碳纤维树脂基复合板料的铺层方式对低速冲击性能的影响

为研究碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)板铺层方式对低速冲击性能的影响,设计了一系列CFRP板的冲击试验。对CFRP板的铺层方式、冲击能量的形式进行调节和改变,获取CFRP板在各种条件下的低速冲击行为;再通过冲击实验和超声波扫描的方法研究冲击过程中CFRP板的铺层方式和冲头质量对碳纤维树脂基复合材料板冲击性能的影响。结果表明,在15 J的低能量作用下冲击CFRP板时,冲头的质量越大,该板对能量的吸收率越大,损伤面积也越大;相同能量和相同冲头质量的冲击情况下,铺层方式为[0°/45°/90°/-45°]_2的抗冲击性能最好。CFRP板的冲击载荷、能量吸收和损伤形态与冲击能量的大小以及冲头动量密切相关。     

铺层结构对复合材料层合板弯曲强度及失效行为的影响

通过改变偏轴角为45°和90°的[45°/–45°],[0°/90°]正交铺层组的质量分数,设计了6种复合材料层合板铺层结构。研究了两种偏轴角正交铺层组共同存在的铺层结构对真空辅助树脂传递模塑工艺复合材料层合板弯曲强度及失效行为的影响。通过弯曲实验获得6种复合材料层合板的弯曲强度、损伤特征以及应力–应变曲线。结果表明,随偏轴角为90°的[0°/90°]铺层组质量分数的增加,复合材料层合板的弯曲强度逐渐增大;两种偏轴角正交铺层组共同存在的铺层结构可引起复合材料层合板在弯曲载荷作用下的损伤模式多元化。     

碳纤/环氧复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤机理研究

对[0/90/0/90]_(2s)和[+45/-45/0/90]_(2s)以及平纹布铺层方式的T300/环氧复合材料层合板进行低速冲击实验,在圆形试样的基础上比较不同铺层结构的复合材料在冲击性能方面的差异,从冲击能量传播的角度分析不同铺层结构复合材料的冲击破坏机理。并在ABAQUS有限元模拟的基础上分析冲击破坏的能量传播机理。结果表明冲击能量的传播与复合材料层合板中织物沿厚度方向的铺层结构有关,也与每一层织物内纤维的方向和纤维的空间结构有关。冲击能量在排列很直的纤维中传播很快,沿纤维轴向的损伤更容易传递,所以单向布铺层的复合材料与平纹布铺层的复合材料相比,冲击中心区域的损伤小,但是损伤的范围大,纤维的弯曲会降低冲击能量沿纤维轴向的传播速度,平纹织物中每一层纤维存在交织点,冲击能量集中在冲击中心区域,使得平纹布铺层的复合材料冲击损伤集中于冲击中心处且损伤程度比单向布铺层的复合材料大,出现更多的纤维断裂情况。在铺层复合材料中纤维排列的方向越多,沿纤维轴向传播的能量方向也就越多,冲击能量在每一层的面内传播更均匀,有利于减轻复合材料受冲击的损伤程度。     

玻纤铺层方向对玻纤/EVE复合材料性能的影响

以0°,90°,0°/90°,0°/45°/-45°/90°分别作为玻璃纤维(GF)单向铺层方式,研究了不同的铺层方式对GF/EVE(环氧乙烯基酯树脂)复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,0°铺层方向的复合材料在单一方向的力学性能最好,0°/45°/-45°/90°铺层方向的复合材料可以看作各向同性材料,应用范围更加广泛。     

未缝合与缝合玻纤泡沫夹层复合板弯曲性能研究

对0°/90°双轴向玻璃纤维泡沫夹层复合板进行弯曲实验,研究了缝合与未缝合泡沫夹层复合板不同泡沫厚度,纤维铺层,以及缝合密度等参数对材料弯曲性能的影响。结果表明,在纤维铺层数一定时,增加泡沫夹芯的厚度,会降低弯曲强度和最大弯曲正应力。缝合泡沫板的缝线树脂柱的支撑作用使其弯曲强度同比未缝合至少增加45%,最大弯曲正应力最大增加157.48%,弯曲能量最多增加138.66%。当纤维铺层数较多时,复合泡沫板的弯曲能量都比较高,缝合密度对其弯曲能量的影响不大。最后在增重不多情况下,泡沫厚度为9 mm,缝合密度为10 mm×10mm,纤维铺层为8层可使复合板综合性能达到最佳。     

