SiO2纳米颗粒对环保型泡沫灭火剂稳定性的影响

本工作以碳氢表面活性剂(APG0810)和短链氟碳表面活性剂(FS-50)为核心组分制备了环保型泡沫灭火剂，系统地研究了SiO₂纳米颗粒对泡沫灭火剂溶液性质、起泡性能及泡沫稳定性的影响，分析了SiO₂纳米颗粒对泡沫灭火剂稳定性的增强机理。结果表明，SiO₂纳米颗粒对泡沫灭火剂的溶液性质与泡沫性能均有较大影响。随纳米颗粒浓度的增加，泡沫灭火剂溶液的表面活性先降低后增加，动态粘度逐渐增加，电导率逐渐降低，而起泡性略微下降。泡沫稳定性随着纳米颗粒浓度的增加而显著增加，达到7%后，泡沫稳定性急剧增加。SiO₂纳米颗粒与泡沫灭火剂活性组分在泡沫液膜和Plateau边界中相互作用，形成网状结构聚集体，有效地延缓泡沫析液和粗化，从而增强泡沫的稳定性。本工作的研究结果能够为SiO₂纳米颗粒在环保型泡沫灭火剂的研发和应用方面提供理论指导。     

泡沫镁的研究进展

介绍了泡沫镁的几种制备工艺，并对各个工艺的优缺点进行了评价。简要概述了泡沫镁的各种性能及应用，最后提出了泡沫镁的发展方向。     

低密度金属泡沫的研制

金属泡沫是一种具有亚微米微结构的低密度金属材料，其密度可达固体密度的０．５％～１０％。文章论述了金属泡沫的制备原理及工艺，并对Ｃｕ，Ａｕ，两种金属泡沫的密度，结构和成份进行了分析测试，揭示了金属泡沫独特的微结构和一些相关特征。     

泡沫陶瓷/聚氨酯复合材料的制备及性能研究

以不同孔隙密度泡沫陶瓷作为复合材料骨架，选用聚氨酯作为基底材料填充进泡沫陶瓷，制备出泡沫陶瓷-聚氨酯复合材料。通过分析复合材料的微观形貌，以及对材料的压缩和冲击性能进行测试分析，研究了不同孔隙密度泡沫陶瓷对复合材料压缩性能及冲击性能的影响。结果表明：加入泡沫陶瓷后的复合材料界面结合紧密，性能得到提高。当泡沫陶瓷的孔径密度为40ppi时，复合材料压缩强度得到了极大提高，达到了16.52MPa,相比较纯PU,压缩强度提高了84.2%,复合材料压缩强度达到最大。但复合材料的抗冲击性能与泡沫陶瓷孔隙密度成反比，泡沫陶瓷孔隙密度越低，材料抗冲击性能越好，20ppi泡沫陶瓷聚氨酯复合材料冲击能量为66.25J,与纯聚氨酯相比，冲击能量提高了367.2%,性能得到明显增长，表现出良好的力学性能，可在建材领域加以利用。     

泡沫铝合金阻尼性能的研究

本文采用渗流工艺制备具有开孔结构的泡沫工业纯铝、泡沫铝—锌合金(Al—28wt％Zn)及泡沫铝—镁合金(Al—10wt％Mg)，在多功能内耗仅上对这三种具有相同结构和相对密度的泡沫铝合金的阻尼性能进行了研究。实验结果表明，铸态下的泡沫铝—镁合金的阻尼性能高于泡沫纯铝，而泡沫铝—锌合金在室温下的阻尼性能比泡沫纯铝及泡沫铝—镁合金高3～4倍，分析认为泡沫铝—锌合金的高阻尼机制主要是由于在振动时其基体中较软的α相与较硬的富锌η相界面产生粘滞流动消耗能量的结果。     

结构/隐身一体化宽频聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺吸波泡沫的制备与性能

由于泡沫夹芯型结构复合材料具有轻质、宽频、高效、兼容等优点，是雷达吸波材料的理想选择。新型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫因具有良好的力学性能、热变形温度和化学稳定性，受到高性能夹层结构复合材料领域的广泛关注。为了使聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺（PMI）泡沫具有吸波功能，在制备PMI泡沫的过程中需要加入吸波剂，但是吸波剂通常密度较大、易沉淀。若没有在制备方法中使用防沉淀技术或均匀分散技术，吸波剂在聚合过程中会出现严重沉降，吸波剂难以发挥最大功效，且泡沫原有的力学性能降低严重。因此，文中通过对聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺吸波泡沫制备工艺的改进，系统研究了增黏剂、交联剂及吸波剂含量对泡沫结构与性能的影响，通过二氧化硅增黏工艺，使吸波剂在泡沫中分散均匀，成功制备了力学性能及吸波性能优异的吸波泡沫，高温压缩强度到达0.7 MPa以上，并且可在2～18 GHz实现全频吸收，获得了具有结构/隐身一体化宽频聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺吸波泡沫的制备方法。     

