高强铝合金锻件KIC值的测试方法研究

分析对比了国内外高强铝合金锻件的断裂韧性测试方法,并采用不同的技术措施对超大规格或超厚型高强铝合金锻件的断裂韧性值的测试方法进行分析研究,得出了影响高强铝合金锻件KIC测定的具体原因.研究表明,通过一定技术措施,高强铝合金锻件的断裂韧性值KIC是可以采用小尺寸标准CT样获得,并能够通过原材料冶炼和锻造及热处理工艺的改进,提高其断裂韧性值KIC.而影响高强铝合金锻件KIC值成功测定的最根本措施是保证试样裂纹尖端的平面应变状态和塑性变形受到严重约束.     

微弧氧化膜对7050铝合金氢致局部塑性变形的影响

目的改善7050铝合金在湿空气中氢致延迟开裂敏感性高的问题,以延长其使用寿命。方法采用微弧氧化工艺在铝合金表面生成微弧氧化膜,研究微弧氧化膜对高强铝合金氢致局部塑性变形的影响。通过双悬臂梁(DCB)试样恒位移试验,评价微弧氧化膜对7050铝合金应力腐蚀敏感性的影响,通过读数显微镜原位观察和记录裂纹扩展情况。利用扫描电镜观察断口形貌,采用定氢仪分析氢含量。结果经过微弧氧化处理后,7050铝合金氢致局部塑性变形行为明显下降。测得有微弧氧化膜试样的应力腐蚀开裂门槛值KISCC为23.340MPa·m1/2,而无微弧氧化膜试样的KISCC为16.934MPa·m1/2。有膜的裂纹扩展速率为6.378×10–6 m/s,无膜的裂纹扩展速率为1.3612×10–5 m/s。同时微弧氧化膜使铝合金DCB试样中氢的体积分数从0.281×10–6下降到0.163×10-6。结论微弧氧化膜可以降低铝合金裂纹尖端的氢含量,从而抑制铝合金的氢致局部塑性变形。     

预制裂纹长度对30Cr2Ni4MoV钢断裂韧性的影响

采用多试样法对汽轮机转子材料30Cr2Ni4MoV钢进行准静态断裂韧性试验,拟合J-Δa阻力曲线并计算J_(0.2BL),通过研究对比不同预制裂纹长度对试验结果的影响,确定最适宜的预制裂纹长度。     

Experiments and Simulations on Tensile Properties and Fracture Toughness of 7050-T7451 Aluminum Alloy Hole Specimens

针对飞机用7050高强铝合金含孔板件进行拉伸性能与断裂韧性的模拟分析与实验研究,并基于裂纹尖端塑性钝化能将常见拉伸性能与平面断裂韧性联系起来,在常规拉伸性能参数的基础上,定量计算出了含孔连接板的断裂韧性值,通过引入与试样几何形状、孔型大小有关的Z参数,表征了含孔构件断裂失效过程中的平面应力和平面应变分布状态与组成比例.研究表明:(1)Z参数联系了材料断裂韧性与构件断裂韧性,反映了含孔构件的几何形状与开孔大小对构件断裂韧性值的影响;(2)含孔拉伸试样的断裂韧性敏感于开孔在垂直于拉伸方向上的尺寸,并随该尺寸的增加而降低;(3)含孔拉伸试样的屈服应力,强度极限等强度指标主要受开孔沿垂直于拉伸方向的尺寸影响,而几乎与开孔在拉伸方向上的尺寸变化无关,但含孔拉伸试样的延伸率则正好与此相反.     