升降桅杆用CFRP管件铺层设计及弯曲性能研究

根据选定的升降桅杆管体结构形式、尺寸参数和材料,设计了升降桅杆用CFRP管铺层,用静力学和有限元计算相结合的方法分析了其弯曲性能;优化并确定了升降桅杆用CFRP管的铺层方案。结果表明:CFRP管的弯曲承载能力比铝合金管提高了2~4倍;通过对CFRP管材不同铺层的分析,结果显示0°/90°/±45°铺层的等价弯曲模量和最大弯曲载荷比0°/90°铺层提高约5%。     

芳纶纤维复合材料弯曲性能试验仿真

对叠层结构芳纶纤维织物增强复合材料的弯曲性能试验进行仿真,分析±45°纤维铺层对复合材料弯曲性能的影响.参照GB/T 3356-1999弯曲性能试验,生成了4种不同铺层结构小尺寸试样的几何模型,建立了三点弯曲试验的有限元模型,计算得到了试样的应力场结果,预测了试样的弯曲弹性模量及弯曲强度.结果表明:±45°芳纶纤维铺层将提高叠层结构的弯曲性能,为叠层结构的铺层优化设计提供了技术支持.     

混杂编织层合复合材料低速冲击性能研究

主要研究三组二维三轴混杂编织层合复合材料在铺层数目相同时,不同混杂编织方式对低速冲击性能的影响,为其在航空航天等领域的应用研究提供一定的设计依据和理论基础。由低速冲击以及三点弯曲实验的对比和分析研究表明,编织纱是玻纤、轴纱是碳纤的二维三轴编织片层合制得的复合材料,冲击后其表面产生裂纹较少、单位厚度吸收能量较低、在厚度方向产生损伤范围较小,冲击后弯曲损伤较小,抗冲击性能较好;通过合适的碳纤/玻纤混杂编织方式可实现正的混杂效应,进而增强其层合复合材料的抗冲击性能。     

玻璃纤维与碳纤维混杂复合材料的拉伸及低速冲击性能研究

本文采用真空辅助树脂渗透成型(VARI)工艺成型了0°/90°玻璃纤维经编织物和0°/90°碳纤维经编织物不同混杂比的复合材料板,并探讨了混杂比、混杂方式等因素对碳-玻纤混杂纤维复合材料的拉伸性能及低速冲击性能的影响。研究结果表明:少量碳纤维的加入便可很好地改善纯玻璃纤维材料的拉伸和冲击性能;同种混杂比下,玻璃纤维铺覆表面的层间混杂结构拥有最好的拉伸性能;对于低速冲击性能来说,随着试样中碳纤维含量的增加,冲击能降低,扩展能降低,韧性指数降低,冲击后剩余压缩强度增大;碳纤维、玻璃纤维含量相接近时,玻璃纤维铺覆表面的层间混杂结构表现出较好的抗低速冲击性能;碳纤维、玻璃纤维含量相差较大时,玻璃纤维铺覆表面的夹芯结构的抗低速冲击性能较好。     

氧化石墨烯改性碳纤维复合材料抗冲击行为研究

使用单层纳米氧化石墨烯（NGO）粒子对环氧树脂进行改性处理,采用真空辅助树脂传递模塑成型工艺制备了[±45/0/90]_2S铺层角度下的纯树脂及单层NGO改性碳纤维复合材料（CFRP）层合板。通过落锤冲击试验、超声C扫描检测、冲击后压缩试验等对纯树脂及单层NGO改性CFRP进行实验研究。结果表明,纯树脂及单层NGO改性CFRP在损伤阻抗及损伤容限实验中均存在拐点现象,且拐点出现在相同深度位置,其中纯树脂CFRP拐点位置为0.51 mm,单层NGO改性CFRP拐点位置为0.43 mm;相对于纯树脂CFRP,单层NGO改性CFRP可以显著提高复合材料的抗冲击性能及冲击后的压缩性能;通过对冲击后凹坑深度及凹坑面积进行数据模拟,可以用拟合公式实现对复合材料的损伤预测。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。