基于粒子群算法的劣化桥面铺装多目标组合维护策略优化研究

发展了维护导致的间接维护成本改进模型,基于改进的桥面铺装劣化模型推导了在组合维护策略下其状态指标评估公式,建立了多目标组合维护优化模型.使用自适应粒子群优化算法,根据寿命期内维护成本现值最小化和状态指标最大化的原则,满足性能要求和预算限制约束下,优化出寿命期内成本和性能都满足要求的维护策略.以劣化水泥混凝土桥面铺装为数...     

考虑氯离子腐蚀作用的近海桥梁结构全寿命抗震性能评价

基于全寿命理念的桥梁结构全寿命抗震性能设计与评价方法,是近年来国内外桥梁工程领域普遍关注的热点课题。主要研究了氯离子腐蚀作用在全寿命周期内对钢筋混凝土近海桥梁结构抗震性能的影响,结合氯离子对钢筋混凝土结构的腐蚀作用模型,提出了基于时变腐蚀电流密度的钢筋混凝土结构在氯离子腐蚀作用下钢筋腐蚀程度公式。取某一长期受海洋潮汐环境中氯离子腐蚀作用影响的近海桥梁工程结构为算例,考虑桥梁墩柱内纵筋直径、力学性能以及混凝土性能在全寿命周期内的退化效应,对各个寿命周期阶段内的算例桥梁进行Pushover分析和增量动力分析,并通过易损性分析方法对全寿命周期内桥梁的抗震性能进行了评价。研究结果表明,随着氯离子腐蚀作用的进行,桥梁结构在全寿命周期内的抗震能力不断降低,地震动作用下的抗震需求不断增加,到达极限破坏状态的概率不断增加。该桥梁结构全寿命抗震性能评价方法可为桥梁结构全寿命抗震性能设计提供参考。     

空心板桥考虑服役劣化的地震损伤破坏模式研究

为揭示服役性能劣化对装配式空心板桥抗震性能的影响,提出了空心板桥铰缝劣化和材料性能退化的动力分析方法,并结合实例,采用已有试验结果和实体数值模拟对上述分析方法进行了验证,通过非线性时程分析,研究了空心板桥考虑服役劣化的地震损伤破坏模式。研究结果表明:服役劣化导致桥梁上、下部结构相对动力特性发生改变,造成桥梁地震损伤破坏模式的改变,尤其在软土类地震中;服役劣化会增大板端位移及其残余位移,加剧支座的损伤状态,同时也会显著增大墩柱的曲率响应,甚至导致墩柱出现严重的结构性损伤;在软土类地震中,当不考虑服役劣化时,桥梁仅出现位移性震害,但考虑服役劣化后墩柱同时也严重受损。因此,在全寿命抗震设计以及抗震评估和加固中,忽略服役劣化可能导致抗震设计和加固策略失效。     

基于随机场的海洋混凝土结构耐久性实证分析

该文基于随机场理论及模拟方法,考虑耐久性参数批次效应,选取位于香港的海洋环境在役混凝土结构工程,进行其表观劣化发展过程的模拟分析与评价,并与实际检测数据进行对比,以验证耐久性分析结果准确性。结果表明：模拟分析结果与实际损坏程度基本一致。该文指出,基于随机场的模拟分析方法能够给出海洋混凝土结构多个维度的表观劣化度信息,将可能指导未来其它工程设计方案和维护策略的制定,从而有助于结构预想的全寿命性能实现和成本控制。     

试论高速公路路面的预防性养护与实施

高速公路路面预防性养护是为保持或改善路面状况、延长高速路使用寿命,同时将寿命周期内养护成本降到最低。实施过程中,应基于高速公路路面技术状况进行识别和预测,对养护措施进行技术评估,选择预防性养护的最优时间,对养护方案进行寿命周期成本分析,以确定最佳的预防性养护方案。     

可持续发展工程结构全寿命周期

以结构全寿命周期为研究时域,运用结构全寿命设计的新理念,构架了工程结构全寿命设计的目标体系,并从目标体系出发,结合工程结构的特点,分析了设计中结构性能、成本、使用寿命的内涵及相互关系。在综合众多影响因素的基础上构建了工程结构全寿命周期设计理论的研究框架,确定了工程结构性能指标、经济指标及时间指标在全寿命设计理论体系中的核心地位,提出了基于性能设计的耐久性极限状态设计新理念,并分析了性能极限状态所具有的特点。     