泡沫铝功能材料的研究发展动态

泡沫铝是近几年发展起来的一种集结构-性能一体化的新型功能材料，其特殊的多孔结构、性能、广泛的应用前景，引起了越来越多研究者的重视。本文对国内外泡沫铝性能研究现状及其应用予以综合概述，简述了泡沫铝的主要制备方法、性能特点及应用领域，以及目前所存在的主要问题。并对泡沫铝应用前景进行展望，以期推动泡沫铝的进一步研究和应用。     

陶瓷颗粒增强泡沫铝基复合材料的制备与性能

陶瓷颗粒增强泡沫铝基复合材料是近年来开发的一种新材料。本文介绍了各种陶瓷颗粒增强泡沫铝基复合材料的制备方法及组织性能研究现状。认为今后一段时期应着重研究以下几方面问题：对泡沫铝基复合材料制备工艺做进一步的研究，优化工艺参数，使工艺更稳定可靠；分析陶瓷颗粒对泡沫铝基复合材料发泡工艺、气泡尺寸及形状的影响．深入探讨其机理，进一步解决气孔结构和均匀性问题；系统研究泡沫铝基复合材料微观组织及界面结合形态；系统研究泡沫铝基复合材料的机械性能、物理性能及其影响因素，为该类材料的应用奠定理论基础；广泛开展泡沫铝基复合材料的推广应用研究，使之尽快为工农业生产的发展做出贡献。     

聚乙烯泡沫塑料物理性能的研究

研究了聚乙烯泡沫塑料的力学性能。实验表明，泡沫密度、泡沫结构以及加工的方法和条件皆成为影响聚乙烯泡沫塑料力学性能的因素。随密度升高，强度呈线性增加，开孔率提高，泡沫变大造成压缩强度下降，而泡壁变厚则能提高压缩强度。还讨论了成型的压力、温度及交联度对聚乙烯泡沫塑料力学性能的影响。     

煤基碳泡沫综述

概述了煤基碳泡沫的发展概况。阐述了煤基碳泡沫的制备方法和应用，分析了RVC碳泡沫、中间相沥青基碳泡沫和煤基碳泡沫的结构和性能特点，并且展望了煤基碳泡沫的潜在应用和研究方向。     

Multistage PRIM: patient rule induction method for optimisation of a multistage manufacturing process

Industries such as automotive, LCD, PDP, semiconductor and steel produce products through multistage manufacturing processes. In a multistage manufacturing process, performances of stages are not independent. Therefore, the relationship between stages should be considered when optimising the multistage manufacturing process. This study proposes a new procedure of optimising a multistage manufacturing process, called multistage PRIM (patient rule induction method). Multistage PRIM extends the scope of process optimisation from a single stage to the multistage process, and it can use the information encapsulated in the relationship between stages when maximising each stage's performance. A case study in a multistage steel manufacturing process is conducted to illustrate the proposed procedure.     

A quantitative approach for measuring process innovation: a case study in a manufacturing company

Process management and innovation arguably remain among the concepts under focus of recent researches since there is no significantly outstanding method to measure and monitor the level of innovation in the manufacturing processes over a particular time period taking the fundamental activities of manufacturing processes into account. Although there are various studies relevant to process improvement, manufacturing processes are not focused on in the literature. This paper presents a novel performance indicator, called degree of process innovation, for monitoring and measuring innovation in manufacturing processes based on the four most important components among the fundamental activities of a manufacturing system. The components are namely Average Labour Utilisation, Cumulative Bottleneck Ratio, Unit Production Time and Unit Production Cost. The idea behind this approach has flourished on the basis of an indicator proposed in the literature to measure the general organisational improvements. The scope of that indicator has been narrowed down to manufacturing processes to accurately reflect the state of the manufacturing processes. The proposed approach has been verified with a case study in manufacturing industry, where each of the four sub-indicators was calculated based on the data provided and aggregated into the degree of process innovation. The innovation degree is successfully indicated.     

Modelling robustness for manufacturing processes: a critical review

‘Robustness’ is an important concept used in quality engineering for the improvement of quality in a manufacturing process. A process which is insensitive to noise variation is called a robust process. The robustness is modelled by several researchers and practioners for its design and implementation in a manufacturing process. A review of all these approaches is essential in order to assess their strengths, limitations and applicability under different process conditions and constraints. Over the years, many of these approaches have found widespread application in measuring, assessing and modelling of process robustness in manufacturing and other industries. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review critically the existing approaches as proposed and applied for measuring and evaluating robustness of manufacturing processes. Based on the critical appraisal, the key issues are identified and a generic framework for modelling and measuring of process robustness in single- and multi-stage manufacturing processes is presented.     

