一种分布式的被动测量系统设计*

网络被动测量技术是网络测量研究的一个重要方面。讨论了测量系统中数据包的抽样捕获算法和包头压缩方法,并给出了一个被动测量系统组成结构和主要功能模块的设计,并阐述了测量探针与控制主机的通信机制。     

校园网流量抽样测量系统设计与实现

随着高速网络技术的发展,大多数高校引入了千兆网,校园网络日益规模化和复杂化,使得实时在线的流量测量变得比较困难,基于抽样的流量测量方法作为一种可扩展的测量技术已成为人们经常采用的一种有效的流量测量技术。本文采用"弱化的贪心算法"确定各网段的最佳测点,并采用IP掩码匹配的分布式抽样测量技术将各测量点同步采集的流量经抽样后存储到服务器的不同储存区域,然后根据测量目标对各网段采集的流量进行汇聚、分析和统计。从节约成本出发,本文引入了双机协作抽样技术进行测量,此双测量主机系统充当了服务器、测量器和分析器角色,整个测量无需专用测量器和服务器,可以基本取代市场专用的流控测量设备,能实现对整个校园网流量的掌控。     

基于动态计数型过滤器的网络流公平抽样机制

传统的包抽样方法对每一个数据包都以同等的比率抽取,这样就导致了大部分被抽中的是大流,而短流和一般流非常少。高速网络的流量检测需要全面的流信息。针对传统流抽样的缺陷,结合现有的SGS(Sketch Guided Sampling)抽样比与流量成反比的公平抽样思想和动态计数型过滤器,提出更加高效的公平抽样算法DCFS(Dynamic Count Fair Sampling)。DCFS算法使用动态统计过滤器DCF(Dynamic Count Filter)统计流量,相对于SGS算法该方法空间更加高效,而且估计准确性也更好。     

一种新的数据包公平抽样算法

互联网作为20世纪发展最为迅速的技术之一,已经成为现代信息社会最重要的基础设施,成为国家进步和社会发展的重要支柱。本文针对现有数据包抽样算法小流估计误差大的缺陷,提出一种新的数据包抽样算法。该算法根据到达数据包所属流大小的估计值设置包抽样率,使得大流所含数据包抽样率低,小流所含数据包抽样率高。理论分析和实验结果均表明,与已有算法相比,该算法具有更高的准确性和良好的扩展性,更适合于工程应用。     

基于IPv6流量监测自适应采样算法研究应用

为了解决高速IPv6网络流量测量,在传统自适应采样算法(FLC)基础上提出了模糊逻辑自适应采样算法(MFLC)。该算法的基本思想是模拟人类的思维方式处理流量采集的频率,将该算法用于分布式的网络流量多点测量,定义相对流量变化率,并对模糊度进行数字化过程,简化模糊规则。通过大量的定性和定量的实验数据表明,采用此算法可用于分布式的网络流量多点测量,为更全面分析IPv6网络性能提供数据。     

空间高效的数据包公平抽样算法

数据包公平抽样通过牺牲长流的包抽样率以换取更高的短流包抽样率,因而比均匀随机包抽样更能保证数据流之间的公平性.现有的公平抽样算法SGS(sketch guided sampling)存在空间效率低、短流估计误差大的问题.提出了一种空间高效的数据包公平抽样算法SEFS(space-efficient fair sampling).SEFS算法的新颖之处在于采用多解析度抽样统计器对数据流流量作近似估计,各个统计器由d-left哈希表实现.采用在OC-48和OC-192骨干网采集的真实流量数据,在数据流流量测量以及长流检测的应用背景下,对SEFS算法和SGS算法的性能进行了比较.实验结果表明,与SGS算法相比,SEFS算法在空间复杂度降低65%的前提下,仍具有更高的估计精度.特别是对于占网络数据流绝大多数的短流而言,SEFS算法估计精度高的优势更为明显.     

无线局域网中的一种分布式端到端的资源预留算法

对于现今飞速发展的无线局域网,提出一种新的分布式资源预留算法DART,其关键部分在于实时性应用中分布式端到端的时间片分配DEA(Distributed end-to-end Allocation of time slot),并添加干涉保护,对于损坏的预留数据包进行修复,以及释放无用预留资源.模拟试验结果表明DART具有更低的时间延迟和较为固定的传输时间,而且每个预留数据流的传输时间基本上一致.     

一种自主免疫学习的分布式网络攻击对抗模型研究

针对网络系统容易遭受网络病毒攻击的问题,提出一种自主免疫学习的分布式网络攻击对抗模型.该网络攻击对抗模型采用分布式网络攻击检测算法来计算数据包信任值,再通过设置信任值的检测阈值,当数据包的信任值低于阈值时,判断该数据包遭到攻击.此方法可以确定数据包是否遭到病毒入侵,并对病毒的危险等级进行评估.基于人体的病毒防御机理提出适用于网络的自主免疫机制,通过带抗体的特殊数据包来清除带病毒数据包,并基于病毒的危险等级来生产适当的特殊数据包数量.在实验仿真中,算法在检测网络病毒的攻击以及清除网络病毒方面表现出良好的效果.     

基于近似方法的抽样报文流数估计算法

维护每个报文的流记录需要占用大量测量资源.目前已有多种抽样技术估计网络流统计信息,然而精确地估计出流数统计信息是目前的研究难点.提出了Integral和Iteration 两种基于报文抽样样本估计网络流数的算法.Integral算法只需使用抽样流长为1的流数信息就可以近似推导出未抽样的流数.Iteration算法通过建立迭代函数估计未抽样流数,然后根据未抽样流数和已抽样的流数推断出原始流量的流数.采用CERNET(China education andresearch network)骨干网络链路数据将这两种算法与EM(expectation maximization)算法进行对比,表明Iteration算法具有较好的精度和性能.     

水声传感网中基于网络编码的协作传输算法

为提高水下数据传输可靠性,本文在随机线性网络编码的基础上提出一种协作数据传输算法。首先,为源节点寻找数据转发链路,让数据通过多条链路进行转发;其次,使用网络编码方法对数据包进行编码,避免转发节点转发重复数据包;最后,对各个节点的数据包传输时隙进行调度,避免节点间信号冲突。仿真结果表明,本文提出的算法在一定程度上提高了网络信道利用率和数据传输可靠性,且具有较好的稳定性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.