考虑非平稳因素的混凝土桥梁概率极限状态评估

为建立混凝土桥梁构件的概率极限状态评估方法,借助等超概率原则分析我国在役桥梁构件评估周期及评估基准期,引入个体风险准则、社会风险准则、生命质量指标及成本优化方法确定构件运营阶段目标可靠指标,分别考虑非平稳及平稳概率模型进行荷载效应及抗力评估值确定,基于可靠度理论开展运营阶段评估分项系数校准,并以一座在役桥梁为例进行算例分析。结果发现:考虑我国在役桥梁运维实际情况,构件评估周期、评估基准期可分别取为6年、10年;对于一级、二级、三级延性破坏构件,评估目标可靠指标分别建议为3.37、3.13及2.85;采用一般运行状态或密集运行状态下平稳车辆荷载效应模型进行评估时,评估标准值可分别取为设计汽车荷载效应的0.705倍及0.805倍,考虑非平稳车载过程进行评估时,可在连续非平稳过程离散化的基础上,引入动态广义极值模型确定评估基准期内荷载效应最大值分布,并以0.95分位值作为评估标准值;对于重要性等级为一级的延性构件,恒载效应及抗力评估分项系数分别建议为1.056与1.194,一般运行状态与密集运行状态汽车荷载效应评估分项系数建议值分别为1.081与1.054,研究成果可为现行桥梁构件安全评估方法修订提供参考。     

基于全寿命劣化分析的海底盾构隧道管片安全保障对策研究

管片接头是海底盾构隧道衬砌结构的薄弱环节,在海水的高压力与腐蚀环境的持续耦合作用下,其劣化性能严重影响整个海底盾构隧道衬砌结构的安全。本文在分析既有管片接头侵蚀劣化研究成果的基础上,引入隧道服役时间因素,建立可实现海水压力渗透与氯离子侵蚀的管片接头全寿命侵蚀劣化分析模型,分析了全寿命周期(100年)内海底隧道管片接头的渐进式侵蚀劣化规律,重点研究了海水压力与氯离子浓度对管片接头侵蚀劣化及钢筋锈蚀的影响,并基于全寿命周期内的侵蚀劣化分析,提出保障海底盾构隧道管片衬砌结构长期安全的最经济、最合理的对策。     

基于故障状态演化的租赁设备定周期多维护策略研究

为同时保证设备承租方对租赁设备的可用度,以及优化设备出租方的设备维护成本,提出了基于故障状态的定周期检测的多维护方式策略。首先,对租赁设备进行定周期检测,基于设备故障率来选择相应的维护策略,采取役龄回退的方式描述采取不同的维护策略后设备状态的恢复情况。其次,综合考虑周期维护成本、小修成本、惩罚成本和租赁延迟成本,建立了以出租方成本最低为目标的多维护策略优化模型。通过数学建模和数理统计方法,利用MATLAB仿真进行算例分析,将其与定周期单一预防性维护策略进行对比,证明了对租赁设备进行定周期多策略维护,其维护效果较单一预防性维护有较大的提升。     

基于NSGA-II的城市桥梁系统震后可恢复性分析与优化

城市桥梁是经济和社会发展的重要基础设施,特别是重要桥梁以及由其构成的网络在灾难发生后如何快速恢复,对社会安定和地区发展十分重要。近年来抗震韧性倍受关注,如何考虑结构可恢复性并将韧性纳入桥梁系统抗震性能综合评估和优化,还存在很多问题尚待研究。该文定量分析桥梁震后恢复过程、剩余功能和修复时间与韧性指标间的联系,建立城市桥梁系统性能评估方法。由桥梁不同损伤状态计算不同恢复过程的剩余功能、修复时间、可恢复性和震后经济损失;对震后恢复过程的功能函数模型给出建议,量化不同震后恢复策略的影响;将韧性纳入城市桥梁系统抗震性能框架中,提出城市桥梁系统震后可恢复性评估框架,对风险高低不同采用不同的修复过程;对震后经济损失、可恢复性和震前修/改造成本采用多目标优化算法NSGA-II求解震前提升韧性优化策略,用于抗震加固措施的选取。通过案例给出了方法流程,也为城市桥梁系统地震韧性提升提供了新思路。     