Knowledge discovery from observational data for process control using causal Bayesian networks

This paper investigates learning causal relationships from the extensive datasets that are becoming increasingly available in manufacturing systems. A causal modeling approach is proposed to improve an existing causal discovery algorithm by integrating manufacturing domain knowledge with the algorithm. The approach is demonstrated by discovering the causal relationships among the product quality and process variables in a rolling process. When allied with engineering interpretations, the results can be used to facilitate rolling process control.     

导向辊生产设备制造资源集合匹配方法

目的 为解决云制造环境下导向辊生产工序外协时设备制造资源搜索效率低的问题,本文提出一种导向辊生产设备云制造资源集合与生产工序云制造需求匹配的方法,用于降低导向辊制造资源的寻优范围。方法 首先建立导向辊生产设备制造资源的可拓物元模型,通过可拓聚类算法实现导向辊生产设备制造资源的聚类,接着利用集合中制造资源的可用加工方法属性与制造需求的加工方法属性进行配对,通过配对结果完成导向辊生产设备制造资源集合与生产工序制造需求的匹配。结果 使用该匹配方法后,成功将10个导向辊制造资源样本聚类为7种制造资源集合KN1—KN7,并将其与导向辊的7种生产工序制造需求实现匹配。结论 实验结果表明,该方法能够实现导向辊生产设备云制造资源集合与生产工序需求的匹配,提高了后续导向辊生产工序外协资源的寻优效率。     

云制造中产品个性化定制研究综述

消费者对个性化产品购买需求的增加,对制造企业的定制生产能力提出了越来越高的要求。而现有制造企业存在的信息化水平不高、制造资源不足等问题,严重影响了制造企业向个性化生产转型的进程。针对上述情况,结合云制造概念及技术提出了云制造中产品个性化定制生产模式。为了更加深入地研究云制造中产品个性化定制的运行模式及阐述云制造平台在定制生产过程中的主要作用,从体系架构、服务流程、关键技术等方面对相关研究进行了回顾和介绍,然后列举了个性化定制生产模式在汽车、软件和服装行业的应用,最后对研究趋势进行了展望。分析表明,云制造平台汇聚全球的制造资源为个性化定制服务,能够有效解决单一制造企业实施个性化定制过程中面临的一系列困难,做到以较低的成本快速高效地满足消费者日益多样化、个性化的需求。     

典型无机非金属材料增材制造研究与应用现状

增材制造是基于离散堆积思想实现原型或产品零件的快速制造。作为三大材料之一的无机非金属材料在医疗、航天航空、汽车、建筑、工艺品等众多领域都具有无可比拟的巨大应用前景,为了能够快速制造形状任意复杂的器件,无机非金属材料的增材制造成为当下研究的热点。从增材制造技术类型、材料等方面详细阐述国内外无机非金属材料增材制造研究水平与发展状况,对比几种常用的无机非金属材料,重点是针对几种常见的陶瓷材料以及用于砂型铸造材料等成形特点及面临问题进行阐述,阐明了目前无机非金属材料增材制造存在的迫切需要解决的关键性问题,并深入分析了材料处理工艺、3DP/SLS/SLM三维成形工艺、后处理工艺对成形件的质量和性能的影响作用,最后对宝玉石材料的增材制造提出一些展望。     

面向小批量生产的统计过程控制的研究

指出了在小批量生产环境下实施统计过程控制存在的问题,用概率积分变换理论,给出了控制过程均值、过程方差的标准化控制图,适用于小批量生产环境下对过程均值、过程方差的有效控制。     

基于成组技术的多品种小批量产品工艺编码规则研究

在分析某类产品制造工艺及生产组织现状的基础上,基于成组技术开发了产品零部件的工艺编码规则体系,从而为该类产品制造工艺数据库的开发以及工艺数据的快速获取、共享和重用创造了条件．     

Optimal process parameter determination for computer‐aided manufacturing

Producing high‐quality products at low cost is one of the key factors to survival for manufacturing sectors in today's intense global competition environment. One way to gain competitiveness is to integrate product design and process planning into one activity. This study attempts to determine optimal process parameters for a manufacturing process under given design parameters. The process parameters to be determined in this study include process means and process tolerances for particular manufacturing process sequences. The problem is formulated in constrained non‐linear optimization, considering both quality‐ and manufacturing‐related costs. The proposed application evaluates alternative product designs and process sequences so that the best associated process parameters can be determined during the early stages of design and planning. This makes the link between CAD and CAM systems more useful and effective. As a result, optimal integration of product design and process planning with minimal production costs and maximal product quality is possible. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.