EHV transformer windings under system originated oscillatory transient over voltages

Grid connected EHV transformers experience various terminal disturbances when in service. The present work attempts to investigate the voltage stresses that may develop on the transformer insulations under a variety of terminal disturbances. A number of standard and non-standard wave shapes like lightning impulse, chopped lightning impulse, steep-front long tail switching surge and oscillatory transient over voltages have been simulated and impressed on the terminals of a 400 kV EHV power transformer operating in the Indian power grid to ascertain how the winding insulations are stressed under these disturbances. Relevant section of the Indian power grid and the transformer has been modeled using Alternative Transient Program (ATP). It has been established that oscillatory system transients can trigger natural resonate frequencies of the transformers causing high voltage stresses on the insulations. Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) analysis of the oscillatory voltage response of the windings confirmed the presence of resonant frequencies indicating forced resonance. Some remedial measures involving winding design modifications have been suggested in the paper to overcome the problem.     

Commercialization of an extra high-voltage nonflammable transformer

A perfluorocarbon (PFC)-immersed 275-kV transformer with compressed SF₆, gas has been developed. This paper describes the basic cooling and insulation characteristics of PFC, the ac partial discharge voltage, and the aging of PFC-immersed insulation. The results demonstrate that a prototype 275-kV 100-MVA three-phase transformer can be operated without any difficulties for an extended period of overvoltage. This prototype has an ac partial discharge initiation strength which is 1.5 times that of the ac test voltage and a lightning impulse breakdown strength which is 1.5 times that of the test voltage. A 275-kV 250-MVA three-phase transformer was built and is being operated at the Abe substation of Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc. The transformer has been operating satisfactorily.     

220kV自耦变压器操作波试验接线的探讨

阐述了自耦变压器操作波试验时 ,应根据变压器接线组别、变比、电压等级、中性点和绕组的绝缘水平、自耦变压器的特点等来选择试验接线 ,并讨论了加压和接地端、试验电压值在变压器操作波试验中的影响 ,提出了适合自耦变压器操作波试验的适当接线方法     

接地变压器低压绕组匝间短路故障的电磁特征研究

接地变压器具有系统中性点引出和站用电双重功能,在我国大中型变电站中被普遍采用,其运行可靠性直接影响电网的安全稳定.针对接地变压器低压绕组匝间绝缘短路故障检测方法缺失问题,基于磁场-电路耦合原理,利用ANSYS软件建立接地变压器二维有限元模型.通过对比高、低压侧电流的仿真值与计算值,验证模型的正确性.在此基础上分析其低压...     

高温超导变压器高压绕组的绝缘设计和试验

为了研究630kVA/10.5kV三相高温超导变压器雷电冲击情况下的绝缘问题,设计研制了一台与630kVA超导变压器高压绕组1∶1的模型。导线采用与超导变压器所用高温超导Ag合金包套不锈钢加强Bi2223多芯带材同样尺寸的CuNi合金带材,导线以聚酰亚胺薄膜采用双半叠包工艺进行绝缘。高压绕组模型为多层圆筒式结构,层间置有层间绝缘和冷却通道。液氮温度77K下远高于国家规定的该电压等级标准(75kV)要求的155kV,雷电全波冲击试验、波过程的测量试验以及对波过程仿真计算的结果表明,测量结果和理论计算结果比较吻合,冲击电位分布接近线性,没有形成震荡,为630kVA/10.5kV高温超导变压器的成功研制提供了依据。     

关于电力变压器油纸绝缘用耐受电压法代替击穿法的研究

阐述了电力变压器油纸绝缘用耐受电压法代替击穿法的机理，并用变压器绕组油道绝缘模型的雷电冲击全波试验加以验证。     

全绝缘有载调压变压器雷电冲击性能的改进

分析了线端调压全绝缘有载调压变压器的冲击分布,提出把高压绕组中部断开,调压绕组接在高压绕组中部,可以有效改善冲击性能,减小变压器主绝缘距离。