Inspection and monitoring planning for RC structures based on minimization of expected damage detection delay

The deterioration mechanism of reinforced concrete (RC) structures under corrosion is highly dependent on environment and material properties. Uncertainties in structural damage occurrence and propagation due to corrosion should be considered in a rational way using a probabilistic approach. In this study, such an approach is proposed to establish a life-cycle optimum inspection plan under uncertainty. This plan leads to cost-effective maintenance interventions, considering uncertainties associated with damage occurrence/propagation and inspection methods. Uncertainties associated with prediction of damage occurrence time are considered by using the Monte Carlo simulation. A damage detectability function is used to assess the quality of inspection method according to damage intensity. The inspection planning is formulated as an optimization problem with the objective of minimizing the expected damage detection delay. This formulation is further used for optimum monitoring planning. Effects of number of inspections and/or monitoring actions, quality of inspection, monitoring duration, and uncertainties associated with damage occurrence/propagation are investigated. The proposed approach is applied to an existing highway bridge. This approach can be used to develop cost-effective management strategies by considering effects of damage detection delay on life-cycle cost and performance of deteriorating structures.     

The use of lifetime functions in the optimization of interventions on existing bridges considering maintenance and failure costs

In the last decade, it became clear that life-cycle cost analysis of existing civil infrastructure must be used to optimally manage the growing number of aging and deteriorating structures. The uncertainties associated with deteriorating structures require the use of probabilistic methods to properly evaluate their lifetime performance. In this paper, the deterioration and the effect of maintenance actions are analyzed considering the performance of existing structures characterized by lifetime functions. These functions allow, in a simple manner, the consideration of the effect of aging on the decrease of the probability of survival of a structure, as well as the effect of maintenance actions. Models for the effects of proactive and reactive preventive maintenance, and essential maintenance actions are presented. Since the probability of failure is different from zero during the entire service life of a deteriorating structure and depends strongly on the maintenance strategy, the cost of failure is included in this analysis. The failure of one component in a structure does not usually lead to failure of the structure and, as a result, the safety of existing structures must be analyzed using a system reliability framework. The optimization consists of minimizing the sum of the cumulative maintenance and expected failure cost during the prescribed time horizon. Two examples of application of the proposed methodology are presented. In the first example, the sum of the maintenance and failure costs of a bridge in Colorado is minimized considering essential maintenance only and a fixed minimum acceptable probability of failure. In the second example, the expected lifetime cost, including maintenance and expected failure costs, of a multi-girder bridge is minimized considering reactive preventive maintenance actions.     

Condition, safety and cost profiles for deteriorating structures with emphasis on bridges

After an enormous investment in construction of highway networks undertaken in the second half of the 20th century, the highway networks of most European and North American countries are now completed or close to completion. As a result, the need in funding changed from building new highway structures to repair, rehabilitation, and replacement the existing ones. In this paper, a model for analyzing the evolution in time of probabilistic performance indicators of existing structures, in terms of condition, safety, and cost under no maintenance, preventive maintenance, and essential maintenance, is presented. This model integrates the current practice in bridge management systems based on visual inspections (condition index) with structural assessment (safety index) during the lifetime of existing structures. The proposed model allows the consideration of uncertainties in the performance deterioration process, times of application of maintenance actions, and in the effects of maintenance actions on the condition, safety, and life-cycle cost of structures by defining all parameters involved in the model as random variables. Interaction between condition and safety profiles is defined through probabilistic and deterministic relations. The probabilistic characteristics of the condition, safety, and cost profiles of deteriorating structures are computed by Monte-Carlo simulation. Several realistic examples, based on data on highway bridge components gathered in the United Kingdom, are presented.     

Two probabilistic life-cycle maintenance models for deteriorating civil infrastructures

The purpose of this paper is to describe and compare two maintenance models for deteriorating civil infrastructures that can be used to insure an adequate level of reliability at minimal life-cycle cost. These models, referred to Rijkswaterstaat's model and Frangopol's model have been independently developed by the authors of this paper and their associates. The former model has been applied by the Netherlands Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Rijkswaterstaat). It can be used for justification and optimisation of maintenance measures. The latter model contributed to the further development of the bridge management methodology that has been set up by the UK Highways Agency.     