环境对高强度铝合金应力腐蚀行为的影响

利用C型环试样、单轴加载的拉伸试样和预制裂纹的试样研究了高强度铝合金在大气环境下的应力腐蚀性能，并与实验室加速试验结果进行对比。施加应力后的试样分别暴露于北京、团岛、万宁3个不同的大气试验站，同时在实验室进行了C型环试样在3．5％NaCl溶液中周期浸润腐蚀试验、单轴拉伸试样在3％NaCl＋0．5％H2O2溶液中的拉伸应力腐蚀试验和预制裂纹的试样在3．5％NaCl溶液中腐蚀试验。结果表明，高强度铝合金在不同环境中产生应力腐蚀的敏感性不同，在海洋性环境下应力腐蚀性较高；在海洋性环境下2A12铝合金的应力腐蚀的敏感性比7A04铝合金高，在暴露期间未开裂的2A12铝合金C环试样发生严重剥落腐蚀，未开裂的7A04铝合金C环试样则遭受严重点腐蚀；3．5％NaCl溶液中周期浸润腐蚀试验和3％NaCl＋0．5％H20：溶液中的拉伸应力腐蚀试验作为高强铝合金SCC敏感性判定方法，模拟海洋大气腐蚀过程，与户外的试验结果具有较好的相关性。     

低频电磁热顶铸造7050铝合金铸锭的表面质量和组织

在传统热顶铸造基础上,开发了一种新的热顶铸造结晶器,并在铸造过程中施加低频电磁场;得出了稳定铸造φ500mm 7050高强铝合金铸锭的工艺条件,当电磁场频率为15 Hz、磁场强度为10000 A/m时,铸造出了表面光滑的铸锭.采用偏光显微镜(Leica DMI)观察试样,分析试样的微观组织.试验结果表明:铸造过程中施加低频电磁场能提高铸锭的表面质量,细化铸锭的内部组织,抑制铸锭内部裂纹的产生.总结了低频电磁铸造改善表面质量和细化组织的原因以及低频电磁场对液穴形状的影响.     

7050-T7452高强铝合金的开坯与锻造工艺研究

为了研究7050高强铝合金开坯工艺的变形均匀性及锻件的断裂韧性,采用数值模拟、微观组织分析及紧凑拉伸试样的KIC试验等,分析研究7050高强铝合金铸坯改锻和挤压坯锻造的变形均匀性、显微组织和断裂韧性,得到了两种开坯工艺条件下坯料的平均等效应变、变形均匀系数、晶粒尺寸大小及分布和断裂韧度值。结果表明:铸坯改锻工艺的变形均匀性较好,其平均等效应变约为7.2,变形均匀系数约为0.475;挤压坯锻造工艺的变形均匀性较差,其平均等效应变约为1.9,变形均匀系数约为0.954;铸坯改锻工艺的平均晶粒尺寸与挤压坯锻造工艺基本相当,约为7.5μm,但铸坯改锻工艺的晶粒尺寸比挤压坯锻造更均匀;铸坯改锻工艺下锻件的KIC满足AMS4108F标准要求,而挤压坯锻造工艺不满足,其原因是挤压坯锻造后脆性较大,并残留有挤压织构。     

过滤净化对LC_4铝合金铸锭断裂韧性的影响

对过滤和未过滤LC_4合金半连续铸锭纵横两个方向的试样,进行了平面应变断裂韧性测试和断口扫描电镜观察.分析了过滤净化工艺对铝合金断裂过程及断裂韧性的影响,并对过滤前后的铝合金断裂机理进行了初步的探讨.结果表明,该合金断裂在宏观上都是脆性断裂,在微观上未过滤试样是显微缩孔与穿晶微孔聚合型断裂,过滤后的试样则是穿晶微孔聚合型断裂.过滤净化能显著改善铝合金断裂韧性,在本实验条件下,使该合金的K_(IC)值横向提高12.8%、纵向提高10%.     

2024高强铝合金腐蚀小裂纹行为研究

本文研究了2024-T62高强铝合金在带有腐蚀预损伤的基础上的腐蚀小裂纹行为。小裂纹试验采用单边缺口拉伸试样（SENT）,在试样半圆形缺口根部预制直径大小为100～300μm的单腐蚀坑,然后在3．5％NaCl溶液中进行疲劳小裂纹试验。采用QUESTAR长焦距显微镜与摄像机相结合的QUESTAR—CCD监测腐蚀小裂纹的萌生及扩展情况。试验结果表明,小裂纹绝大多数萌生在缺口根部腐蚀坑位置,并呈半椭圆形的表面裂纹;该材料在R=0.06恒幅载荷下,小裂纹效应不明显;对应可观测到的最小裂纹长度为6～60μm,裂纹起始寿命约占疲劳寿命的15％～25％。     

超声场中浇注温度对7050铝合金半连铸热裂纹的影响

7050铝合金圆锭半连铸过程极易出现热裂现象.文中在试验基础上,结合RGD热裂判据分析浇注温度对热裂纹的影响机理,并讨论了超声外场对热裂的影响机理.试验证明,7050铝合金半连铸过程在超声场的作用下,适当提高浇注温度,可以减小热裂纹的产生.RGD判据一定程度上可以解释浇注温度与热裂纹的关系.     

影响高强铝合金锻件K_(IC)值的材料及组织因素分析

基于高强铝合金自由锻件的研究应用现状,通过对国产锻件的材料因素分析,讨论了高强铝合金国产锻件断裂韧性(KIC)影响规律的内在和外在因素,并结KIC合组织因素及微区成分分析,从影响国产7050锻件KIC的关键因素分析入手,即材料与冶炼因素的分析,来对断裂韧性指标进行综合性评价。研究表明:只有严格控制原材料生产,科学设计锻造和热处理工艺,并调整高强铝合金的强度与塑性指标,使其合理搭配才是提高高强铝合金国产锻件断裂韧性指标的最根本途径。针对国产材料,高强铝合金锻件应考虑维持现有的Cu含量水平下,调整增加Mg含量,同时建议增加Zn含量,并严格控制外来夹杂物的含量、大小和分布。     

Characterization of Fracture and Fatigue Behavior of 7050 Aluminum Alloy Ultra-thick Plate

The microstructure, mechanical property, fracture toughness, and fatigue behavior of 7050 aluminum alloy pre-stretched ultra-thick plate were investigated by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, tensile test, fracture toughness test, and high-cycle fatigue test. The results showed that the microstructure of the ultra-thick plate consisted of recrystallized grains, subgrains, constituent particles, precipitated phases, and precipitate-free zone. Mechanical tests indicated that anisotropy of fracture toughness existed in L-T, T-L, and S-T orientation. Fractographic features suggested that this anisotropy was significant due to the difference of recrystallized grain on different metallographic planes. Compared to 7050 aluminum alloy plate in less thickness, the ultra-thick plate showed deterioration on fracture toughness due to the increase of recrystallized grains but improvement on fatigue property ascribed to the less densely populated particles. Fractographic observations showed that fatigue initiation of this ultra-thick plate was primarily related to the constituent particles and promoted by increase of the stress amplitude.     

7050铝合金厚板织构、拉伸性能及断裂韧性的不均匀性

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射、常温拉伸和紧凑拉伸实验,对120mm厚的7050铝合金板材的织构分布、拉伸性能及断裂韧性进行分析。结果表明:沿板材厚度方向,合金的组织、织构、强度及断裂韧性呈不均匀分布;在同一厚度处,合金的强度和断裂韧性具有明显的各向异性;由板材表层到中心,粗大第二相及再结晶晶粒尺寸逐渐增大;板材表层的织构主要由剪切织构{111}110和立方织构Cube{001}100组成,中心主要由β取向轧制织构和少量立方织构组成,1/4厚度处是过渡层;由板材表层到中心,轧向及长横向强度呈不均匀变化,板材中心处强度比表层的小;板材同一厚度处,强度和断裂韧性具有明显的各向异性,轧向强度大于长横向和短横向强度,L-T取向的断裂韧性大于T-L取向和S-L取向的断裂韧性;L-T取向的断裂方式主要是穿晶断裂,S-L取向的断裂方式以沿晶断裂为主,T-L取向是混合型断裂,其穿晶断裂比例比L-T取向的穿晶断裂比例小,沿晶断裂比例比S-L取向的沿晶断裂比例小。     

Determination of lower bound fracture toughness of a high strength low alloy steel welded joint