Predictive maintenance policy based on process data

For the ‘under maintained’ and ‘over maintained’ problems of traditional preventive maintenance, a new predictive maintenance policy is developed based on process data in this article to overcome these disadvantages. This predictive maintenance method utilizes results of probabilistic fault prediction, which reveals evolvement of the system's degradation for a gradually deteriorating system caused by incipient fault. Reliability is calculated through the fault probability deduced from the probabilistic fault prediction method, but not through prior failure rate function which is difficult to be obtained. Moreover, the deterioration mode of the system is determined by the change rate of the calculated reliability, and several predictive maintenance rules are introduced. The superiority of the proposed method is illustrated by applying it to the Tennessee Eastman process. Compared with traditional preventive maintenance strategies, the presented predictive maintenance strategy shows its adaptability and effectiveness to the gradually deteriorating system.     

Optimal load rating-based inspection planning of corroded steel girders using Markov decision process

Steel girder bridges are vulnerable to corrosion. To maintain their safety above a predefined target level, the load rating can be computed from the inspection results and guide the following maintenance actions. Optimizing inspection and maintenance based on load ratings has substantial practical and economic relevance. Load rating-based strategies can be categorized based on whether the inspection interval and replacement criteria are fixed or flexible. Existing studies focus on fixed inspection intervals throughout the service life. In general, their results are not optimal for inspection planning. To reduce life-cycle cost, aged steel girders may be inspected and repaired in an adaptive manner. To this end, a method based on Markov decision process (MDP) is proposed to compare the life-cycle cost of four load rating-based policies (i.e. uniform or adaptive non-uniform inspection interval, and fixed or adaptive replacement threshold). Load rating-based inspection planning is formulated as MDP and the optimal plans are obtained using dynamic programming. The conventional approach to discretize states cannot accurately approximate the non-stationary deterioration process, while state augmentation is successful in doing this but will increase computational cost. A comparison of two approaches is made to investigate their effects on life-cycle cost. A bridge girder under corrosion attack is used as an illustrative example. The results show that the load rating-based plan with an adaptive non-uniform inspection interval and fixed replacement threshold obtained using the state augmentation technique can be near-optimal.     

Reliability-based assessment of ageing bridges using risk ranking and life cycle cost decision analyses

Information about present and anticipated bridge reliabilities, in conjunction with decision models, provides a rational and powerful decision-making tool for the structural assessment of bridges. For assessment purposes, an updated reliability (after an inspection) may be used for comparative or relative risk purposes. This may include the prioritisation of risk management measures (risk ranking) for inspection, maintenance, repair or replacement. A life-cycle cost analysis may also be used to quantify the expected cost of a decision. The present paper will present a broad overview of the concepts, methodology and immediate applications of risk-based assessments of bridges. In particular, two practical applications of reliability-based bridge assessment are considered — risk ranking and life-cycle cost analysis.     

Minimum expected cost-oriented optimal maintenance planning for deteriorating structures: application to concrete bridge decks

Civil engineering structures are designed to serve the public and often must perform safely for decades. No matter how well they are designed, all civil engineering structures will deteriorate over time and lifetime maintenance expenses represent a substantial portion of the total lifetime cost of most structures. It is difficult to make a reliable prediction of this cost when the future is unknown and structural deterioration and behavior are assumed from a mathematical model or previous experience. An optimal maintenance program is the key to making appropriate decisions at the right time to minimize cost and maintain an appropriate level of safety. This study proposes a probabilistic framework for optimizing the timing and the type of maintenance over the expected useful life of a deteriorating structure. A decision tree analysis is used to develop an optimum lifetime maintenance plan which is updated as inspections occur and more data is available. An estimate which predicts cost and behavior over many years must be refined and reoptimized as new information becomes available. This methodology is illustrated using a half-cell potential test to evaluate a deteriorating concrete bridge deck. The study includes the expected life of the structure, the expected damage level of the structure, costs of inspection and specific repairs, interest rates, the capability of the test equipment to detect a flaw, and the management approach of the owner towards making repairs.