Abstract

The use of high strength low alloy steels for high performance structures (e.g. pressure vessels and pipelines) requires high strength consumables to produce an overmatched welded joint. This globally overmatched multipass welded joint contains two significantly different microstructures, as-welded and reheated. In this paper, the influence of weld metal microstructure on fracture behaviour is estimated in comparison with the fracture behaviour of composite microstructures (as-welded and reheated). The lower bound of fracture toughness for different microstructures was evaluated by using the modified Weibull distribution. The results, obtained using specimens with crack front through the thickness, indicated low fracture toughness, caused by strength mismatching interaction along the crack front. In the case of through thickness specimens, at least one local brittle microstructure is incorporated in the process zone at the vicinity of the crack tip. Hence, unstable fracture occurred with small, or without, stable crack propagation. Despite the fact that the differences between the impact toughness of a weld metal and the that of base metal are insignificant, the fracture toughness of a weld metal can be significantly lower.     

High cycle fatigue and fracture behavior of 2124-T851 aluminum alloy

The high cycle fatigue properties and fracture behavior of 2124-T851 aluminum alloy were investigated roundly, including the fatigue crack growth rate, fracture toughness and fatigue S--N curve. Furthermore, the fatigue crack growth rate was analyzed by fitting the curves. And the microstructure of the alloy was studied using by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscop1/2 The results show that the fatigue strength and the fracture toughness of 2124-T851 thick plate are 243 MPa and 29.6 MPa.m at room temperature and R=0. 1, respectively. At high cycle fatigue condition, the characteristics of fatigue facture were observed obviously. And the higher the stress amplitude, the wider the space between the fatigue striations, the faster the rate of fatigue crack developing and going into the intermittent fracture area and the greater the ratio between the intermittent fracture area and the whole fracture area.     

原位自生TiB2/7050复合材料的高周疲劳断裂机制

TiB₂/7050铝基复合材料在航空发动机等领域具有重要的应用前景。本文研究了TiB₂颗粒质量分数为4%的原位自生7050铝基复合材料在T6热处理状态下的室温高周疲劳性能,利用扫描电子显微镜对复合材料的疲劳断裂机制进行分析。结果表明:在应力比R=?1、指定寿命为3×107周次时,TiB₂/7050铝基复合材料的疲劳强度为211.9 MPa,高于7050铝合金的疲劳强度;疲劳裂纹萌生源主要分布在近样品表面的夹杂、大尺寸的TiB₂颗粒及显微孔洞等区域;疲劳裂纹的扩展在遇到TiB₂颗粒带时,疲劳条带的宽度会明显减小,即TiB₂颗粒提高了复合材料的抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力,使得复合材料具有高的疲劳寿命。     

Comparison of SCC Thresholds and Environmentally Assisted Cracking in 7050-T7451 Aluminum Plate

Aerospace alloys, often aluminums, are frequently exposed to corrosive environments resulting from naval service. These environments may produce significant changes in crack growth characteristics in these materials. An experiment was designed to characterize the effects of environment on crack growth thresholds and fracture characteristics for existing cracks in aluminum 7050-T7451 plate material. This data will be comparatively analyzed against aluminum 7075-T7631, an alloy with known susceptibility to corrosion, in order to determine a relative susceptibility of 7050-T7451, generally considered a superior aluminum alloy in terms of strength and corrosion resistance. The resulting data and subsequent analysis can in turn be used in more accurate determination of aircraft component service life in common corrosive environments experienced by aircraft in naval service.     

Thermally Stable Aluminum-Lithium Alloy 1424 for Application in Welded Fuselage

Sheets of Al – Li alloy 1424 have high fracture toughness and diminished rate of fatigue crack growth, high corrosion resistance, and excellent weldability. The chemical composition and the regime of the hardening heat treatment of alloy 1424 are shown to provide good thermal stability of the sheets with respect to fracture toughness (K _c ^f) and growth rate of fatigue cracks (GRFC) after a hold of up to 3000 h at 85°C. These characteristics decrease only after a hold of 4000 h and only in the L – T direction. The suggested process for manufacturing sheets diminishes the anisotropy of the strength characteristics and the elongation due to the formation of a partially recrystallized structure.